In most of theDC Comics media, theMultiverse is a "cosmic construct" that is composed of the many universes the stories of DC media take place in. The worlds within the multiverse share a space and fate in common, and its structure has changed several times in the history of DC Comics.[1]
The concept of a universe and a multiverse in which the fictional stories take place was loosely established during theGolden Age of Comic Books (1938–1956). With the publication ofAll-Star Comics #3 in 1940, the first crossover between characters occurred with the creation of theJustice Society of America (JSA), which presented the first superhero team with characters appearing in other publications (comic strips and anthology titles) to bring attention to less-known characters. This established the first shared "universe", as all these heroes now lived in the same world. Prior to this publication, characters from the different comic books seemingly existed in different worlds.[citation needed]
Later,Wonder Woman #59 (May 1953) presented DC Comics' first story depicting a parallel "mirror" world.Wonder Woman is transported to a twin Earth where she meets Tara Terruna, who is exactly like her. Tara Terruna means "Wonder Woman" in the native language of that world. Wonder Woman describes this world as being a twin world existing alongside Earth with duplicates of everyone but with a different development. The concept of different versions of the world and its heroes was revisited in the pages ofWonder Woman a few times later.
Led by editorJulius Schwartz and writerGardner Fox, DC Comics' superheroes were given a "reboot" with the publication ofShowcase #4 in 1956, where a new version of theFlash made his first appearance. This is considered the beginning period of theSilver Age of Comic Books. The success of this new Flash led to the creation of new incarnations of the Golden Age characters who only shared the names and powers but had different secret identities, origins and stories. Later, new versions of other heroes,Superman,Batman and Wonder Woman, were also restarted by retelling their origins but keeping their secret identities. Fox, who worked before in the creation of the JSA, where other heroes met for the first time, created the story "Flash of Two Worlds" inThe Flash #123 (1961), where Barry Allen, the new Flash, is transported to the Earth where the original Flash,Jay Garrick, existed. To Barry, Jay Garrick's world was a work of fiction as it was in the real world. This story not only presented the encounter of two worlds and the existence of the Multiverse for the first time, but it also presented key features of the Multiverse: all the universes vibrate at a specific frequency which keeps them separated; these "barriers" could be trespassed by "tuning" to that vibration. Because people could also "tune-in" these worlds in dreams, some people wrote comic books with the stories from those worlds they dreamed, which explained why Barry knew about Jay as a fictional character.
The success of this story led to the first team crossover between the newJustice League of America (JLA) and the Golden Age JSA, in the stories "Crisis on Earth-One" (Justice League of America #21) and "Crisis on Earth-Two" (Justice League of America #22), published in late 1963. This story arc started the tradition of a yearly crossover between the JLA and the JSA, and established the concept of a Multiverse and the designation of names,Earth-One being the JLA reality andEarth-Two the JSA reality. The success of these crossovers spawned publications telling the further stories of the Golden Age heroes in the present-day parting from many of the stories told, thus establishing a more defined continuity for every universe.
This concept of parallel Earths with differences in locations, persons and historical events became a very important ingredient within DC Comics' publications. It helped (among other things) to explain continuity errors, to retell andretcon stories, and to incorporate foreign elements that could actively interact with everything else and allow them to have an "existence". Continuity flaws between the established Earth-Two and several stories from the Golden Age were given separate Earths. "Imaginary" stories and sometime divergences of Earth-One were given also separate realities (such as Earth-B and Earth-A). In addition to the stories appearing mainly in the pages ofJLA that created new Earths, the acquisition of other comic book companies and characters by DC Comics incorporated these new properties as Earths in the Multiverse which would interact several times with the "main" Earths, One and Two; two of the most notable being Earth-S for theFawcett Comics characters, and Earth-X for theQuality Comics characters. By the 1970s, everything that was published or related officially to DC Comics' titles could become part of the Multiverse, although much of it remained largely uncatalogued.
The names of the worlds were usually in the formatEarth, hyphen, spelled numeral/letter/name. In the case of worlds with numerals, the "rule" of spelling the number was not always followed, even within the pages of the same issue.
As the 50th anniversary of DC Comics drew near, major events were proposed for the celebration: an encyclopedia (Who's Who in the DC Universe) and a crossover of the ages, characters, and worlds appearing in DC's comics. As told in the letter section ofCrisis on Infinite Earths #1, as the research started in the late 1970s, it became evident that there were many flaws in continuity. The way used to circumvent some of these errors was the "Multiple Earths", which also showed a chaotic nature that brought even more continuity problems that were not easily explained or were simply left unexplained. Examples of this included: 1) theBlack Canary of Earth-One being the daughter of the original Black Canary, who was a resident of Earth-Two, and 2) the existence of Golden Age comic books on Earth-One and the people not noticing that some of the characters in those comic books existed in "real life". In addition, many universes had multiple alternate timelines, such asKamandi and theLegion of Super-Heroes both being from Earth-One.
WriterMarv Wolfman took this crossover event as an opportunity to reform all the fictional universe of DC Comics to avoid further continuity errors and update the DC characters to modern times. The whole Multiverse is destroyed except for five Earths (theSilver Age's Earth-One, theGolden Age's Earth-Two,Charlton Comics' Earth-Four,Fawcett Comics' Earth-S andQuality Comics' Freedom Fighters' Earth-X). Later, the universe is recreated as one single universe with elements of the surviving five.
