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TheMuisca calendar was alunisolarcalendar used by theMuisca. The calendar was composed of a complex combination of months and three types of years were used; rural years (according to Pedro Simón,Chibcha:chocan),^[1] holy years (Duquesne, Spanish:acrótomo),^[2] and common years (Duquesne, Chibcha:zocam).^[3] Each month consisted of thirty days and the common year of twenty months, as twenty was the 'perfect' number of the Muisca, representing the total of extremeties; fingers and toes. The rural year usually contained twelve months, but one leap month was added. This month (Spanish:mes sordo; "deaf month") represented a month of rest. The holy year completed the full cycle with 37 months.

The Muisca, inhabiting the central highlands of theColombianAndes (Altiplano Cundiboyacense), used one (arranged byBochica^[4]) of the advanced calendrical systems ofPre-ColumbianAmerica,^[5] the others being theIncan andMaya calendars, and the ones used by otherMesoamericans including theAztecs.

ImportantMuisca scholars who have brought the knowledge of the Muisca calendar and their counting system to Europe were SpanishconquistadorGonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who encountered Muisca territory in 1537,Bernardo de Lugo (1619),^[6]Pedro Simón in the 17th century andAlexander von Humboldt andJosé Domingo Duquesne published their findings in the late 18th and early 19th century.^[4][7][8][9] At the end of the 19th century, Vicente Restrepo wrote a critical review of the work of Duquesne.^[10]

21st century researchers areJavier Ocampo López^[11] andManuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña, anthropologist who published his MSc. thesis on the Muisca calendar.^[12]

The Muisca used a vigesimal counting system and counted with their fingers. Their system went from 1 to 10 and for higher numerations they used the prefixquihicha orqhicha, which means "foot" in theirChibcha languageMuysccubun. Eleven became thus "foot one", twelve "foot two", etc. As in the otherpre-Columbian civilizations, the number 20 was special. It was the total number of all body extremities; fingers and toes. The Muisca used two forms to express twenty: "foot ten";quihícha ubchihica or their exclusive wordgueta, derived fromgue, which means "house". Numbers between 20 and 30 were countedgueta asaqui ata ("twenty plus one"; 21),gueta asaqui ubchihica ("twenty plus ten"; 30). Larger numbers were counted as multiples of twenty;gue-bosa ("20 times 2"; 40),gue-hisca ("20 times 5"; 100).^[4] The Muisca script consisted ofhieroglyphs, only used for numerals.^[13] There is doubt as to the whether or not the document reporting the existence of this hieroglyphic numerical system is to be believed, as it is only primary source attesting this system.^[13]

Number	Humboldt, 1878[4]	De Lugo, 1619[6]	Muisca hieroglyphs[14]
1	ata
2	bozha /bosa	boʒha
3	mica
4	mhuyca /muyhica	mhuɣcâ
5	hicsca /hisca	hɣcſcâ
6	ta
7	qhupqa /cuhupqua	qhûpqâ
8	shuzha /suhuza	shûʒhâ
9	aca
10	hubchibica /ubchihica	hubchìhicâ
20	quihicha ubchihica gueta	qhicħâ hubchìhicâ guêata

To name the days and months the Muisca did not use numbers higher than 10, exceptgueta for their perfect number of 20. Instead, they named the 11th month just like the 1st;ata. Same for the other months and days until 19. That rather confusing system made it difficult to distinguish the 21st month from the 1st or 11th, but their naming of the three different years solved this.

The calculation of time in the Muisca calendar was a complex combination of different time spans, which describe periods that extends from weeks to years, centuries and even higher time spans. The day was defined by the daily solar cycle, whereas the month was defined, depending on the context, by both the synodical and the sidereal lunar cycles.^[15] Different scholars have described variation of weeks (3, 10 or 15 days), years (rural, common and holy) centuries (common and holy) and eventually, higher periods of time as theBxogonoa.

The Muisca called "day"sua (the word for "Sun") and "night"za. Thepriests had divided a day in four parts:^[16]suamena (from sunrise to mid-day),suameca (from mid-day to sunset),zasca was the time from sunset to midnight andchaqüi the time from midnight to sunrise.^[17]

About the configuration of the weeks in the Muisca calendar differentchroniclers show various subdivisions.Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada describes a month of 30 days comprising three weeks of ten days,^[18]Pedro Simón stated the Muisca had a month composed of two weeks of 15 days^[19] andJosé Domingo Duquesne andJavier Ocampo López wrote the Muisca week had just three days, with ten weeks in a month.^[19][20] Izquierdo suggests, however, that the concept for a standardized week was alien to the Muisca indeed, who instead organized the days of the month in terms of the varying activities of their social life.^[21]

The Muisca, like the Incas in the Central Andes, very probably took notice of the difference between thesynodic month (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes); the time between two full Moons, and thesidereal month (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes); the time it takes for the Moon to reach the same position with respect to the stars.^[15]

The Muisca word foryear waszocam, which is always used in combination with a number:zocam ata, "year one",zocam bosa, "year two". Following the works of Duquesne, three types of years were used;Rural years,Common years andPriest's years. The years were composed of different sets of months:

