Muḥammad ibnʿAlī ibnʿAbd Allāh ibnʿal-ʿAbbās^[a] orMuḥammad al-Imām (679/80–743)^[1] was the father of the two first 'Abbâsid caliphs,Al-Saffah andAl-Mansur, and as such was the progenitor of theAbbasid dynasty.^[2][3][4]

He was the son ofAli ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas and great-grandson ofal-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Islamic prophet,Muhammad.

Muhammad ibn Ali was the leader of the Abbasid da'wa during theUmayyad Caliphate. He was informed byAbu Hashim that theCaliphate would belong to theAhl al-Bayt, and he began the mission accordingly. After his death, his sonIbrahim ibn Muhammad succeeded him, but when the last Umayyad caliphMarwan ibn Muhammad learned of his status and location, he had him arrested and imprisoned, where he eventually died. He was succeeded by his brotherAbu al-Abbas al-Saffah, who openly proclaimed the da'wa for the first time, established theAbbasid Caliphate, and seized theCaliphate.

Muhammad ibn Ali was a pious and scholarly man. He was likely born in the village ofHumayma inJordan and dedicated himself to religious study and devotion. In Humayma, he owned about five hundred trees, under each of which he would pray two rak'ahs. He taught his sons both knowledge and worship. He bore the title "al-Sajjad" (the one who prostrates frequently), which distinguished him fromAli Zayn al-Abidin. He was fourteen and a half years younger than his father, and people often could not distinguish between him and his father until he dyed his beard with henna while his father dyed his black.

Whenal-Mukhtar announced the revenge ofImamal-Husayn, he positioned himself as the representative ofMuhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, whom he proclaimed to be the Mahdi.^[5]

After the death ofMuhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, the imamate of theKaysanite Shia transferred to his sonAbu Hashim, who transferred it to Muhammad, effectively transferring the mantle of leadership to him. This transfer allowed the Hashimiyya sect, a branch of the Kaysanites, to serve as a network of support for the Abbasid da'wa. TheHashimiyya were secretive and organized, spreading Abbasid propaganda against theUmayyad Caliphate and cultivating loyalty among key tribes and supporters. Their efforts laid the groundwork for the eventualAbbasid Revolution, which overthrew the Umayyads and established theAbbasid Caliphate in 750 CE.^[6][7]

Muhammad ibn Ali died in the year 125 AH at the age of 72. After his death, his sonIbrahim ibn Muhammad succeeded him in leading the Abbasid da'wa, continuing the mission to gather support against the Umayyad Caliphate. Under Ibrahim’s leadership, the Abbasid call continued to grow, setting the stage for his brotherAbu al-Abbas al-Saffah to publicly proclaim the da'wa and ultimately establish theAbbasid Caliphate.

• Hawting, Gerald R. (2000).The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-24072-7.
• Kennedy, H. (1993)."Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh". InBosworth, C. E.;van Donzel, E.;Heinrichs, W. P. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 396.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5342.ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
• Moscati, S. (1960)."Abū Muslim". InGibb, H. A. R.;Kramers, J. H.;Lévi-Provençal, E.;Schacht, J.;Lewis, B. &Pellat, Ch. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 141.doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0235.OCLC 495469456.
• Sharon, Moshe (1983).Black Banners from the East. The Establishment of the ʿAbbāsid State – Incubation of a Revolt. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press.ISBN 965-223-501-6.
• Sharon, Moshe (1990).Black Banners from the East, Volume II. Revolt: The Social and Military Aspects of the ʿAbbāsid Revolution. Jerusalem: Graph Press Ltd.ISBN 965-223-388-9.

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