The crossover eventConvergence (2015) officially retconned the events ofCrisis after heroes in that series went back in time to prevent the collapse of the Multiverse.[2]
After the conclusion ofCrisis on Infinite Earths, the concept of a single Universe containing most elements of the "surviving Earths" was established and heavily enforced to avoid the continuity problems of the Multiverse. However, alternate realities that affected the new DC Universe appeared very quickly. InSuperman (vol. 2) #8, a Universe inside the Universe was revealed to have been created to preserve the Legion of Super Heroes' 30th century in New Earth. This world was used to allowcrossovers with certain characters of the Legion of Super-Heroes and recreate characters that otherwise could not exist in the new continuity (such asKryptonians, as in the New EarthSuperman was the only survivor of Krypton). Alternate timelines were also used, the most notable event beingArmageddon 2001 in 1991. AnAntimatter Universe existed as well, which had some "reversed" events in a similar way as the former Earth-Three. The Earth within this Universe was called "Earth 2". In addition, there was aLimbo, where some heroes and characters that could not be brought back to "existence" after theCrisis on Infinite Earths lived outside the Universe.
An important rule in the new DC Universe was that there could only be one timeline, so any change caused by time travelers caused the destruction of their timelines of origin. Changes in the past were often "fixed" or have to comply with the present to prevent continuity errors.
Nevertheless, continuity errors appeared. The retold origin ofHawkman presented errors regarding the existence of the Golden Age version (Carter Hall) and the Silver Age version (Katar Hol) in the same continuity without explanation. The interaction of "possible timelines" also created continuity holes. This led to a new crisis to address the problem, titledZero Hour: Crisis in Time!. The resulting universe had a slightly re-written story with no continuity errors even though it was acknowledged that reality-shattering events did happen (includingCrisis on Infinite Earths). This Universe kept the concept of one universe, one timeline. Such a timeline was "mapped" from the beginning to the present (1994) at the back cover ofZero Hour #0 that also included certain key dates in the future.
The need to publish stories outside the strict DC Universe continuity led to the creation of certain DCimprints. Stories that set DC characters in different situations after theCrisis on Infinite Earths, were published by DC Comics under theElseworlds imprint. None of these stories were ever intended to be included in the "real" continuity of the DC Universe.
Certain characters were reinvented in a mature context and were published under theVertigo imprint. Most of the times, the characters depicted within the Vertigo imprint had no relation to the original DC Universe's versions, nor did the events have influence over the new Universe.
Later, under a special publishing deal withMilestone Media, DC Comics published a new series of comic books that told the stories of the heroes living inDakota City, formed mostly by African American superheroes and other minorities. These characters lived in a universe separated from the DC Universe (known as the Dakotaverse or Milestone Universe). The eventWorlds Collide presented one of the first modern intercompany crossovers within the established continuity of the Universes instead of being "imaginary" and showed that there could be other universes or even multiverses outside the new DC Universe.
In a similar way toWorlds Collide, the crossover eventDC vs. Marvel showed another in-continuity crossover with another reality completely separated from the DC Universe and that has a Multiverse of its own: the universe of Earth-616 in the Marvel Multiverse.
The universes were rarely referred to with specific names within the stories but were named in the "Real World" (both officially and unofficially) using the name of the editorial, imprint or even an element in particular. While in the comic books the concept of a "real" Multiverse was avoided, the Multiverse played an important role in cartoon series and live-action shows.
In summary, from 1986 to 1999, everything not happening in the "mainstream" continuity appearing in DC comics was either a non-canonical story or happened in a completely different and separate reality/universe/multiverse.
In 1999, the success of Elseworlds'Kingdom Come and other stories, led to the creation of the concept known asHypertime in order to publish crossovers with those characters and the mainstream continuity. This structure gave "existence" to alternate timelines, stories inElseworlds, appearances in other media and any other appearance of DC characters in the past. The main timeline or "Central Timeline" was like a river and all of the alternate stories were branches of it. Hypertime was similar to the former Multiverse as it allowed each and every reality ever published to co-exist and interact as most branches tend to return to the original stream (explaining some retcons as well as crossovers). However, all realities existed within only one Universe.
Originally, the stories appearing inWildStorm Productions' comic books occurred in a universe that was part of the Image Universe along with other characters appearing inImage Comics publications. It was separated from it during the event called "Shattered Image" consolidating the separate WildStorm Universe which had its own multiversal structure. After the purchase of WildStorm by DC Comics, crossovers occurred with the new DC Universe, which were still separated just like Milestone and Marvel.
In 2005, a new universal crisis story arc was published as a way to update once more the superheroes of DC Comics, bring together other "realities" (namely, Milestone and Wildstorm) and bring back the Multiverse, this time with a limited number of Earths instead of an infinite one.
During the eventInfinite Crisis, the Universe was "splintered" and the original Multiverse was restored briefly, showing that the entire Hypertime and many other appearances of the DC characters were part of the original Multiverse, includingTangent Comics which were published 12 years after the Multiverse was no more. In the end ofInfinite Crisis, the multiverse is merged back as a New Earth with a new continuity with many stories re-written and many others from the Modern Age still happening.
In parallel,Captain Atom: Armageddon tells the story of howCaptain Atom of the DC Universe causes the recreation of the Wildstorm Universe upon its destruction (and possibly its Multiverse as well). The recreated universe became part of the newly recreated DC Universe.
