Mulan was the first of three features produced primarily at theDisney animation studio atDisney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) inBay Lake, Florida. Development for the film began in 1994, when a number of artistic supervisors were sent to China to receive artistic and cultural inspiration.
Mulan premiered at theHollywood Bowl in Los Angeles on June 5, 1998, and was released in the United States on June 19. The film received positive reviews from critics and the public, who praised the animation, plot, characters (particularly the title character), and musical score. It was a commercial success, grossing over $304 million worldwide against a production budget of $90 million. It earned aGolden Globe andAcademy Award nomination for its music and won severalAnnie Awards, includingBest Animated Feature. It was then followed by adirect-to-video sequel,Mulan II in 2004. Alive-action remake directed byNiki Caro was released on September 4, 2020.[4]
TheHuns, led by the ruthlessShan Yu, invade China by breaching theGreat Wall. TheEmperor orders a general mobilization, withconscription notices requiring one man from each family to join theImperial Army.Fa Mulan, an adventurous young woman, hopes to bring honor to her family. She is arranged to meet a matchmaker to demonstrate her fitness as a future wife, but is deemed a disgrace after several mishaps.
Fa Zhou, Mulan's elderly father and a renowned military veteran, is conscripted. Mulan tries dissuading him from going, but he insists that he must do his duty. Fearing for his life, she cuts her hair and takes her father's sword and armor, disguising herself as a man so that she can enlist in his stead. Quickly learning of her departure, Mulan's grandmother prays to the family's ancestors for Mulan's safety. In the family's temple, the spirits of the ancestors are awakened byMushu, a small reddragon who is a disgraced formerfamily guardian. TheGreat Ancestor decides that the powerfulstone dragon guardian should guide Mulan, and sends Mushu to wake him. After accidentally destroying the guardian's statue, Mushu decides to redeem himself to the ancestors by personally aiding Mulan.
Reporting to the training camp, Mulan passes as a man named "Fa Ping", with Mushu providing encouragement and clumsy guidance throughout her deception. Under the command of CaptainLi Shang, she and her fellow recruits—including three named Yao, Ling, and Chien-Po—gradually become trained soldiers. The Emperor's belligerent counsel,Chi-Fu, threatens to dissuade the Emperor from allowing Shang's men to fight. Mushu then writes a fake letter from Shang's father, General Li, ordering Shang to follow the main imperial army into the mountains. The reinforcements set out and discover that the Huns have slaughtered Li and his troops.
As the soldiers march up a mountain pass, the Huns ambush them. Mulan uses aHuolongchushui cannon to trigger anavalanche and bury the Huns, but is badly injured. Shang and the soldiers discover Mulan's true sex while her wound is bandaged. Instead of executing Mulan as the law requires, Shang spares her life and expels her from the army before departing for the Imperial City to report the Huns' defeat. Mulan, however, later discovers Shan Yu and several of his warriors have survived.
Mulan travels to the city to warn Shang just as the Huns seize the palace and take the Emperor hostage. In the ensuing fight, Shan Yu's men are quickly defeated and Mulan lures Shan Yu onto the roof, and ultimately pins him down with his own sword. Guided by Mulan, Mushu uses askyrocket to propel Shan Yu into afireworks launching tower, killing him.
The Emperor and the city's assembled inhabitants praise Mulan for having saved them, and they bow to her in honor. She accepts the Emperor'screst and Shan Yu's sword as gifts but declines his offer to join the royal council. Mulan returns home and presents these gifts to her father, but he ignores them, happy to have her back. Having become enamored with Mulan, Shang also arrives and accepts her invitation to stay for dinner. Mushu is reinstated as a Fa family guardian as the ancestors celebrate.
