Muisca numerals were the numeric notation system used by theMuisca, one of the civilizations of theAmericas before theSpanish conquest of the Muisca. Just like theMayas, the Muisca had avigesimal numerical system, based on multiples of twenty (Chibcha:gueta). The Muisca numerals were based on counting with fingers and toes. They had specific numbers from one to ten, yet for the numbers between eleven and nineteen they used "foot one" (11) to "foot nine" (19). The number 20 was the 'perfect' number for the Muisca which is visible in theircalendar. To calculate higher numbers than 20 they used multiples of their 'perfect' number;gue-muyhica would be "20 times 4", so 80. To describe "50" they used "20 times 2 plus 10";gue-bosa asaqui ubchihica, transcribed fromguêboʒhas aſaqɣ hubchìhicâ.[1] In theircalendar, which waslunisolar, they only counted from one to ten and twenty. Each number had a special meaning, related to theirdeities and certain animals, especially the abundanttoads.[2]
For the representation of their numbers they used digits inspired by their natural surroundings, especiallytoads;ata ("one") andaca ("nine") were both derived from the animals so abundant on theBogotá savanna and other parts of theAltiplano Cundiboyacense where the Muisca lived in theirconfederation.
The Muisca used a vigesimal counting system and counted primarily with their fingers and secondarily with their toes. Their system went from 1 to 10 and for higher numerations they used the prefixquihicha orqhicha, which means "foot" in theirChibcha languageMuysccubun. Eleven became thus "foot one", twelve: "foot two", etc. As in the otherpre-Columbian civilizations, the number 20 was special. It was the total number of all body extremities; fingers and toes. The Muisca used two forms to express twenty: "foot ten";quihícha ubchihica or their exclusive wordgueta, derived fromgue, which means "house". Numbers between 20 and 30 were countedgueta asaqui ata ("twenty plus one"; 21),gueta asaqui ubchihica ("twenty plus ten"; 30). Larger numbers were counted as multiples of twenty;gue-bosa ("20 times 2"; 40),gue-hisca ("20 times 5"; 100).[3]
The numeral symbols were first provided by Duquesne and reproduced by Humboldt,[3] Acosta, and Zerda. These glyphs have been criticized and their authenticity questioned, as they are “practically nonexistent” in the surviving archaeological record, including the calendar stone from Choachí. Potentially, they might represent asterisms or months instead of numerals.[9]
Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2009),The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia, Université de Montréal, pp. 1–170,arXiv:0812.0574
Zerda, Liborio (1947) [1883],El Dorado(PDF) (in Spanish), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2019-07-07, retrieved2016-07-08
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