The aftermath ofInfinite Crisis andCaptain Atom: Armageddon (52,Countdown to Final Crisis andFinal Crisis) showed that a new Multiverse was created. The new Multiverse consisted of 52 positive matter universes, an Antimatter Universe and a Limbo. The main continuity still occurred in New Earth (also called Earth-0), Earths 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 resembled Earths One, Two, Three, Four, S, and X of the original Multiverse respectively. Earths 13 and 50 were Vertigo and the rebooted Wildstorm Universe, while Earth-17 became the world of a revived post-apocalypseAtomic Knights after a mid-80sWorld War III once more. Many important stories from the Elseworlds imprint were later also given their own alternate Earths within this new Multiverse.
In the miniseries,Milestone Forever, in a similar fashion asCaptain Atom: Armageddon, the events that led to the end of the Dakotaverse and its integration to the new DC continuity are revealed. Most of the stories that were told in Milestone Comics publications now occurred in New Earth and the Dakotaverse ceased to exist as a separated Universe.
A naming convention was established and followed this time in the formatEarth, hyphen, numeral, from Earth-0 to Earth-51.
Even with a new Multiverse, not every published or related work had an "Earth" within the 52 and there were no in-continuity intercompany crossovers.
Taking advantage of the fact that many of these universes were mostly unchronicled or merely glimpsed and thatFinal Crisis also changed the Multiverse slightly, many stories featuring alternate worlds and their interactions were published, which led certain inconsistencies and retcons to appear, such as Earth-1 being originally a "mirror" of Earth-One and later being the reality ofJ. Michael Straczynski'sSuperman: Earth One or Earth-16 being the home of an alternate Superman/Christopher Kent, the home of theSuper-Sons, and later the reality of theYoung Justice TV series. Also, some universes appearing in the new continuity were never given a proper place within the 52 Universe, such as Prime-Earth.
The new restored universe with only 52 worlds opened myriad possibilities for new stories and crossovers with different versions of heroes interacting with the main versions of heroes as well as the stories resulting from the new integrated characters from Milestone and Wildstorm. However, it became chaotic in just five years. Many stories and situations of other Universes were not followed well. The number designations could be completely disregarded from story to story and some universes were recreated over and over. In addition, as most of the history of the Modern Age was still being the main continuity, younger readers could not follow the stories of the mainstream versions of the DC heroes, just as had happened prior to the originalCrisis on Infinite Earths.
In order to overcome these new problems, a new event was created to restart the DC Comics' Universe. In theFlashpoint miniseries (May–September 2011), the Flash alters the timeline of Earth-0 creating a ripple effect that affected several past events, Earth-13 (Vertigo Universe) and Earth-50 (new Wildstorm Universe).[3] Similar to the result ofCrisis on Infinite Earths, a new mainstream Earth is created from the former three, with a whole new history.[4] Most of the stories have been retold anew but certain events of New Earth remain (such asBatgirl being crippled by theJoker). Since it was established afterInfinite Crisis that if something ever happened to the main Universe, the whole Multiverse could be affected as well, thus a new Multiverse of 52 worlds was also recreated. This new Multiverse is calledThe New 52.
This time, not all universes were revealed right away, only a couple were revealed in the first two years ofThe New 52. In addition, in a similar fashion as the Elseworlds logo would appear in comics that did not occur in the "real" continuity, the logoTHE NEW 52! would only appear in publications with stories occurring in the new continuity, while those taking place outside of this new continuity (such asSmallville Season Eleven or theBatman Beyond universe) would not bear this distinction. At first it seemed that there was not going to be a naming convention for the Earths as it happened with the 52. The mainstream continuity was known as Prime Earth, although it was not a similar world to the real world as Earth-Prime was.J. Michael Straczynski's re-envisioning of Superman andGeoff Johns' reimagining of Batman were released as part of a series calledEarth One. In Grant Morrison'sThe Multiversity (2014–2015), the Earths are named in the same format as in the former 52 Multiverse (Earth-6, Earth-7, Earth-8 etc.). Morrison intended forThe Multiversity to reveal remaining universes of The New 52 multiverse, and the underlying structure for the multiverse was revealed in a detailed map in the back of several comic books, for which an interactive online version was maintained and updated on the DC Comics website. In addition, the sixth issue ofThe Multiversity constituted a 'guidebook' to the worlds of the current DC multiverse and was published in January 2015.[5]
In October 2011,Dan DiDio posted on hisFacebook page that in The New 52, the three previous "crises" did not occur in this new continuity, but other events such asZero Hour still happened, without ending in a crisis/reboot.[6] However, writers continued to make references to the crises, and the full history of the structure of the DC Multiverse, detailing previous crisis events, was given inGrant Morrison'sThe Multiversity (2014–2015) limited series.
TheConvergence (2015) crossover event later explored this concept within the DCU. This miniseries brought back several heroes from the ages of DC Comics that were obliterated by the crisis events. They were trapped by a godlike incarnation ofBrainiac outside of time (or Vanishing Point as this "place" is called). At the end of the crossover, Brainiac sent these heroes back to their own timelines, and also successfully sentZero HourHal Jordan, pre-Flashpoint Superman and other heroes back to the events ofCrisis on Infinite Earths so that the collapse of the Multiverse could be averted.