In 1989,Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida had opened with 40 to 50 employees,[6] with its original purpose to produce cartoon shorts andfeaturettes.[7] However, by late 1993, following several animation duties onBeauty and the Beast,Aladdin, andThe Lion King, Disney executives were convinced to allow the Feature Animation Florida studios to produce their first independent film.[8] Around that same time, Disney Feature Animation developed an interest in Asian-themed legends, beginning with the optioning of several books by children's book authorRobert D. San Souci, who had a consulting relationship with Disney executive Jay Dyer.[9] Also around that time, a shortstraight-to-video film titledChina Doll about an oppressed and miserable Chinese girl who is whisked away by a BritishPrince Charming to happiness in the West was in development.Thomas Schumacher asked San Souci if he had any additional stories, in response to which San Souci turned in a manuscript of a book based on the Chinese poem "The Song of Fa Mu Lan". Ultimately, Disney decided to combine the two separate projects.[10][11]
Following the opening of the Feature Animation Florida studios,Barry Cook, who had served as a special-effects animator since 1982,[12] had directed theRoger Rabbit cartoonTrail Mix-Up produced at the satellite studio. At a lunch invitation with Thomas Schumacher, Cook was offered two projects in development: a Scottish folk tale with a dragon orMulan. Knowledgeable about the existence of dragons in Chinese mythology, Cook suggested adding a dragon toMulan, in which a week later, Schumacher urged Cook to drop the Scottish project and acceptMulan as his next project.[13] Following this, Cook was immediately assigned as the initial director of the project,[14] and cited influences fromCharlie Chaplin andDavid Lean during production.[15] While working as an animator on the gargoyles forThe Hunchback of Notre Dame,Tony Bancroft was offered to co-direct the film following a recommendation fromRob Minkoff, co-director ofThe Lion King, to Schumacher, in which he accepted.[16] He joined the creative team by early 1995.[17]
The crew toured various parts of China for inspiration.
In 1994, the production team sent a select group of artistic supervisors to China for three weeks to take photographs and drawings of local landmarks for inspiration; and to soak up local culture.[18] Key members of the creative team at the time—producerPam Coats, director Barry Cook, art director Ric Sluiter, layout supervisorRobert Walker, and Mulan's supervising animatorMark Henn—were invited to travel to China as a research trip to study the landscape, people, and history of the original legend. From June 17 to July 2, 1994, the research trip flew toBeijing, China, which is where Coats became inspired by the placement of flags on theGreat Wall. They also touredDatong,Luoyang,Xi'an,Jiayuguan,Dunhuang, andGuilin.[19]
In its earliest stages, the story was originally conceived as aTootsie–inspired romantic comedy film where Mulan, who was a misfit tomboy who loves her father, is betrothed to Shang, whom she has not met. On her betrothal day, her father Fa Zhou carves her destiny on a stone tablet in the family temple, which she shatters in anger, running away to forge her own destiny.[20] In November 1993,Chris Sanders, who had just finished storyboard work onThe Lion King, was hoping to work onThe Hunchback of Notre Dame until Schumacher appointed him to work onMulan instead.[21] Acting as Head of Story, Sanders grew frustrated with the romantic comedy aspect of the story, and urged producer Pam Coats to be more faithful to the original legend by having Mulan leave home because of the love for her father.[22] This convinced the filmmakers to decide to change Mulan's character in order to make her more appealing and selfless.[23]
Sequence Six—in which Mulan takes her father's conscription order, cuts her long hair, and dons her father's armor—served as a pivotal moment in the evolution of Mulan's character. Director Barry Cook explained that the sequence initially started as a song storyboarded by Barry Johnson and redrawn by character designer Chen-Yi Chang. Following the story changes to have Mulan leave to save her father, the song was dropped. Storyboard artist and co-head of storyDean DeBlois was tasked to revise the sequence, and decided to board the sequence with "minimal dialogue".[24] Assisted with an existing musical selection from another film score courtesy of Sanders, the sequence reel was screened forPeter Schneider and Thomas Schumacher, both of whom were impressed. DeBlois stated, "Sequence Six was the first sequence that got put into production, and it helped to establish our 'silent' approach."[25] Additionally, General Li was not originally going to be related to Shang at all, but by changing the story, the filmmakers were able to mirror the stories of both Shang's and Mulan's love for their fathers.[26] As aChristian, Bancroft declined to exploreBuddhism within the film.[27][better source needed]
