| Mukomuko | |
|---|---|
| Bahaso Mukomuko | |
| Native to | Indonesia (Bengkulu) |
| Region | Mukomuko Regency |
| Ethnicity | Mukomuko |
Native speakers | (26,000 cited 1993)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | vmo retired and subsumed intomin[2] |
min-vmo | |
| Glottolog | muko1237 |
 Areas where Mukomuko language is a majority | |
TheMukomuko language (bahaso Mukomuko) is a language in theMinangkabau language family spoken by the Mukomuko people, a subgroup of theMinangkabau people living inMukomuko Regency in northernBengkulu that bordersWest Sumatra.[3] In 1993, there were an estimated 26,000 Mukomuko speakers.[1] Mukomuko is closely related to the Minangkabau language and shares similarities with the Pancung Soal dialect, spoken in the southern part ofPesisir Selatan Regency inWest Sumatra.[4][5] The distribution area of this dialect also extends to the northern part of Mukomuko Regency. Geographically, Mukomuko is situated on the border between Bengkulu and West Sumatra, which fosters interaction between the people of Mukomuko and the Minangkabau. This proximity results in a culturally rich environment, representing the convergence of two or more cultures.[6]
The native inhabitants of northern Mukomuko are the Minangkabau people. Traditionally, culturally, and linguistically, they are closely related to the Pesisir Selatan of West Sumatra. In the past, the Mukomuko region was part of the Pesisir Selatan diaspora of the Minangkabau. In addition to the Minangkabau, the southern part of Mukomuko regency is inhabited by the Pekal people. The Mukomuko region is also a Minangkabau diaspora (rantau) area, often referred to as theRiak nan Berdebur region, along the west coast fromPadang toSouth Bengkulu.[7][6] However, since theBritish colonial period, the Mukomuko region has been politically separated from West Sumatra. Since then, the Mukomuko people have been separated from their relatives in West Sumatra, which continued to theDutch colonial period, theJapanese occupation, and into theindependence era.[7] Centuries of separation have resulted in the Mukomuko language gradually diverging from standard Minangkabau, particularly in its vocabulary. However, despite these changes, mutual intelligibility between the two dialects generally persists.
The Minangkabau language has been regarded as thelingua franca in northern Bengkulu, exerting its influence on neighboring languages likeBengkulu Malay, particularly in terms of phonology and vocabulary.[8]
Mukomuko belongs to theMalayic languages branch of theMalayo-Polynesian subgroup of theAustronesian language family, which also includesMalay and standardIndonesian. Linguistically, it shares a strong resemblance with the Minangkabau language, particularly the Pesisir Selatan dialect spoken in the neighboring Pesisir Selatan Regency. Lexically, the Mukomuko language shares approximately 86% to 90% of its vocabulary with the Pesisir Selatan dialect. Due to these linguistic similarities, some research suggests classifying Mukomuko as a dialect of Minangkabau.[9]
The majority of Mukomuko speakers lives in North Mukomuko District and South Mukomuko District of theMukomuko Regency in northernBengkulu. The capital of North Mukomuko District isMukomuko, while the capital of South Mukomuko District is Ipuh. North Mukomuko District comprises 39 hamlets, and South Mukomuko District comprises 30 hamlets. In addition to Mukomuko, the community in these districts also speaksJavanese andKerinci. Javanese is primarily spoken bytransmigrants fromJava, whereas Kerinci is spoken in the hamlets of Sungai Ipuh, Pondok Baru, and Sungai Jarinjing in North Mukomuko District. The geographical range of Mukomuko language speakers extends from Pondok Suguh hamlet in the south to Lubuk Pinang hamlet in the north.[10]
Mukomuko generally only functions as a social language. It is used within family and community environments in daily life in informal settings. During wedding ceremonies, public meetings, mosque sermons, and other ceremonies, the Mukomuko people tend tocode-switch betweenIndonesian and Mukomuko.[11] Meanwhile, in government offices, schools, and formal settings, Indonesian is used. However, in the early grades of elementary school, teachers from the Mukomuko area often use the Mukomuko language to present the material. In markets and among the general public, the Mukomuko language is used among members of the Mukomuko community, while between people from different areas, a mix of Mukomuko and Indonesian or other regional languages is used.[11]
As of 2024, recognizing the importance of preserving local languages, the regional government of Mukomuko has initiated the inclusion of regional languages such asRejang, Mukomuko, andSerawai in the school curriculum.[12]