From July 2015 onwards, The New 52 marking ended with the continuation of several publications and new others that did not necessarily take place withinThe New 52 multiverse. Advertised asDC YOU (a pun of DCU or DC Universe and the phrase "it's about you, the fans" appearing in the advertisements), DC now has an "open doors" policy to continuity, granting writers greater freedom to explore stories set outside the established New 52 Multiverse continuity, as well as to revisit other characters and concepts from DC's history as the conclusion ofConvergence suggested that although the core 52 universe that now exists is the evolution of the multiverse, all the worlds still exist in some form. This was confirmed byConvergence writer Jeff King, who stated that the reconstituted Multiverse is infinite and there may be more than one Multiverse.[7]
The 2016DC Rebirth initiative returned the originalWally West to Earth from theSpeed Force and reveals that time has been stolen from his friends' memories, and the Superman of the pre-Flashpoint world, stranded in the new timeline followingConvergence, assumes the role of that Earth's Superman. InAction Comics #976, the pre-Flashpoint andNew 52 Supermen's histories are merged.Peter Tomasi explained that "the events ofAction #976 reset and reshape the entire Superman timeline. Where there had been two Superman, their realities have now been fused into one timeline with just one of them".[8][9]
It is revealed inDeath Metal that the New 52 was created byPerpetua, discovered byDoctor Manhattan inDoomsday Clock as he experimented with timelines, manipulating events to prevent manyGolden Age heroes from gaining their powers and continually moving Superman to different points in the timeline, resulting in superheroes emerging later in history. After a confrontation with Superman, Manhattan attempts to erase his tampering and restore the Pre-Flashpoint and Pre-Crisis multiverses, as well as elements he had previously removed from the history of Earth-0 such as theJustice Society of America andLegion of Superheroes. It is later revealed that he failed, only managing to destabilise the timestream further as it attempted to accommodate events from previous versions of reality.
Meanwhile,Dark Nights: Metal, written byScott Snyder, introduced the concept of the Dark Multiverse, a multiverse below the main DC Multiverse. A being named Barbatos launches an attack from the Dark Multiverse on reality, spearheaded by a force of villainous versions of Batman led byThe Batman Who Laughs. The invasion is defeated, but theSource Wall is cracked and the Batman Who Laughs manages to escape into the main DC Universe. The story is continued inJustice League.
In Snyder's run onJustice League, the crack in the Source Wall allows the Totality, a small meteorite bearing immense power, to enter the Multiverse from the Source beyond.Lex Luthor retrieves the Totality and eventually frees Perpetua, the creator of the Multiverse. Despite the heroes' best efforts they are ultimately defeated. At the end ofJustice League #39, the defeated League are saved from destruction by the Quintessence, who grant them the power necessary to fight Perpetua. The team run into a portal for the final battle, but this conflict is not shown and from thereJustice League follows the team on other adventures, written by new writers. In the special event comicYear of the Villain: Hell Arisen, the Batman Who Laughs joins with Perpetua. The resolution to the Perpetua story arc was advertised inJustice League #39 as "The Encore", which would eventually be published asDark Nights: Death Metal.
Published roughly contemporaneously, a six-issue miniseries titledFlash Forward follows Wally West being enlisted by a cosmic being known as Tempus Fuginaut to stop an incursion of the Dark Multiverse. At the end of the series, Wally sits in the Mobius Chair, gaining omniscience and residual power from Dr. Manhattan. In an epilogue published inThe Flash #750, Wally surveys the timestream and notices multiplecontradictions and inconsistencies within history, the result of Manhattan's tampering with time.
This was originally intended to lead into theGenerations miniseries and a reboot of the Multiverse termed "5G", which would have fixed all of DC's publishing history into a single coherent continuity, stretching fromWorld War II to the present day, with stories going forward focussing on new characters or aged versions of current ones. "A Brave New World", intended to be the first story set in this continuity, was published inWonder Woman #750. This reboot was cancelled due to delays caused by theCOVID-19 pandemic and the firing of publisher Dan DiDio, who was the main architect of 5G. The original plans for 5G were recycled into theFuture State event, which followedDark Nights: Death Metal.
Dark Nights: Death Metal and its companion comics act as a conclusion toDark Nights: Metal,Flash Forward and Scott Snyder's run onJustice League. Perpetua destroys much of the Multiverse while the Batman Who Laughs reshapes Earth-0 according to his whims, creating the Metalverse. The Batman Who Laughs successfully steals Wally's new power, becoming a godlike being known as the Darkest Knight. He kills Perpetua and creates his own Multiverse of twisted worlds called "The Last 52".Wonder Woman gains the power necessary to fight him and eventually destroys him in the Death Sun at the end of time.
The Multiverse is once again recreated by higher beings from the Source, with Wonder Woman ascending alongside them to protect it. The New 52/Rebirth multiverse is restored largely as it was prior to the events ofDark Nights: Death Metal. As well as this, a new infinite web of multiverses appears, the Multiverse developing into an Omniverse. It is established that all events in DC's publishing history have occurred within this new Omniverse, with characters gaining the memories of all their prior incarnations.
Infinite Frontier reveals that awareness of prior incarnations is widespread but not ubiquitous. It also identifies Multiverse 2 as the "corpse" of the pre-Crisis Multiverse.Dark Crisis calls the Omniverse into question, and adds infinite Earths taken from Multiverse 2 into the Orrery of Worlds, expanding it to contain infinite Earths.
Concurrently withDark Crisis,Flashpoint Beyond reveals that the Omniverse and Hypertime exist alongside each other as parts of a larger Divine Continuum, with the Omniverse corresponding to Space and Hypertime corresponding to Time. It also organizes previous Crisis events into Omniversal Crises and Hypertime Crises, with the "Crisis on Infinite Earths", "Infinite Crisis", "Final Crisis", "Multiversity", "Dark Nights", and "Dark Crisis" being Omniversal Crises and "Zero Hour", "the Kingdom", "Flashpoint/New 52", "Convergence", "DC Rebirth/Doomsday Clock", and "Flashpoint Beyond" and "The New Golden Age" being Hypertime Crises.
