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Mruic languages

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Small group of Sino-Tibetan languages

Mruic
Mru–Hkongso
Geographic distribution	Burma,Bangladesh
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Mruic
Subdivisions	Mru Anu-Hkongso
Language codes
Glottolog	`mrui1235`

Mruic orMru–Hkongso is a small group ofSino-Tibetan languages consisting of two languages,Mru andAnu-Hkongso. Their relationship within Sino-Tibetan is unclear.

Peterson & Wright (2009)^[1] proposed the nameMru–Hkongso.DeLancey (2021) also uses the nameMru–Hkongso.^[2]

Classification

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Matisoff (2015)^[3]^[4] classifies Mru as part of theNortheast Indian areal group, alinkage^[5] that includesTani,Deng (Digaro), "Kuki-Chin–Naga",Meithei,Mikir, andSal.

On the other hand,Bradley (1997) classifies Mru as part ofLolo-Burmese, based on Löffler's (1966) observations that Mru shares many phonological and lexical resemblances with Lolo-Burmese.^[6]^[7]

TheMru-Hkongso group was first proposed by Peterson & Wright (2009),^[1] who do not consider it to be a subgroup ofLolo-Burmese.

Peterson (2017:205)^[8] notes that Mru and Hkongso do not have any features characteristic ofKuki-Chin languages that have been identified by VanBik (2009),^[9] including lack of thesound change Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s >tʰ, lack of Kuki-Chin-type verb stem alternation, and lack of the singular first person pronoun (1.SG) *kaj which is present in most Kuki-Chin languages.

Peterson (2009)^[10] considers Mru-Hkongso to be a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and notes the following similarities between Mru-Hkongso andBodo–Garo languages.

Bodo–Garo *=kho 'accusative';Mru =k(öj) 'accusative' (Hkongso locative =ko)
Bodo–Garo *=ba ‘also’; Mru-Hkongso =pö ‘also’
Bodo–Garo *–ram 'locative nominalizer';Mru –ram 'locative nominalizer'
Bodo–Garo *=gVn 'future marker';Mru –köm ~kön 'irrealis marker' (Hkongsoham)
Bodo–Garo *–(k)ha 'past marker';Mru –khaj ~ -hö 'past marker' (Hkongsokö ?)
Bodo–Garo *–dV 'imperative marker';Mru –diö 'imperative marker' (Hkongsode)

Peterson (2009)^[10] considers the similarities with Bodo–Garo to be due to the possible early split of Mruic from a Tibeto-Burman branch that included Bodo–Garo (see alsoCentral Tibeto-Burman languages andSal languages).

Grammar

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BothMru andHkongso display SVO (subject-verb-object) order instead of the SOV word order typical of most Tibeto-Burman languages.^[10]^[11]^[12]Bai,Sinitic, andKarenic are the only other Sino-Tibetan language branches with primarily verb-medial (SVO) word order.

References

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^^a ^bPeterson, David A. and Jonathan Wright. 2009.Mru-Hkongso: a new Tibeto-Burman grouping. Paper presented at The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), Chiang Mai.
^DeLancey, Scott (2021). "Classifying Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages".The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. pp. 207–224.doi:10.1515/9783110558142-012.ISBN 978-3-11-055814-2.
^Matisoff, James A. 2015.The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus. Berkeley: University of California. (PDF)
^Matisoff, James A. (2003).Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley:University of California Press. p. 6.ISBN 978-0-520-09843-5.
^DeLancey, Scott (2015). "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)".Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale.44 (2):122–149.doi:10.1163/19606028-00442p02.
^Löffler, Lorenz G. (1966). "The contribution of Mru to Sino-Tibetan linguistics".Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.116 (1):118–159.JSTOR 43369896.
^Bradley, David (1997)."Tibeto-Burman languages and classification"(PDF).Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71.
^Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds.Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley, 189-209. Leiden: Brill.
^VanBik, Kenneth. 2009.Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages. STEDT Monograph 8.ISBN 0-944613-47-0.
^^a ^b ^cPeterson, David A. 2009."Where does Mru fit into Tibeto-Burman?" Paper presented atThe 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), November 2009,Payap University,Chiangmai,Thailand.
^Ebersole, Harold. 1996.The Mru Language: A preliminary grammatical sketch. Ms.
^Jonathan Michael Wright. 2009.Hkongso Grammar Sketch. MA thesis, Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.