Because there was no dragon in the original legend, Mulan did not have animal companions; it wasRoy E. Disney who suggested the character of Mushu.[15] Veteran story artistJoe Grant created the cricket character, Cri-Kee, though animator Barry Temple admitted "the directors didn't want him in the movie, the story department didn't want him in the movie. The only people who truly wanted him in the movie wereMichael Eisner and Joe Grant – and myself, because I was assigned the character. I would sit in meetings and they'd say, 'Well, where's the cricket during all this?' Somebody else would say, 'Oh, to hell with the cricket.' They felt Cri-Kee was a character who wasn't necessary to tell the story, which is true."[28] Throughout development on the film, Grant would slip sketches of Cri-Kee under the directors' door.[29]
Before production began, the production team sought out Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, or Korean vocal talents.[30]Tia Carrere was an early candidate to voice the title character.[31] However,Lea Salonga, who had been the singing voice ofPrincess Jasmine inAladdin, was initially cast to provide both Mulan's speaking and singing voices, but the directors did not find her attempt at a deeper speaking voice when Mulan impersonated Ping convincing, soMing-Na Wen was brought in to speak the role. Salonga returned to provide the singing voice.[32] Wen herself landed the role after the filmmakers listened to her narration at the beginning ofThe Joy Luck Club. Coats reflected on her decision, stating, "When we heard Ming-Na doing that voice-over, we knew we had our Mulan. She has a very likable and lovely voice, and those are the qualities we were looking for."[33]
For the role of Mushu, Disney was aiming for top Hollywood talent in the vein ofRobin Williams' performance as the Genie inAladdin.[33] The filmmakers initially approachedJoe Pesci andRichard Dreyfuss untilMichael Eisner considered Eddie Murphy.[34] After accepting the role, Murphy initially balked when he was asked to record at the Disney studios, but then asked to record the voice in his basement at his Bubble Hill mansion inEnglewood, New Jersey.[35]
For the speaking voice of Captain Li Shang,BD Wong was hired,[36] although his singing voice, for the song "I'll Make a Man Out of You", was performed byDonny Osmond, who had previously auditioned to be the speaking voice of the title character inHercules.[37] Osmond's casting originated from a suggestion from the casting director,[37] and throughout recording, Osmond studied Wong's dialogue tapes, and aimed to match his inflections and personality.[38] Osmond commented that his sons decided that he had finally "made it" in show business when he was in a Disney film.[39] Likewise for the role of Grandmother Fa,June Foray provided the speaking voice, andMarni Nixon supplied the singing voice.[40]
Mimi Chan was chosen byMark Henn as the model and martial arts video reference for Mulan. Character drawing sessions and live-action video reference shooting was done over the course of three years.[41] Chan's cousin, George Kee, was chosen to play the part of Captain Shang Li. Together, they choreographed fight sequences for the film's song "I'll Make a Man Out of You" and the film's end finale.[42]
The animation crew was inspired by ancient Chinese art for the aesthetics of the movie
To achieve a harmonious visual look, producer designer Hans Bacher and art director Ric Sluiter, along with layout supervisor Robert Walker and background supervisor Robert Stanton collaborated to establish a proper chronological location for the film in Chinese history. Since there was no general consensus on the time of Mulan's existence, they based the visual design on theMing andQing dynasties.[43] An important element of Bacher's design was to turn the art style closer toChinese painting, withwatercolor and simpler design, as opposed to the details ofThe Lion King andThe Hunchback of Notre Dame.[44] Bacher further studied more than thirty-five film directors ranging from the silent eraGerman Expressionism, British and American epics of the 1950s and 60s, and theSpaghetti Westerns for inspiration for composition, lighting, and staging that would establish settings that enhanced the characters.[45] Additional inspiration was found in the earlier Disney animated films such asBambi,Pinocchio andDumbo to establish a sense ofstaging.[46]
In October 1997, the Walt Disney Company announced a major expansion of its Florida animation operations constructing a 200,000-square-foot, four-story animation building and the addition of 400 animators to the workforce.[47]
To create 2,000 Hun soldiers during the Huns' attack sequence, the production team developedcrowd simulation software calledAttila. This software allows thousands of unique characters to move autonomously. A variant of the program calledDynasty was used in the final battle sequence to create a crowd of 3,000 in the Forbidden City.Pixar's photorealistic openAPIRenderMan was used to render the crowd. Another software developed for this movie wasFaux Plane, which was used to add depth to flat two-dimensional painting. Although developed late in production progress,Faux Plane was used in five shots, including the dramatic sequence which features theGreat Wall of China, and the final battle sequence when Mulan runs to theForbidden City. During the scene in which the citizens of China are bowing to Mulan, the crowd is a panoramic film of real people bowing. It was edited into the animated foreground of the scene.[48]