The Multiverse was originally created by Perpetua, a member of a race of cosmic beings known as "Hands", referencing the common imagery in DC of a giant hand creating the universe. She also created theMonitor,Anti-Monitor andWorld Forger. The original Multiverse consisted of an infinite positive matter multiverse to be overseen by the Monitor; a dark matter Multiverse where the World Forger would create new universes to be either added to the positive matter multiverse or destroyed; and an antimatter multiverse ruled over by the Anti-Monitor to shield the Multiverse from danger in the wider Omniverse. Perpetua was supposed to move on to create new Multiverses, leaving her creation in the hands of her children, but instead she remained, creating ever more aggressive forms of life to forge the Multiverse into a weapon to be used against her own kind. Her sons contacted the higher beings within the Source who contained the aberrant Multiverse within the Source Wall, imprisoned Perpetua within the Wall and remade the original positive matter multiverse into a single positive matter Universe, whichKrona, the rogue Maltusian, would eventually splinter into another infinite Multiverse. The beings within the Source decided to give the Multiverse a chance to achieve perfection, a "Justice Configuration", isolated from the wider Omniverse. Eventually, it would be judged, and if found to still be tainted with the violence of its beginning, it would be destroyed.
As told inCrisis on Infinite Earths #7, the DC Universe was a single positive matter Universe until a scientist named Krona from the planet Oa altered the very moment of the creation of the Universe, causing it to split into countless similar universes and an antimatter universe. Oa, however, had no duplicates in the Multiverse but did have a twin in the antimatter universe:Qward. A satellite on each of these planets was created in the cataclysm and it was there where the embodiments of the Multiverse were born: the Monitor and theAnti-Monitor. The two battled to a standstill and eventually rendered one another comatose.
The Multiverse had countless duplicates of planet Earth. Every Earth had a different history from one another but they always developed heroes and inspired heroic ages (which, according to Harbinger, it somehow made them a focal point among all the worlds in every universe). Some of the heroes of Earth knew about other Earths and their own counterparts and fought side by side on many occasions.
Later, a scientist from one universe named Kell Mossa (known initially only asPariah) created another device that would allow him to attempt the same thing Krona had attempted before. His actions accidentally awakened the Anti-Monitor, who then devoured Pariah's entire universe (aside from Pariah himself) and began to do the same to other universes. The time period of Earth when this takes place or the name of this Earth are never revealed.
The Monitor is awakened by the destruction of the positive matter universes and starts a plan to save the Multiverse but his efforts, and later those of his protégé, Harbinger, with the help of the heroes of the Multiverse, only manage to save five universes. In a desperate effort to save all existence, heroes and villains unite in order to stop Krona from splitting the Universe and stop the Anti-Monitor from altering the moment of creation and make the Antimatter Universe the only one. They succeed in saving all existence but in the process, the Multiverse, its countless duplicate worlds and its history ceased to exist. The five universes that were saved were folded together into a single universe, placing all the heroes and villains into a single timeline. For example, the Justice Society of Earth-Two instead became a team active in the 1940s that inspired the Justice League to form decades later. In the event of any duplicate characters, the original Earth-One version would take precedence.
All the universes existed within the same space, but had a unique vibration that kept them separated. Only by "tuning" to the specific frequency of a universe could a person leap to another Earth, as Barry Allen discovered as he tried to perform a disappearing act by vibrating his molecules at super-speed (Flash #123). Barry later developed a machine called the "Cosmic Treadmill", which, when it was used by people who controlled theSpeed Force, it allowed the users to trespass the "vibrational barriers". Magic and cosmic incidents also made many people to travel to other universes.
Every universe could have its own dimensions, such as the Fifth Dimension (whereMister Mxyzptlk andBat-Mite originate from), alternate timelines (Kamandi and the 30th century of Earth-One) and realms (Hell, Heaven,Gemworld, etc.). In addition to the unique Antimatter Universe, the dimension of theNew Gods (the Fourth World) was also believed unique, although there is evidence that there could have been alternate versions of them (as those appearing in Earth-17 and Earth-Crossover).
Even though the interaction between multiple Earths was common in the 20th century with relative safety and ease, most of the population of Earth was unaware of the Multiverse until theCrisis on Infinite Earths.
15 billion years ago, a single universe with a single timestream was created. 4.4 billion years ago, Krona, the renegade Maltusian (a race of highly evolved beings) creates the Antimatter Universe and releases entropy in the universe by linking the beginning and the end of the timeline in his attempts to reveal the secrets of the creation of the universe.
In this single universe, the timeline was destroyed in the early 1990s by Hal Jordan (possessed byParallax) and created a slightly changed timeline (Zero Hour, 1994). It was later revealed that thisCentral Timeline was like a river with branches. These branches were like different realities, the history of Earth was different in every branch and everything could be possible in them. They could affect the Central Timeline as they return to the mainstream and the heroes could encounter with different versions of themselves. However, they were somewhat ephemeral as the Central Timeline is the only one that could prevail (The Kingdom, 1999).
AfterCrisis on Infinite Earths, there was no place for alternate realities, although they could exist in the form of ephemeral timelines (Hypertime), dimensions (such as the fifth dimension or the Fourth World) or universes inside the Universe (such as the Legion of Super-Heroes' pocket universe or the Amalgam Universe).
There was contact with realities that existed outside the Universe such as those from Marvel, Milestone and Wildstorm. The collection of universes, multiverses and others that are unrelated, is most of the time called the Megaverse. Some also call it the Omniverse, but tend to include the Real World when using this denomination.