• The Rural Year contained 12 synodic months,
• The Priest's Year composed of 37 synodic months, or 12 + 12 + 13 synodic months (the 13th was a leap month, called "deaf" in Spanish),
• The Common Year composed by 20 months, making a full common Muisca year 600 days or 1.64 times aGregorian year.^[8][22] Izquierdo suggests, however, that this year, unlike theRural and thePriest's years, was based on the sidereal lunar cycle.^[23]

According to Duquesne, the Muisca devised aPriest's Century by scaling upThe Priest's Year bygueta (20 times 37 months; 740) which approximately equals 60 Gregorian years.^[22][24] The same scholar referred to aCommon Century (siglo vulgar) comprising 20 times 20 months.^[25] Pedro Simón's differences on the accounts of the mythical arrival ofBochica to theMuisca territory brings clues about the nature of thePriest's Century. According Simón, the century (edad) corresponded to 70 (setenta) years, however, Izquierdo suggests that such a value is typo of 60 (sesenta) years, which is a value that better matches the entire calendar's description.^[26] Besides the centuries, the chronicles describe further periods of time: theAstronomical Revolution as called by Duquesne, corresponds to 5Priest's Years or 185 synodical months, thus comprising a quarter of aPriest's Century. Simón describes also an additional time period named theBxogonoa which corresponds to 5Priest's Centuries. Again, both Duquesne and Humboldt describe another time span, theDream of Bochica which accounted for 100Priest's Centuries, which correspond to 2000Priest's Years or 5978 Gregorian years.^[27] After the analysis of all these many units of time, Izquierdo proposed a hierarchical organization where these periods are the product of multiplying the months ofThe Priest's Year by both 5 and the first three powers of 20:^[27]

First order		Second order		Third order
Time period	Synodical months	Time period	Synodical months	Time period	Synodical months
Priest's year	${\displaystyle 37\times {20}^0=37}$	Priest's Century	${\displaystyle 37\times {20}^1=740}$	Arrival of Bochica	${\displaystyle 37\times {20}^2=14800}$
Astronomical Revolution	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times {20}^0=185}$	Bxogonoa	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times {20}^1=3700}$	Dream of Bochica	${\displaystyle 5\times 37\times {20}^2=74000}$

To name the months, the Muisca did not use higher numbers than 10, except for the 20th month, indicated with the 'perfect' numbergueta. The calendar table shows the different sets ofzocam ("years") with the sets of months, as published by Alexander von Humboldt.^[8] The meaning of each month has been described by Duquesne in 1795 and summarized by Izquierdo Peña in 2009.^[28]

The Gregorian month of December was a month of celebrations with yearly feasts, especially inSugamuxi calledhuan, according to Pedro Simón.^[29]

The archeological evidence for the Muisca calendar and its use is found in ceramics, textiles,spindles,petroglyphs, sites and stones.^[30]

Important findings are:

• Choachí Stone, found in the first half of the 20th century in the municipality ofChoachí may represent a calculator to convert the different parts of the complex Muisca calendar^[31][32]
• Ceremonial flute (fotuto ceremonial), decorated flute made of a marine snail shell, found inSocorro,Santander, located in theArcheology Museum Sogamoso^[33]
• Decorated textile, found inBelén,Boyacá and located in the museum ofPasca, regarded as a "Muisca codex"^[34]
• El Infiernito, astronomical site of the Muisca nearVilla de Leyva^[35]
• Jaboque, in this humedal ancient menhirs were found, indicating an astronomical knowledge of the Muisca^[36]

• Maya calendar
• Aztec calendar
• Inca calendar
• Muisca astronomy,agriculture,numerals

• Acosta, Joaquín (1848),Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto [Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century], Paris: Beau Press, pp. 1–460,OCLC 23030434, retrieved2016-07-08
• Duquesne, José Domingo (1795),Disertación sobre el calendario de los muyscas, indios naturales de este Nuevo Reino de Granada - Dissertation about the Muisca calendar, indigenous people of this New Kingdom of Granada(PDF) (in Spanish), pp. 1–17, retrieved2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI",Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 1 - Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 1 (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI",Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 2 [Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 2] (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved2016-07-08
• Humboldt, Alexander von (1878), "VI",Sitios de las Cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América - Calendario de los indios muiscas - Parte 3 [Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas - Muisca calendar - Part 3] (in Spanish), Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, retrieved2016-07-08
• Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2014),Calendario Muisca - Muisca calendar(video) (in Spanish), retrieved2016-07-08
• Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo (2009),The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia (PhD), Université de Montréal, pp. 1–170,arXiv:0812.0574
• Ocampo López, Javier (2007),Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia: Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A., pp. 1–238,ISBN 978-958-14-0368-4
• Restrepo, Vicente (1892),Crítica de los trabajos arqueológicos del Dr. José Domingo Duquesne - Review of the archeological works of Dr. José Domingo Duquesne(PDF) (in Spanish), Bogotá, Colombia, pp. 1–44, retrieved2016-07-08{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Archived 2021-09-19 at theWayback Machine

• Muisca
• Specific calendars
• Obsolete calendars
• Lunisolar calendars

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