Like otherMalayic languages, there are five differentvowels in Mukomuko, which are /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, and /o/.[13] The Mukomuko language mostly follows the standardIndonesian orthography. The table below illustrates the vowel chart of the Mukomuko language.[14]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
There are twentyconsonants in Mukomuko, which are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /ɡ/, /ʔ/, /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/, /ɣ/, /r/, /s/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /h/, /ŋ/, /ɲ/, /w/, and /j/. The table below illustrates the consonant chart of the Mukomuko language.[15]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveopalatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tɕ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | dʑ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | (ç)[a] | ɣ | h | |||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
In Mukomuko, two types ofdiphthongs are found: descending diphthongs and ascending diphthongs.[16] The descending diphthongs include:
The ascending diphthongs include:
In addition, there seem to be sounds similar to diphthongs in some basic vocabulary. These sounds are found within a single syllable and are always followed by a consonant. The most common consonants that follow these sounds are nasal consonants, namely /ŋ/, /n/, and /m/. Examples are:
Stress in Mukomuko can be categorized into word stress, which includes stress in base words,reduplicated words,compound words, andaffixed words, and sentence stress, which includes basic sentence stress and stress in coordinated compound sentences.[17]
Word stress in Mukomuko is notphonemic. Phonetically, three types of stress can be distinguished: primary stress [ˈ], secondary stress [ˌ], and weak stress which is not marked.[17] Primary stress occurs on the final syllable of the word, secondary stress on the initial syllable, and weak stress on other syllables. Primary stress in base words is placed on the final syllable, secondary stress on the initial syllable, while other syllables receive weak stress. Reduplicated words receive primary stress on the final syllable of the second word, secondary stress on the final syllable of the first word, and other syllables receive weak stress.[17] The distribution of stress in compound words is similar to that in reduplicated words, with primary stress on the final syllable of the second word, secondary stress on the final syllable of the first word, and weak stress on the other syllables. Affixed words receive primary stress on the final syllable, secondary stress on the initial syllable, and weak stress on the other syllables. Lastly, sentence stress is the strong emphasis placed on the emphasized words in a sentence.[18]
Along withIndonesian,Malay, and other related languages, the word order in Mukomuko is typicallysubject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of the Mukomuko language shares many similarities with Indonesian and Malay.
There are three types of affixes in Mukomuko:prefixes,suffixes, andinfixes.[19] Similar to Malay, Mukomuko words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words, for example,baco ('to read') may becomemambaco ('reading'),mambacokan ('reading for'),dibaco ('being read'),pembaco ('reader'),bacoan ('reading material'),terbaco ('accidentally read').
The prefixes found in Mukomuko areN-,ba-,di-,ta-,paN-, andsa-.[19]
The combination of the prefixN- with base words appears in various forms, such asmang-,ma-,many-,m-, andn-. These variations of theN- form are called allomorphs of theN- prefix, and their occurrence is caused by the influence of the phoneme that begins the base word.
The attachment of the prefixba- to base words appears in two forms, namelyba- andbagh. These variations are considered allomorphs of theba- prefix, and the variation is caused by the influence of the phoneme that begins the base word.
The attachment of the prefixdi- to base words only appears in one form, which isdi-.
The attachment of the prefixka- to base words only appears in one form, which iska-.
The attachment of the prefixta- to base words only appears in one form, which ista-.
The attachment of the prefixpaN- appears in several forms, namelypam-, pan-, pany-, pang-, pange-, and pa-. These variations are considered allomorphs of thepaN- prefix, and the variation is caused by the influence of the phoneme that begins the base word.
Lastly, the attachment of the prefixsa- to base words only appears in one form, which issa-.
