Muhaqqaq is one of the main six types ofcalligraphic script inArabic.[1] TheArabic wordmuḥaqqaq (محقَّق) means "consummate" or "clear", and originally was used to denote any accomplished piece of calligraphy.[2]
Often used to copymaṣāḥif (singularmuṣḥaf, i.e. loose sheets ofQuran texts), this intricate type of script was considered one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most difficult to execute well.[3] The script saw its greatest use in theMameluk era (1250–1516/1517).[4]
In theOttoman Empire, it was gradually displaced byThuluth andNaskh; from the 18th century onward, its use was largely restricted to theBasmala inHilyas.[5]
The earliest reference tomuḥaqqaq writing is found in theKitab al-Fihrist byIbn al-Nadim, and the term was probably in use since the beginning of theAbbasid era to denote a specific writing style.[6] Master calligraphers likeIbn Muqla andIbn al-Bawwab contributed to the development of this and other scripts, and defined its rules and standards within Islamic calligraphy.[7]
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