The songs featured in the film were written by composerMatthew Wilder and lyricistDavid Zippel.Stephen Schwartz was originally commissioned to write the songs for the film.[49] Following the research trip to China in June 1994, Schwartz was contacted by former Disney studio chairmanJeffrey Katzenberg to compose songs forThe Prince of Egypt, which he agreed.Peter Schneider, then-president of Walt Disney Feature Animation, threatened to have Schwartz's name removed from any publicity materials forPocahontas andThe Hunchback of Notre Dame.Michael Eisner phoned Schwartz, and urged him to back out of his commitment toDreamWorks, but he refused and left the project.[50] After Schwartz's departure, his three songs, "Written in Stone", "Destiny", and "China Doll", were dropped amid story and character changes by 1995.[51][52] Shortly after, Disney music executive Chris Montan heardMatthew Wilder's demo for a stage musical adaptation ofAnne Rice'sCry to Heaven, and selected Wilder to replace Schwartz.[51] In July 1997,David Zippel joined to write the lyrics.[53] The film featured five songs composed by Wilder and Zippel, with a sixth originally planned for Mushu, but dropped following Eddie Murphy's involvement with the character.[54]
AlthoughDanny Elfman andThomas Newman were considered to score the film, English composerRachel Portman was selected as the film composer. However, Portman became pregnant during production, and decided to back out.[16] Following Portman's departure,Randy Edelman—whoseDragonheart theme was used in the trailer—andKitarō were considered,[51] untilJerry Goldsmith became available and signed on after dropping out of a project.[16] The film's soundtrack is credited for starting the career of pop singerChristina Aguilera, whose first song to be released in the U.S. was her rendition of "Reflection", the first single from theMulan soundtrack. The song, and Aguilera's vocals, were so well received that it landed her a recording contract withRCA Records.[55] In 1999, she would go on to release herself-titled debut album, on which "Reflection" was also included. The pop version of "Reflection" has a Polish version ("Lustro" performed byEdyta Górniak) and two Spanish versions, for Spain (performed byMalú) and Hispanic America (performed byLucero). Other international versions include a Brazilian Portuguese version bySandy & Junior ("Imagem"), a Korean version performed byLena Park, and a Mandarin version byCoco Lee.
The music featured during the haircut scene, titledMulan's Decision, is different in the soundtrack album. The soundtrack album uses an orchestrated score while the movie uses heavy synthesizer music. The synthesizer version is available on the limited edition CD.[56] Salonga, who often sings movie music in her concerts, has done a Disney medley which climaxes with an expanded version of "Reflection" (not the same as those in Aguilera's version). Salonga also provided the singing voice for Mulan in the film's sequel,Mulan II.
Because of the disappointing box office performances ofThe Hunchback of Notre Dame andHercules, Disney restricted its marketing campaign forMulan, spending $30 million on promotional advertisements compared to more than $60 million forHercules the year before.[59] Rather than holding a lavishmedia event premiere like those of the past few years, such as premieringPocahontas inCentral Park and bringing theMain Street Electrical Parade toFifth Avenue forHercules, Disney opted to premiere the film on June 5, 1998, at theHollywood Bowl, complete with Chinese lanterns and fortune cookies.[59][60] Two days before the general release,McDonald's launched its promotional campaign by including one of eight toys free with the purchase of aHappy Meal.[61] The promotion also includedSzechuan sauce for itsChicken McNuggets, which would be referenced ina 2017 episode of theAdult Swim seriesRick and Morty and subsequently brought back by McDonald's as a promotional item related to that show.[62]
In collaboration with Disney,Hyperion Books publishedThe Art of Mulan authored by Jeff Kurtti, which chronicled the production of the film. In addition with its publication, Hyperion Books also issued a collector's "folding, accordion book" of the ancient poem that inspired the film.[63] On August 18, 1998, around 3,700 backpacks and 1,800 pieces of luggage were recalled back to their manufacturer, Pyramid Accessories Inc., when it was discovered they contained lead-based paint.[64]
The film was first released onVHS on February 2, 1999, as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection lineup.Mulan was released onDVD on November 9, 1999, as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited sixty-day time period before going into moratorium.[65] On February 1, 2000, it was re-released on VHS and DVD as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection lineup.[66] The VHS and DVD were accompanied by two music videos of "Reflection" and "True to Your Heart" while the DVD additionally contained the theatrical trailer and character artwork.[67] The Gold Collection release was returned into theDisney Vault on January 31, 2002.[68] On October 26, 2004, Walt Disney Home Entertainment re-released a restored print ofMulan on VHS and as a 2-disc Special Edition DVD.[69]
