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Mujaddid

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Term meaning one who brings renewal to Islam
Not to be confused withMujahid.

Part ofa series on
Principles of
Islamic jurisprudence
(Usul al-Fiqh)
Fiqh
Ahkam
Legal vocations and titles

Amujaddid (Arabic:مجدد) is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد,tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of everycentury of theIslamic calendar torevitalizeIslam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]

The concept is based on ahadith (a saying ofIslamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded byAbu Dawood, narrated byAbu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:

Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[5]

Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such asAl-Dhahabi andIbn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[6][7]

Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[2]

List of Sunni claimants and potentialmujaddids

Rulers and conquerors such asSaladin,Tamerlane,Shah Rukh,Mehmed II,Selim I,Suleiman I,Aurangzeb andTipu Sultan were often popularly heralded as mujaddids for their roles inPolitical Islam (Saladin, Ottoman's Selim I and Suleiman I held the title ofCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques).[8][9][10][11][12]

While there is no formal mechanism for designating amujaddid inSunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. TheShia andAhmadiyya[13][page needed][14] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]

First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

Second century (August 10, 815)

Third century (August 17, 912)

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

Fifth century (September 1, 1106)

Sixth century (September 9, 1203)

Seventh century (September 15, 1300)

Eighth century (September 23, 1397)

Ninth century (October 1, 1494)

Tenth century (October 19, 1591)

Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)

Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)

Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)

Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)

Claimants in other traditions

References

  1. ^Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010).The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. Lulu.com. p. 7.ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved31 December 2014.
  2. ^abcMeri, Josef W., ed. (2006).Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.ISBN 9780415966900.
  3. ^"Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online".www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived fromthe original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved2018-09-03.
  4. ^Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
  5. ^Sunan Abu Dawood,37:4278
  6. ^Fath al-Baari (13/295)
  7. ^Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)
  8. ^Jackson, Roy (2010).Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Routledge.ISBN 9781136950360.
  9. ^B. N. Pande (1996).Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies.University of Michigan.ISBN 9788185220383.
  10. ^abcAdvocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000;ISBN 978-0970437013
  11. ^Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011).Ottoman History - Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved28 December 2019.
  12. ^abHassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken fromThe Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 172. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'.Hoboken:Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
  13. ^Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures.ABC-CLIO, LLC. 10 March 2015.ISBN 9781610692502.
  14. ^Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1.ISBN 9781610692496.
  15. ^abc"Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
  16. ^abcJosef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678.ISBN 0415966906.
  17. ^Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf","The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
  18. ^abWaliullah, Shah.Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
  19. ^abWaines, David (2003).An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210.ISBN 0521539064.
  20. ^abJosef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678.ISBN 0415966906
  21. ^Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
  22. ^abcThe Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
  23. ^abNieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997).Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. BRILL. p. 24.ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
  24. ^"Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
  25. ^Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36.ISBN 0231519990
  26. ^Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
  27. ^Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
  28. ^Reese, Scott S. (2001)."The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia".Journal of African Cultural Studies.14 (1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa):49–68.doi:10.1080/136968101750333969.JSTOR 3181395.S2CID 162001423.
  29. ^Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455
  30. ^"Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - SunnahOnline.com".sunnahonline.com. Retrieved2022-01-12.
  31. ^Sufi Movements in Eastern India – Page 194
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  35. ^abMuhsin J. al-Musawi (15 April 2015).Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, The: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press, Chapter 6 'Disputation in Rhetoric' citation #28.ISBN 978-0268020446.ISBN 978-0268020446
  36. ^Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim, "An Overview of al-Sadiq al-Madhi's Islamic Discourse." Taken fromThe Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought, p. 214. Ed. Ibrahim Abu-Rabi'.Hoboken:Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.ISBN 978-1-4051-7848-8
  37. ^"Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk. Archived fromthe original on 2004-09-02.
  38. ^Mahrusillah, Mohamad (23 November 2022).Fiqh Neurostorytelling Tradisi Lisan Pengajaran Fatḥ al-Mu'īn di Banten. Penerbit A-Empat. p. 139.ISBN 9786236289754.
  39. ^abAzra, Azyumardi (2004).The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asiapart of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series.University of Hawaii Press. p. 18.ISBN 9780824828486.
  40. ^Akgunduz, Ahmed; Ozturk, Said (2011).Ottoman History – Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved28 December 2019.
  41. ^Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 12: Sixth SeriesBy Royal Historical Society
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  48. ^O. Hunwick, John (1995).African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
  49. ^Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.
  50. ^Anil Sehgal (2001).Ali Sardar Jafri. Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 213–.ISBN 978-81-263-0671-8.
  51. ^"Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". 12 February 2016. Retrieved3 May 2021.
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  54. ^Dr.Muhammad Masood Ahmad (1995).The Reformer Of The Muslim World. Al-Mukhtar Publications.
  55. ^Senegal Society and Culture Report. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. 2010. (2014).The Mourides of Senegal. World Trade Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  58. ^Smith, Van Mitchell (September 1974)."History of West Africa, Vol. 2".History: Reviews of New Books.2 (10): 251.doi:10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605.ISSN 0361-2759.
  59. ^Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. Oxford University Press. 4 January 1996.ISBN 9780195357110.
  60. ^Rüdiger Seesemann (2010)."Sufism in West Africa".Religion Compass.4 (10). Blackwell Publishing Ltd:606–614.doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x.
  61. ^"next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21".Republika (Indonesian newspaper) (in Indonesian). 2015-03-02. Retrieved2020-06-08.
  62. ^Jalali."Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 | TAQWA.sg | Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa". Archived fromthe original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved2020-06-08.
  63. ^The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286
  64. ^The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian
  65. ^Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)
  66. ^Adil Hussain Khan,From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
  67. ^Friedmann, Yohanan (2003).Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107.ISBN 965-264-014-X.
  68. ^Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of theAhmadiyya sect. TheSunni-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.
  69. ^"Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online".www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived fromthe original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved2018-09-03.Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış").Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan.Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

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