The suffixes present in Mukomuko are only-an and-nyo. Imperative meanings in this language are not expressed through suffixation, but rather through other means, such as the use of the particle-lah or the prefixdi-.[20] For example:
The position of the suffixes-an and-nyo is located at the end of the base word. For example:
In the Mukomuko language, there are three infixes, namely-ar-,-al-, and-am-. Word formation through suffixes on base words is very limited and only occurs in certain words.[21] For example:
There are four types ofreduplication in Mukomuko, which are full reduplication, partial reduplication, reduplication combined with the process of affixation and reduplication with phoneme changes.[22] Examples of full reduplication are:
Examples of partial reduplication are:
Examples of reduplication combined with the process of affixation are:
Examples of reduplication with phoneme changes are:
In Mukomuko,nouns can be identified from two perspectives:semantic andsyntactic. Semantically, nouns refer to humans, animals, objects, and concepts or ideas. Words likeimam ('priest'),jawing ('cow'),bining ('wife'), andpamalaih ('lazy person'), for instance, are nouns because they refer to humans, animals, objects, and concepts or ideas.[23]
Nouns tend to occupy the functions of subject, object, or complement in a sentence.[23] For example:
In the example above, the wordskaqkung ('frog') andkayung ('wood') are nouns, because each of these words fulfills the function of subject, object and complement.
Nouns can be preceded by the negatorbukan ('not').[23] For example:
In the sentence above, the wordjawing ('cow') is classified as a noun.
Generally, nouns can be followed by adjectives either directly or with the intermediary wordna ('that'). For example, the wordssapelo ('papaya') andgiging ('teeth') are nouns because they can combine to formsapelo kuning ('yellow papaya') andgiging putih ('white teeth') orsapelo na kuning ('papaya that is yellow') andgiging na putih ('teeth that are white').[23]
Nouns in Mukomuko can be either base nouns or derived nouns. Base nouns can be general or specific in nature. For instance,gambar ('picture'),malam ('night'), andmeja ('table') are general base nouns, whileadiq ('younger sibling'),batang ('stem'), andiceq ('grain') are specific base nouns.[23]
Lastly, in derived forms, nouns can receive the affixeska-, pa-, -ar-, -al-, and-am-. Words such askatuo ('leader'),palupo ('forgetful person'),saruling ('flute'),gelembung ('bubble'), andkamunieng ('murraya paniculata') are examples of derived nouns that have received these affixes.[24]
Adjectives can be modified by comparison markers such askurang ('less'),lebih ('more'), andpaling ('most'). Examples arekurang eloq ('less good'),lebih kumuh ('more dirty'), andpaling tinggi ('the tallest'). Adjectives can also be intensified withmodifiers likesangat ('very') andnian ('extremely'). Examples aresangat pandi ('very foolish') andtipih nian ('extremely thin'). Adjectives can be negated with thenegatoridaq ('not'), for example,idaq ghusaq ('not broken'),idaq ghaming ('not noisy'), andidalq lama ('not long'). Adjectives can be repeated with the prefixsa- and the suffix-nyo, such assamasin-masinnyo ('as salty as it gets'),sagedang-gedangnyo ('as big as it gets'), andsakughuieh-kughuiehnyo ('as sharp as it gets').[25]
In addition, adjectives in Mukomuko can be monomorphemic or polymorphemic. Words likemasin ('salty'),gedang ('big'),ghaming ('noisy'),tingging ('tall'),eloq ('beautiful'), andtipih ('thin') are examples of monomorphemic adjectives. Polymorphemic adjectives can take the form of reduplication or compound words. Words likesighah-sighah ('red-red'),malung-malung ('shy-shy'),gedang-gedang ('big-big'),putih-putih ('white-white'),ghaiin-ghaiin ('diligent-diligent'), andtingging-tingging ('tall-tall') are examples of polymorphemic adjectives. Meanwhile, adjectives in compound word forms includegedang hating ('big-hearted'),kereh kapalo ('stubborn-headed'),gedang mulut ('big-mouthed'),begheq hating ('heavy-hearted'),itam manih ('dark-sweet'), andaluih buding ('gentle-minded').[26]
In Mukomuko,adverbs can also be monomorphemic or polymorphemic. Some adverbs are formed through affixation. Words likesangat ('very'),hinyo ('only'),capeq ('immediately'),jo ('just'),nian ('extremely'),talalung ('too much'),hapieng ('almost'),jaghang ('rarely'),coq ('often'),mukien ('maybe'), andteruih ('always') are examples of monomorphemic adverbs. Adverbs can also appear in reduplicated forms, such ascepeq-cepeq ('firmly'),lambeq-lambeq ('slowly'),noq-noq ('quietly'), andeloq-eloq ('carefully'). Then, words likesaeloqnyo ('ideally'),sabenanyo ('actually'),besonyo ('usually'),betuqnyo ('apparently'), andghasonyo ('feels like') are adverbs in affixed forms.[27]
This table shows an overview over the most commonly and widely usedpronouns of the Mukomuko language.[28]
| Person | Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutral | Exclusive | Inclusive | ||