The contact of these worlds usually brought cataclysms, the one being the most common, amalgamation. Traveling between these realities was extremely hard, only two characters were capable of doing so with natural abilities: Rift, who existed in both the DC and Milestone Universes, and Access, who had the task of keeping the DC and Marvel Universes separated to prevent amalgamation.
Most of the time, these events were either forgotten (as shown in theUnlimited Access miniseries as Access has the power to annul or restore the memories of heroes) or believed to be "dreams" (as shown inDC/Milestone: Worlds Collide andDC/Wildstorm: Dreamwar), which in the end left few traces of the events in the respective continuities.
The Wildstorm Universe was part of a larger multiverse but was separated after a multiversal cataclysm, forming a multiverse of its own ("Shattered Image"). Organizations known asPlanetary and the Authority were capable of traveling across the Multiverse and were also able to map it. Its structure was described as a web of 196,833 universes arranged in a pattern resembling asnowflake, each universe separated from its neighbors by a medium called the Bleed. The Bleed prevented the Universes from colliding and was inhabited by "fauna" that despised all different Earths.
Alexander Luthor Jr. of Earth-Three andSuperboy of Earth-Prime grew tired of their exile. After successfully escaping their prison, they seek to restore their worlds and search for a perfect new world, as they believe the happenings at New Earth after the Crisis make it a flawed reality. The whole Multiverse is restored, but with great instability that could cause the end of all existence (Infinite Crisis). Parallel to these events, Captain Atom arrives in a different multiverse, jeopardizing its very existence. Void destroys the now-corrupted universe in order to recreate it (Captain Atom: Armageddon).
The heroes of Earth manage to merge back the Multiverse into a single universe, but it could not hold so much energy. 52 identical worlds are created to liberate such energy.Mister Mind metamorphoses into a form dubbed "Hyperfly", who devours parts of the time continuum and recreates the multiverse.[10][11]
In the Dakotaverse, a man known asDharma foresaw the final demise of Earth and searched for a way to avert it. His very efforts were responsible for the apocalypse he tried to prevent. He managed to salvage the remains of his Earth by merging them to the main Earth of the new Multiverse that was reformed after the death of the New Gods.
This Multiverse consisted of only 52 worlds, 51 resting upon Earth-0. According to Rip Hunter in52 #52, every universe occupied the same space, each on a different vibrational plane (as it was in the original Multiverse). However, it was stated later that the universes were also separated by a fluid known as the Bleed (just like in the former Wildstorm Universe). The Bleed is interconnected to the Source Wall (which separates existence from the force that created it or "the Source") and the Multiversal Nexus, where the 52 Monitors watched over the Multiverse and had the task of avoiding contacts between the universes that could cause cataclysms. If Earth-0 should be destroyed, it would cause a chain reaction, destroying the rest of the 51 universes and leaving the opposite Antimatter Universe solely in existence. Each of the alternate universes have their own countless parallel/higher dimensions, divergent timelines, microverses, etc., branching off them.[12] The Monitors originated in a world called Nil and were a sort of descendants of the original Monitor, who was created by Overvoid, a limitless intelligence who investigated the Multiverse at the beginning of time.Nix Uotan, the Monitor of Earth-51, erased the Monitors, as they self-proclaimed themselves the judges of what happened in the worlds of the Multiverse.
The Flash wakes up in an altered timeline. As he tries to find the cause, he discovers that he was responsible for the alteration and attempts to fix it. In doing so, it is revealed that the timelines of Earth-0, Earth-13 and Earth-50 were originally one, but were splintered. The result is a new timeline formed by those three and along with it came a new history for the other 52 worlds within the Multiverse (Flashpoint (2011)). It is later revealed that, in actuality, the current timeline was created when a mysterious being (implied to be Doctor Manhattan fromWatchmen) entered the Multiverse while the timeline was resetting due to Barry Allen preventing the Flashpoint event and extracted 10 years from continuity (DC Universe: Rebirth (2016)).
Years later, the Harbinger Program at the House of Heroes gathers several superheroes of the "Orrery of Worlds" to fight against a force known as the "Gentry" who has already decimated Earth-7 and threatens the rest of the worlds of the Multiverse. As the story unfolds, Earths within the Orrery are visited and reveal the new nature of them after the Flashpoint event. Also, mysterious comic books published by DC and Major Comics appear and are believed to be cursed or to be messages from parallel Earths (The Multiversity (2014)).
Several stories and even the structure of the entire Multiverse have been retold after the events ofFlashpoint. As it has been revealed so far, most of the 52 worlds suffered drastic changes, such as Earth-2 which is now a reboot in the present day of the heroes that formed the Justice Society or Earth-3 which reverted to be the opposite of the main Earth (Earth-0 in this case), instead of the opposite of Earth-Two. Others retain most of what they were in the52 Multiverse such as Earth-5, 10, or 23. In addition, seven Earths remain undisclosed in composition or purpose, other than their creation by the Monitors for unknown reasons – Earths 14, 24, 25, 27, 28, 46 and 49.
The Monitors are now described as a race of countless members and only 52 remained after theCrisis on Infinite Earths event, suggesting that there were Monitors for every world in the original Multiverse instead of just one. Several elements that have appeared across the history to what now is DC Comics have also been actively incorporated in the new structure, such as the Source Wall (The New Gods), the Bleed (Wildstorm'sThe Authority), the Speed Force and the vibrational barriers (The Flash) and theRock of Eternity (Shazam!).