In September 2017,Mulan became available toNetflix users through their streaming service.[71] In November 2019,Mulan became available for streaming onDisney+. A year later,Mulan was released on4K Blu-ray.[72]
Mulan grossed$22.8 million in its opening weekend,[2] ranking second behindThe X-Files.[73] It went on to gross $120 million in the United States and Canada combined, and $304 million worldwide, making it the second-highest grossing family film of the year, behindA Bug's Life, and theseventh-highest-grossing film of the year overall.[74] WhileMulan domestically out-grossed the two Disney animated films which had preceded it,The Hunchback of Notre Dame andHercules, its box office returns failed to match those of the Disney films from the first half of the Renaissance such asBeauty and the Beast,Aladdin, andThe Lion King.[75] Internationally, its highest grossing releases included those in the United Kingdom ($14.6 million) and France ($10.2 million).[76]
Upon release,Mulan received mostly positive reviews from film critics,[77][78][79] who praised it for exploring themes such as strength, feminism,[80] and gender roles.[81] The review aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 92%, based on 142 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's consensus reads, "Exploring themes of family duty and honor,Mulan breaks new ground as a Disney film, while still bringing vibrant animation and sprightly characters to the screen."[82] In a 2009 countdown, Rotten Tomatoes ranked it seventeenth out of the fifty canonical animated Disney features.[83] OnMetacritic, the film has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.[84] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[85]
Roger Ebert, reviewing for theChicago Sun-Times, gaveMulan three-and-a-half stars out of four in his written review. He said that "Mulan is an impressive achievement, with a story and treatment ranking withBeauty and the Beast andThe Lion King".[86] Likewise, James Berardinelli ofReelViews awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of four praising the lead character, its theme of war, and the animation. He concluded that "Adults will appreciate the depth of characterization while kids will love Mulan's sidekick, a colorful dragon named Mushu. Everyone will be entertained [by] the fast-moving plot and rich animation."[87]Todd McCarthy ofVariety called the film "a female empowerment story par excellence, as well as a G-rated picture that may have strong appeal for many adults." McCarthy further praised the voice cast and background design, but overall felt the film "goes about halfway toward setting new boundaries for Disney’s, and the industry's, animated features, but doesn't go far enough."[88]Owen Gleiberman ofEntertainment Weekly graded the film a B+ writing, "Vividly animated, with a bursting palette that evokes both the wintry grandeur and decorative splendor of ancient China,Mulan is artful and satisfying in a slightly remote way."[89]
Gene Siskel of theChicago Tribune described the film as "a big disappointment when compared with the studio's other recent films about a female hero searching for independence." He was further critical of Mulan's characterization in comparison toAriel andBelle, and claimed the "design of the film does not take advantage of the inspiration provided by classic Chinese artists, and the songs are not memorable."[90] Similarly,Janet Maslin ofThe New York Times criticized the lack of detail in the background art and described it as "the most inert and formulaic of recent Disney animated films."[91] Reviewing the film for theLos Angeles Times,Kenneth Turan wrote "Mulan has its accomplishments, but unlike the best of Disney's output, it comes off as more manufactured than magical." While he praised the title character, he highlighted that the "by-now-standard hip patter (prepare for jokes about cross-dressing) is so tepid that not even five credited writers can revive it, and the songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel (with Lea Salonga and Donny Osmond singing for the leads) lack the spark that Zippel's lyrics brought to the underappreciatedHercules."[92] Ed Gonzalez ofSlant Magazine criticized the film as "soulless" in its portrayal of East Asian society.[93]
This movie was also the subject of comment from feminist critics.Mimi Nguyen says the film "pokes fun at the ultimately repressive gender roles that seek to make Mulan a domesticated creature".[94] Pam Coats, the producer ofMulan, said that the film aims to present a character who exhibits both masculine and feminine influences, being both physically and mentally strong.[95]
Disney was keen to promoteMulan in China, hoping to replicate their success with the 1994 filmThe Lion King, which was one of the country's highest-grossing Western films at that time. Disney also hoped it might smooth over relations with the Chinese government which had soured after the release ofKundun, a Disney-funded biography of theDalai Lama that the Chinese government considered politically provocative.[96] China had threatened to curtail business negotiations with Disney over that film and, as the government only accepted ten foreign films to be shown in China each year,[97]Mulan's chances of being accepted were low.[98] Finally, after a year's delay, the Chinese government did allow the film a limited Chinese release, but only after theChinese New Year, so as to ensure that local films dominated the more lucrative holiday market.[99][100] Publications have reported that critical and audience reception in China was negative overall,[79][101] who accused Disney of westernizing the tale.[102] Box office income was low, due to both the unfavorable release date andrampant piracy.[103] Chinese people also complained about Mulan's depiction as too foreign-looking and the story as too different from the myths.[104][103]