| 1st person | ambo, mbo, -mbo | kaming | kito, awaq | |
| 2nd person | aban, ban | kamung, aban kelagalo | ||
| 3rd person | inyo, nyo | ughang tung, nyo | ||
The first person singular pronouns areambo,mbo, andmbo. The wordambo, meaning 'I' or 'me', is used in both formal and informal situations. In other words, the usage ofambo in speech is common. Thembo form is used to indicate possession. However, to express possession, the wordambo is more frequently used, as injawing ambo ('my cow'),ghumah ambo ('my house'), andoto ambo ('my car'). The wordmbo also substitutes forambo, and in its usage,ambo is the one more commonly used. The first person plural pronouns arekaming,kito, andawaq, which all means 'we'. The wordkaming is used in speech that refers to conversations with others on the speaker's side. Meanwhile, the wordskito andawaq are used in speech that refers to both the speaker and the listener being addressed. The usage of thekito andawaq personas does not seem to indicate any difference in meaning, as both words can substitute for each other in the same context.[28]
The second person singular pronoun isaban orban. In context, the personaban tends to indicate possession. However,aban is also often used to indicate possession. Additionally, at the beginning of sentences,aban frequently appears. However, in casual and less formal conversations, the position ofaban at the beginning of sentences is often replaced byban. The second person plural pronouns arekamung ('you all') andaban kelagalo ('all of you').[29]
The third person singular pronouns areinyo ('he' or 'she') andyo ('he/she' or '-nya'). The third person plural pronouns areughang tung andnyo, meaning 'they'. The usage of both types of third person pronouns can be interchangeable.[30]
Demonstrative pronouns in Mukomuko can be distinguished into general demonstrative pronouns and temporal demonstrative pronouns. General demonstrative pronouns includeiko ('this') anditung ('that'). Referentially, the wordiko refers to a reference close to the speaker, whileitung refers to a reference far from the speaker. The usage of both types of demonstrative pronouns in sentences demonstrates the following. First, both pronouns may occur at the beginning, middle, and end of sentences. Second, at the beginning, middle, and end of sentences, the wordiko can take the formiko and alsoko, especially in somewhat rapid speech, while the worditung always takes the formitung at the beginning of a sentence, and usually takes the formtung if appearing in the middle or at the end of a sentence.[30] For example:
Temporal demonstrative pronouns includesiko ('here') andsinon ('there'). The wordsiko refers to a nearby place, while the wordsinon refers to a place far from the speaker. As temporal demonstrative pronouns, the wordssiko andsinon often combine with directional prepositions:di ('at'),ke ('to'), anddaghing ('from'), thus becomingdi siko,ke siko,daghing siko, anddi sinon,ke sinon,daghing sinon. Additionally, there are also the wordscemiko ('like this'),betugtu ('like that'), andmodeko ('like that') which can be classified as demonstrative pronouns. These three pronouns refer to the meaning of 'thing' or 'matter'. The meaning of the pronounmodeko seems to encompass the meanings of both the pronounscemiko andbetugtu.[31]
In speech,interrogative pronouns are used because the speaker wants to obtain information from the listener. The required information may concern people, things, choices, reasons, time, place, manner, tools, or companionship. Related to this, the use of various interrogative pronouns depends on what information is needed. The types of interrogative pronouns in Mukomuko aresepo ('who'),apo ('what'),mano ('which'),ngapo ('why'),pabilo ('when'),ke mana ('where to'),di mano ('where'),daghing mano ('from where'),dengan apo ('with what'),camano ('how'), anddengan sepo ('with whom').[32]
The Mukomuko language has two dialects, which are the northern dialect and the southern dialect. The northern dialect is spoken by speakers in the city ofMukomuko and its surrounding areas borderingWest Sumatra, while the southern dialect is spoken in the southern part of Mukomuko regency borderingNorth Bengkulu Regency. Both dialect speakers consider the northern dialect to be theprestige dialect because their ancestors originally inhabited the northern region.[33]
The differences between the two dialects are evident in phonetics and vocabulary variations.[33] Phonetic variations between the two dialects involve systematic sound changes. Firstly, the sound [-it] at the end of words in the northern dialect changes to [-ik]. Secondly, the sound [-ir] at the end of words in the Northern dialect changes to [gh] in the southern dialect. Thirdly, the sound [g] at the beginning of words in the northern dialect changes to [gh] in the Southern dialect. Fourthly, the sound [-ut] at the end of words in the Nnrthern dialect changes to [-uq] in the southern dialect.
