TheMultimedia Acceleration eXtensions orMAX are instruction set extensions to theHewlett-PackardPA-RISCinstruction set architecture (ISA). MAX was developed to improve the performance of multimedia applications that were becoming more prevalent during the 1990s.
MAX instructions operate on 32- or 64-bitSIMDdata types consisting of multiple 16-bit integers packed ingeneral purpose registers. The available functionality includes additions, subtractions and shifts.
The first version,MAX-1, was for the32-bit PA-RISC 1.1 ISA. The second version,MAX-2, was for the64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 ISA.
The approach is notable because the set of instructions is much smaller than in other multimedia CPUs, and also more general-purpose. The small set and simplicity of the instructions reduce the recurring costs of the electronics, as well as the costs and difficulty of the design. The general-purpose nature of the instructions increases their overall value. These instructions require only small changes to a CPU's arithmetic-logic unit. A similar design approach promises to be a successful model for the multimedia instructions of other CPU designs.[1][2][3] The set is also small because the CPU already included powerful shift and bit-manipulation instructions: "Shift pair" which shifts a pair of registers, "extract" and "deposit" of bit fields, and all the common bit-wise logical operations (and, or, exclusive-or, etc.).[2]
This set of multimedia instructions has proven its performance, as well. In 1996 the 64-bit "MAX-2" instructions enabled real-time performance ofMPEG-1 andMPEG-2 video while increasing the area of a RISC CPU by only 0.2%.[1]
MAX-1 was first implemented with thePA-7100LC in 1994. It is usually attributed as being the firstSIMD extensions to an ISA. The second version,MAX-2, was for the64-bit PA-RISC 2.0 ISA. It was first implemented in thePA-8000 microprocessor released in 1996.[1]
The basic approach to the arithmetic in MAX-2 is to "interrupt the carries" between the 16-bit subwords, and choose between modular arithmetic, signed and unsigned saturation. This requires only small changes to the arithmetic logic unit.[2]
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| HADD | Parallel add with modulo arithmetic |
| HADD,ss | Parallel add with signed saturation |
| HADD,us | Parallel add with unsigned saturation |
| HSUB | Parallel subtract with modulo arithmetic |
| HSUB,ss | Parallel subtract with signed saturation |
| HSUB,us | Parallel subtract with unsigned saturation |
| HAVE | Parallel average |
| HSHLADD | Parallel shift left and add with signed saturation |
| HSHRADD | Parallel shift right and add with signed saturation |
MAX-2 instructions are register-to-register instructions that operate on multiple integers in 64-bit quantities. All have a one cycle latency in thePA-8000 microprocessor and its derivatives. Memory accesses are via the standard 64-bit loads and stores.
The "MIX" and "PERMH" instructions are a notable innovation because they permute words in the register set without accessing memory. This can substantially speed many operations.[2]
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| HADD | Parallel add with modulo arithmetic |
| HADD,ss | Parallel add with signed saturation |
| HADD,us | Parallel add with unsigned saturation |
| HSUB | Parallel subtract with modulo arithmetic |
| HSUB,ss | Parallel subtract with signed saturation |
| HSUB,us | Parallel subtract with unsigned saturation |
| HSHLADD | Parallel shift left and add with signed saturation |
| HSHRADD | Parallel shift right and add with signed saturation |
| HAVG | Parallel average |
| HSHR | Parallel shift right signed |
| HSHR,u | Parallel shift right unsigned |
| HSHL | Parallel shift left |
| MIX | Mix 16-bit sub-words in a 64-bit word; MIX Left, Ra,Rb,Rc, Rc:=a1,b1,a3,b3; MIX Right, Rc:=a2,b2,a4,b4[2] |
| MIXW | Mix 32-bit sub-words in a 64-bit word; e.g. MIXW Left, Ra,Rb,Rc, Rc:=a1,a2,b1,b2; MIXW Right, Rc:=a3,a4,b3,b4[2] |
| PERMH | Permute 16-bit sub-words of the source in any possible permutation in the destination register, including repetitions.[2] |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products |
|  | ||||||||||||||||||||
| CEOs |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
| Spin-offs | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