TheWorld History Encyclopedia has credited the film with introducing the Mulan legend to a wider audience, in turn inspiring greater interest in Chinese history and literature.[77]
Walt Disney Pictures first expressed interest in alive-action adaptation ofMulan in the 2000s.Zhang Ziyi was to star in it andChuck Russell was chosen as the director. The film was originally planned to start filming in October 2010, but was eventually canceled.[120]
In 2015, Disney again began developing a live-action remake.[121] Elizabeth Martin and Lauren Hynek's script treatment reportedly featured a white merchant who falls in love with Mulan, and is drawn into a central role in the country's conflict with the Huns.[122] According to aVanity Fair source, thespec script was only a "jumping-off point" and all main characters would in fact be Chinese.[123]Dawn of the Planet of the Apes andJurassic World screenwritersRick Jaffa and Amanda Silver are to rewrite Hynek and Martin's screenplay withChris Bender,J. C. Spink and Jason Reed producing.[124] In February 2017, it was announced thatNiki Caro would direct the live-action adaptation of the 1998 animated film.[125]
The casting process of a Chinese actress to portray the heroine began in October 2016. The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018, but it was later taken off the release schedule withThe Nutcracker and the Four Realms taking its old slot.[126][127] On November 29, 2017,Liu Yifei was cast as the titular character.[128] The film had its Hollywood premiere on March 9, 2020.[129] Disney originally scheduled the film to be released in theaters on March 27, 2020; however, this was pushed back to July 24, and then August 21.[130][131] The film's theatrical release was canceled in the United States and would instead have its premiere for a premium fee onDisney+ on September 4, 2020, but was still released theatrically in countries where theaters have re-opened, such as China, as well as in other countries that do not have Disney+.[132]
Donnie Yen was cast as Commander Tung, a mentor and teacher to Mulan.[133] Following him,Jet Li joined the film as the emperor of China,Gong Li was cast as the villain, a witch, and Xana Tang was announced to play Mulan's sister.[134] The next month,Utkarsh Ambudkar was cast as Skatch, a con artist, andRon Yuan was cast as Sergeant Qiang, the second in command of the Imperial Regiment.[135] In June,Yoson An was cast as Chen Honghui, "a confident and ambitious recruit" who becomes Mulan's love interest.[136] In July,Jason Scott Lee joined the cast as Bori Khan, a secondary villain and warrior seeking revenge.[137] In August 2018,Tzi Ma,Rosalind Chao,Cheng Pei-Pei,Nelson Lee,Jimmy Wong andDoua Moua were added to the cast.[138][139]
Although Mulan isn't royalty by either birth or marriage (her husband is merely a high-ranking military officer), she is part of theDisney Princess media franchise. Mulan was the last addition to the lineup untilPrincess Tiana fromThe Princess and the Frog was added in 2009, 11 years later.[140] In the filmLilo & Stitch, Nani has a poster of Mulan in her room.[141]Mulan is also present in the Disney andSquare Enix video game seriesKingdom Hearts. In the firstKingdom Hearts and inKingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, Mushu is a summonable character,[142] and inKingdom Hearts II, the movie is featured as aplayable world named "The Land of Dragons", with the cast of the film reprising their roles (excluding Shan-Yu, now voiced byCorey Burton). In the first chapter of the game, the film's plot is changed to accommodate the game's characters (Sora,Donald andGoofy) and Mulan (both as herself and as "Ping") able to join the player's party as a skilled sword fighter, while the second chapter coversOrganization XIII member Xigbar as a spy in black and Mulan's determination to stop him with Sora's help. The Land of Dragons is the first Disney-based world Sora must visit in his journey.[142] ActressJamie Chung plays a live-action version of Mulan in the second, third, and fifth seasons of theABC television seriesOnce Upon a Time.[143] The video gameDisney Magic Kingdoms includes some characters of the film and some attractions based on locations of the film as content to unlock for a limited time.[144][145][146]
^de Giere, Carol (September 8, 2008).Defying Gravity: The Creative Career of Stephen Schwartz from Godspell to Wicked.Applause Books. pp. 250–252.ISBN978-1-557-83745-5.
^abEller, Claudia; Bates, James (June 12, 1998)."Bridled Optimism".Los Angeles Times.Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. RetrievedJune 30, 2015.
^"AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees"(PDF). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. RetrievedAugust 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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