Furthermore, there are notable vocabulary distinctions between the two dialects. The following table presents a sample of words that exhibit differences between them:
| Northern Dialect | Southern Dialect | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| kulit | kulik | kulit | skin |
| gigit | gigik | gigit | tooth |
| perut | peghut | perut | stomach |
| utaro | utagho | utara | north |
| barat | baghat | barat | west |
| gatieng | ghatieng | ranting | twigs |
| gambut | ghambuq | rambut | hair |
| giang | ghiang | riang | carefree |
| lutut | lutuq | lutut | knee |
The differences between the two dialects can be influenced by other languages. The southern dialect is more influenced by other languages due to community mobility and the presence oftransmigrants from other regions such asJava.
Mukomuko vocabulary has been heavily influenced by theMinangkabau, to the extent that it is now considered a dialect of Minangkabau. It is estimated that 90% of Mukomuko's vocabulary is derived from Minangkabau, specifically thePesisir Selatan dialect. In addition, Mukomuko has also absorbed words from standardIndonesian, the official language ofIndonesia, as well asJavanese brought bytransmigrants fromJava. There is a slight difference in vocabulary between the Mukomuko dialect spoken in the northern part ofMukomuko Regency and that spoken in the southern part, although they remain generally mutually intelligible. The table below provides examples of common Mukomuko vocabulary used on a daily basis in both the northern and southern dialects, along with their Minangkabau, Indonesian, and English translations.
| Number | Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | satung | suah, satung | cieʼ | satu | one |
| 2 | duo | duo | duo | dua | two |
| 3 | tigo | tigo | tigo | tiga | three |
| 4 | peq | peq | ampeʼ | empat | four |
| 5 | limo | limo | limo | lima | five |
| 6 | nam | nam | anam | enam | six |
| 7 | tujuh | tujuh | tujuah | tujuh | seven |
| 8 | lapan | lapan | lapan | delapan | eight |
| 9 | samilan | samilan | sambilan | sembilan | nine |
| 10 | sapuluh | sapuluh | sapuluah | sepuluh | ten |
| 11 | sabeleh | sabeleh | sabaleh | sebelas | eleven |
| 15 | limo beleh | limo beleh | limo baleh | lima belas | fifteen |
| 50 | limo puluh | limo puluh | limo puluah | lima puluh | fifty |
| 100 | saghatus | saghatus | saratuih | seratus | one hundred/a hundred |
| 150 | saghatus limo puluh | saghatus limo puluh | saratuih limo puluah | seratus lima puluh | one hundred and fifty |
| 500 | limo ghatus | limo ghatus | limo ratuih | lima ratus | five hundred |
| 1000 | saghibung | saghibung | saribu | seribu | thousand |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| iko | iko | iko | ini | this |
| itung | itung | itu | itu | that |
| siko | siko | siko | sini | here |
| sinan | sinan | sinan | sana | there |
| di siko | keq siko | di siko | di sini | over here |
| di sinan | keq sinan | di sinan | di sana | over there |
| salatan | salatan | salatan | selatan | south |
| utara | utara | utara | utara | north |
| barat | baghat | barat, baraik | barat | west |
| timu | timu | timur, timo | timur | east |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ambo | ambo | ambo, awak | aku, saya | I, me |
| aban | kaban | ang, waang, awak, kau | kamu, engkau | you (singular) |
| kamung | toboh | kalian | kalian | you (prural) |
| inyo | inyo | inyo, wakno, ano | dia | he/she |
| kaming, kito | kaming, awaq | awak, kami, kito | kita | we |
| kamung | toboh | urang-urang | mereka | they |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| apo | apo | a, apo | apa | what |
| sepo | siapo | sia, siapo | siapa | who |
| nyapo | moideq | mangapo, manga, dek a | mengapa | why |
| di mano | keq mano | di mano, dima | dimana | where |
| macam mano | campo mano | bagaimano, ba a | bagaimana | how |
| bilo | bilo | bilo | kapan | when |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ikan | ikan | ikan, lauak | ikan | fish |
| batang | batang | pohon | pohon | tree |