This new Multiverse has a sphere-like structure with several levels (or vibrational realms) as described in the map:[13]
An infinitely powerful and god-like version ofBrainiac abducted multiple superheroes and their core cities from various alternate Earths and eras of the Multiverse and pitted them against one another. Because of the heroes' efforts for the survival of reality during this event, the events ofCrisis on Infinite Earths andZero Hour were averted and there is once more an infinite Multiverse beyond the core 52 universes which have made up the local Multiverse sinceInfinite Crisis andFlashpoint. The original Multiverse coexists along with the collapsed Earth, the core 52 worlds, and all other versions of the Multiverse that have ever existed.[14]
In theDark Nights: Metal storyline, it is revealed that the matter and antimatter universes of the Multiverse are vastly outnumbered by a Dark Multiverse composed ofdark matter. Formed by the dreams and fears of the inhabitants of the upper Multiverse, the Dark Universes are ephemeral, motivating the Dark Knights to invade the Multiverse in order to save their dying realities. The "Dark Multiverse" stories revisit this realm, with mutated versions ofSuperman,Jimmy Olsen, andLois Lane.[15]
Doomsday Clock proposes a new theory about the DC Universe featured as a "metaverse" acting in constant change with Superman as its center, which could explain the manycontinuity reboots in DC's mainline comic books.[16] This theory referred to whatGrant Morrison had previously proposed about the DC Universe having its own consciousness.
Upon the conclusion ofDark Nights: Death Metal, the Multiverse is recreated by the Hands as an Omniverse. The timeline of the DCU is "unknotted", meaning that every version of history throughout the existence of the Multiverse is considered to have occurred in the past of the Omniverse and is remembered by the inhabitants of Earth-0. A team of superheroes and villains called "the Totality" is formed to protect the DCU from threats in this new, greater Multiverse.
In addition to the New 52 Multiverse, the Omniverse consists of an infinite number of alternate multiverses. Earth-0 is no longer the centre of the Multiverse, which now has two opposite centres of power, termed "theElseworld" and "Earth Omega".
TheWildStorm comic book seriesPlanetary also introduced the concept of a multiverse, drawing upon the mathematical concept known as theMonster group for inspiration.[17] The multiverse is described as "a theoretical snowflake existing in 196,833 dimensional space",[18] a reference to the visualization method used by some mathematicians when describing the Monster group.
In the animated television seriesSuper Friends, the superhero team has encounters with other universes, including the world of Qward. In the episode "Universe of Evil", a freak accident causesSuperman to switch places with his evil counterpart in another universe.
The DC Animated Universe (DCAU) has depicted the Multiverse many times. Several characters from the main DCAU have visited parallel universes that were similar to the DCAU:
InLois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, the show's primary protagonists, Lois Lane andClark Kent, encountered an alternative version Clark Kent from a parallel universe in the episodes "Tempus, Anyone?" and "Lois & Clarks".
The primary version of Lois, who was abducted by the villain Tempus and taken to this dimension, helped the alternate Clark become Superman, only to have Tempus expose his secret identity to the world on television. Despite Clark's alien origin, the world embraces him as their champion.
Later in the episode "Lois & Clarks", the alternate Clark visits the primaryL&C dimension to aid Lois in stopping Tempus while the Clark Kent of her world is trapped in a time vortex. After Tempus' defeat, it is implied that the alternate Clark would travel to the past withH.G. Wells and take his reality's Lois Lane to his own time thus, under acausal loop of time travels, explaining her disappearance.
The live-action television seriesSmallville also featured the Multiverse concept. In the season 5 episode "Lexmas",Lex Luthor visits an alternate timeline whereLionel Luthor cuts Lex out of the family fortune while Lex is married toLana Lang and has a son named Alexander.Clark Kent is a reporter with theDaily Planet,Chloe Sullivan is publishing a book exposingLuthorCorp with Lex's help, andJonathan Kent is a state senator.
In the season 7 episode "Apocalypse", Clark is taken to an alternate timeline where his counterpart never arrived in Smallville and was killed byBrainiac. In that dimension, Clark Kent encounters another version of himself who is the human son of Martha and Jonathan and never met Lana Lang. Also in this dimension, Chloe Sullivan is engaged, Lana Lang is a married woman living in Paris, Sheriff Nancy Adams left Smallville and works for the government, and Lex Luthor is President of the United States. Luthor destroys this dimension's Earth, but Clark travels back in time and sends his infant self to Earth, thus restoring his timeline.
The season 10 episodes "Luthor" and "Kent" feature an alternate universe where Clark was adopted by Lionel Luthor instead of the Kents and became a tyrant known asUltraman.
InBatman: The Brave and the Bold, a kind of "multiverse" is referenced in the episodes "Deep Cover for Batman!" and "Game Over for Owlman!", which feature several references to alternate incarnations of DC Comics heroes and villains, includingBatman andOwlman. The Multiverse is briefly revisited in "Night of the Batmen!", with a large group of Batmen gathered from across various Earths coming together to help an injured Bruce Wayne protect Gotham. The army of Multiverse Batmen contained various iterations of the Batman from different media adaptions, such as fromThe Batman, the DC Animated Universe, the 1960sBatman TV series, andBatman Beyond.
A direct-to-video feature filmJustice League: Crisis on Two Earths deals with the Multiverse as part of its story. The main story deals with a good Lex Luthor from his Earth (based on the Pre-CrisisEarth-Three) coming to the Earth where the Justice League are located to help fight their counterparts, theCrime Syndicate.Earth-Prime is featured in the film, but is not the same Earth-Prime from the comics, where it was "our" Earth. In the film, Earth-Prime is shown to be the cornerstone of all reality, and that decisions made by humankind on this world caused alternate Earths where the opposite decision was made to come into being.