| anjieng | anjieng | anjiang | anjing | dog |
| kulit | kulik | kulik | kulit | skin |
| tulang | tulang | tulang | tulang | bone |
| iku | iku | ikua | ekor | tail |
| mato | mato | mato | mata | eye |
| bitang | bitang | bintang | bintang | star |
| bungo | bungo | bungo | bunga | flower |
| laut | laut | lauik | laut | sea |
| buah | buah | buah | buah | fruit |
| angin | angin | angin | angin | wind |
| pasi | kesik | pasia, kasiak | pasir | sand |
| batung | batung | batu | batu | stone |
| aie | aie | aie, aia | air | water |
| awan | awan | awan | awan | cloud |
| debung | debung, debu | debu | debu | dust |
| asoq | asoq | asok | asap | smoke |
| matoaghing | matoaghing | matoari | matahari | sun |
| bulan | bulan | bulan | bulan | moon |
| aping | aping | api | api | fire |
| ujan | ujan | ujan | hujan | rain |
| mulut | muluk | muluik, muncuang | mulut | mouth |
| giging | giging | gigi | gigi | tooth |
| daun | dauen | daun | daun | leaf |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| minuen | minuan | minum | minum | drink |
| makan | makan | makan | makan | eat |
| tengoq | tengoq, lieq | lieq | lihat | see |
| ciuem | ciuem | cium, maidu | cium | kiss |
| denga | denga | danga, donga | dengar | hear |
| tidu | tidu | tidua, lakok | tidur | sleep |
| duduq | duduq | duduak | duduk | sit |
| tegaq | tegaq | tagak, badiri | berdiri | stand |
| bagenang | baghenang | baranang | berenang | swim |
| bajalan | bajalan | bajalan | berjalan | walk |
| ngulien | tatiduah | babariang, bagolek | berbaring | lie down |
| datang | datang | datang, tibo | datang | arrive |
| nyok | nyok | angok | napas | breathe |
| Northern Mukomuko | Southern Mukomuko | Standard Minangkabau | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baghung | baghung | baru | baru | new |
| dingien | dingien | dingin, sajuak | dingin, sejuk | cold |
| gedang | gedang | gadang, godang | besar | large |
| panjang | panjang | panjang | panjang | long |
| teba | teba | taba, toba | tebal | thick |
| pendeq | pendeq | pendek | pendek | short |
| tipih | tipih | tipih | tipis | thin |
| keghieng | keghieng | kariang | kering | dry |
| penuh | penuh | panuah | penuh | full |
| banyak | banyak | banyak, rami | banyak | many |
Like theMinangkabau people, the people of Mukomuko are also renowned for their literary works, particularly their well-knownoral literature. Oral literature in Mukomuko refers to a traditional form of storytelling that is passed down verbally.[34] This type of literature is typically old, anonymous, and features a traditional style with content that is both captivating and reflective of a society that existed before the advent of writing. Mukomuko's oral literature embodies these characteristics: it is transmitted orally, is of ancient origin, lacks known authorship, and portrays the cultural products of Mukomuko society from the past. This oral tradition is expressed in bothprose and poetry. Existing prose forms of Mukomuko's oral literature include folk tales such asDendam Tajelo, Unggen Bemban, Gadih Basanai, Jodah Sarabing, andBujang Tuo.[34]
Below is an example of the traditional MukomukoGurindam, a type of irregular verse form of poetry renowned throughout theMalay world. It is presented alongside its Indonesian and English translations:
| Mukomuko | Indonesian | English |
|---|---|---|
Pilih-pilih tempat ban manding, Ka duduq taman tupian, Pilih-pilih tempat ban jading, Namboa orang buruq ka kaban jangan, Biriq-biriq tebang ka Manan, Daghing niniq sampai ka maman, | Pilih-pilih tempat mandi, Ka duduk taman tepian, Pilih-pilih tempat kau jadi, Namun orang buruk kepadamu jangan, Birik-birik terbang ke Manak, Dari nenek sampai ke paman, | Carefully choosing a bathing place, Sitting at the park's edge, Choose the place where you become, Yet if someone treats you poorly, don't, The grains scatter, journeying towards Manak, From grandmother to uncle, |
Note: 'Maleoboro' refers toFort Marlborough, a British fort inBengkulu City.
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