In the video gameDC Universe Online,Brainiac decides to conquer New Earth in order to know the secret of the multiverse. After he was defeated, the heroes have to face the Council of Luthors, who wants to take control of the Nexus of Reality and rule existence through the achievement of ultimate power. The Council of Batmen wishes to stop the Luthors and undo the damage that has been done.
In the second half ofGreen Lantern: The Animated Series,Hal Jordan and his allies face off against theAnti-Monitor and his army ofManhunters. In the episode "Reboot", Hal,Kilowog,Tomar-Re andAya face the Anti-Monitor, with Hal getting blasted by the Anti-Monitor, seemingly erasing him from existence. In "Steam Lantern", it is revealed that Hal ended up on an alternate world where steam is the world's main powersource and meets up with Gil Broome, the eponymous Steam Lantern. Gil and his allies eventually manage to get Hal back home to his own world, where he reunites with his comrades.
The storyline ofInjustice: Gods Among Us features an alternate reality where the Joker tricks Superman into killing Lois Lane and their unborn son and destroying Metropolis in a nuclear explosion. This tragedy ruins Superman's moral compass to the point of no return, leading him to establish a new world order with himself as the High Councilor.
The video gameInfinite Crisis (which is unrelated to thecomic book miniseries of the same name) features a Multiverse with 52 different worlds. This Multiverse is threatened by a sudden assault and all realities stand on the brink of annihilation. The last hope for Earth lies in the powers of the DC Legends.
In the tie-in comicInfinite Crisis: Fight for the Multiverse, it is revealed that the Monitors were a race of beings native to the world of Nil that resided outside all realities in the Overvoid. Their existence came following the creation of the Multiverse and the Bleed where they watched the infinite Earths and sought to protect the infinite strands of creation. It was claimed that they were a people that cared little about the existence of the inhabitants of these universes and more for the preservation of their grand order. Such was their existence, until one of their kind turned against the others and became the Anti-Monitor. A Crisis emerged as a result whereby many universes were destroyed, but the Anti-Monitor was defeated at the cost of almost the entire Monitor race. From this Crisis, there existed only 52 universes left in the Multiverse that were kept in perfect balance.
In 2014, DC CCOGeoff Johns said that the universe present in the publisher's television series,Arrow andThe Flash, is separate from the one being built in their films withMan of Steel andBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. Johns explained DC's difference in approach toMarvel: "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it's about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through... It's just a different approach".
The Multiverse concept is explored during thesecond season ofThe Flash, which is pivotal to the conflicts betweenBarry Allen (Grant Gustin) and rogue speedsterHunter Zolomon (Teddy Sears). The access points to the Multiverse are portals that were created as a result of an exploding singularity over Central City during the season two premiere "The Man Who Saved Central City". In the episode "Enter Zoom", it is revealed that Earth-2's version of theGreen Arrow isRobert Queen (Jamey Sheridan) instead of his sonOliver (Stephen Amell), who presumably died on the boat accident.Arrow's season eight episode "Starling City" reveals that Earth-2's Starling City has another green-hood archer, The Hood, who is a heroic doppelgänger ofAdrian Chase, and its Dark Archer is notMalcolm Merlyn but his son Tommy. In the season two finale "The Race of His Life",Zoom reveals that the universe in which that ofArrow,The Flash andLegends of Tomorrow sets is positioned in the Multiverse's center, and from there one could travel to any of the other infinite numbers of Earths. AfterJay Garrick is rescued from Zoom, he reveals that he is from yet another Earth, designated Earth-3. In theseason three episode "The New Rogues", the Flash team explore the multiverse in search of aHarrison Wells doppelganger to replace the Earth-2 version. They encounter four others from various Earths, two of which are named Earth-17 and 19, from which their new recruit, Harrison "H.R." Wells, originates.
The television seriesSupergirl exists as another alternate universe separate from the main Arrowverse continuity.[19] This is confirmed in theSupergirl episode "Worlds Finest", when the Flash appears onSupergirl's universe. Supergirl's universe is coined Earth-38 byCisco Ramon.[20]
The 2017 crossover event "Crisis on Earth-X" – which sees the heroes from all four shows face an invasion from the titular 'Earth-X', as a world where the Nazis wonWorld War II – establishes that there are 52 known alternate Earths, with the titular 'Earth-X' being the fifty-third Earth, described by Harrison "Harry" Wells of Earth-2, that those who are aware of the multiverse as being so dark and horrific that no interdimensional traveler would dare to journey there. Its history is akin to Earth-1, 2, and 38, except the outcomes of World War II andAdolf Hitler continued his reign worldwide until his death in 1994. Its inhabitants include counterparts of people from these Earths as well, including Oliver Queen's doppelgänger, who is Hitler's successor as Führer and the villainous archer the Dark Arrow.
The 2019 crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths", inspired by thecomic of the same name incorporated a number of television shows and films as part of a larger multiverse within Arrowverse; the shows includeBatman,The Flash,Smallville,Birds of Prey,Lucifer etc., while the films includeBatman and its sequelBatman Returns,Superman Returns andGreen Lantern. Most of the universes were destroyed, while others were merged, restored or newly created after the event. Additionally, one of the Arrowverse protagonists, Barry Allen / The Flash, has a brief interaction withanother version of Flash (portrayed byEzra Miller) from theDC Extended Universe film series during the event.
Issue #48 introduces its own multiverse. Each world pays references to various incarnations of theTeen Titans.
The worlds shown are:
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