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Mpur language

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Isolate language spoken in Indonesia

For the language of Ghana, seeMpur language (Ghana). For the Yansi dialect of Congo, seeMpur dialect.

Mpur
Amberbaken
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Mpur and Amberbaken Districts,Tambrauw Regency,Southwest Papua on the north coast of theBird's Head Peninsula
Native speakers	5,000 (2002)^[1]
Language family	Language isolate
Dialects	Sirir Ajiw
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`akc`
Glottolog	`mpur1239`
ELP	Mpur
Mpur Show map of Western New Guinea Mpur Show map of Southeast Asia
Coordinates:0°45′S133°10′E / 0.75°S 133.17°E /-0.75; 133.17

Mpur (also known asAmberbaken,Kebar, Ekware, andDekwambre) is alanguage isolate spoken in and around Mpur and Amberbaken Districts inTambrauw Regency of theBird's Head Peninsula,New Guinea. It is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) tentatively assigned it to theWest Papuan languages, based on similarities in pronouns, Palmer (2018),Ethnologue, andGlottolog list it as a language isolate.^[2]^[3]

Locations

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InTambrauw Regency, ethnic Mpur people reside in Kebar District, Kebar Timur District, Manekar District, Amberbaken District, Mubrani District, and Senopi District. Villages include Akmuri, Nekori, Ibuanari, Atai, Anjai, Jandurau, Ajami, Inam, Senopi, Asiti, Wausin, and Afrawi.^[4]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Consonants in Mpur are:^[5]

Consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n^[a]
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k^[b]
Plosive	voiced	b	d^[c]
Affricate				t͡ʃ
Fricative		ɸ	s
Semivowel		w^[d]		j

^/n/ is pronounced as[ŋ] when preceding /k/.
^/k/ is pronounced as[ɡ] when following /n/ which is pronounced as[ŋ].
^/d/ is pronounced as[ɾ] when not in initial position, except after /n/.
^/w/ can also be pronounced as[β].

Vowels

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Mpur has five vowels: /a, e, i, o, u/.

Tones

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Mpur has a complex tonal system with 4 lexical tones and an additional contour tone, a compound of two of the lexical tones. Its tonal system is somewhat similar to the nearby Austronesian languages ofMor andMa'ya.^[6]^[7] The neighboring language isolateAbun is also tonal.^[8]

Mpur has four lexical tones. There is also a fifth complex contour tone formed as a phonetic compound of two lexical tones. An example minimal set is given below.^[8]

bé ‘but’ (high tone)
be ‘in’ (mid tone)
bè ‘fruit’ (low tone)

Vocabulary comparison

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The following basic vocabulary words are from Miedema & Welling (1985),^[9] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:^[10]

gloss	Mpur (Arfu dialect)	Mpur (Kebar dialect)
head	èbuam	èbuam
hair	byambur	buambor
eye	éyam	yam
tooth	èbir	bir
leg	pirik	èipèt
louse	iːm	èyim
dog	p(y)èr	pir
pig	duao	duaw
bird	iw (ip)	if
egg	bua	bua
blood	éfar	far
bone	éip	ip
skin	(è)fièk	fièk
tree	perahu	perau
man	dèmonip	mamir
sun	put	put
water	war	war
fire	yit	yèt
stone	biːt	bit
name	muk	emuk
eat	èryèt	barièt
one	tu	tu
two	dokir	dukir

References

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^"WALS Online -".wals.info. Retrieved2018-08-18.
^Amberbaken atEthnologue (21st ed., 2018)
^Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020)."Mpur".Glottolog 4.3.
^Ronsumbre, Adolof (2020).Ensiklopedia Suku Bangsa di Provinsi Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kepel Press.ISBN 978-602-356-318-0.
^Odé, Cecilia (2002).A Sketch of Mpur. In Ger P. Reesink (ed.), Languages of the Eastern Bird's Head: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 45–107.
^Muysken, Pieter (2008).From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 134.ISBN 9789027231000.
^Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20.ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^^a ^bHolton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640.ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^Miedema, J. and Welling, F.I. "Fieldnotes on languages and dialects in the Kebar district, Bird's Head, Irian Jaya". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors,Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:29-52. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985.doi:10.15144/PL-A63.29
^Greenhill, Simon (2016)."TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved2020-11-05.

External links

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Materials on Karnai are included in the open access collectionsAC1 andCVL1 held byParadisec.
Audio and video recording are also available atthe DoBeS archive.

Papuan language families

Based onPalmer 2018 classification

Trans–New Guinea
subgroups

CentralPapua, Indonesia	Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat–Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai
SoutheastPapua, Indonesia	Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori
SouthwestPapua New Guinea	Gogodala–Suki Turama–Kikori Kiwaian Awin–Pa
CentralPapua New Guinea	Madang Finisterre–Huon Kainantu–Goroka Chimbu–Wahgi Enga–Kewa–Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna–Bogaya Wiru
Papuan Peninsula	Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran

EasternNusantara
families and isolates

Timor–Alor–Pantar
North Halmahera

Tambora^†

Bird's Head Peninsula
families and isolates

NorthernWestern New Guinea
families and isolates

CentralWestern New Guinea
families and isolates

Bayono–Awbono

Dem
Uhunduni

Sepik–Ramu basin
families and isolates

Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik–Ramu
- Lower Sepik
- Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi–Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto–Musan

Torricelli subgroups	Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups	Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal
Ramu subgroups	Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu)

Gulf of Papua and southernNew Guinea
families and isolates

Bismarck Archipelago andSolomon Islands
families and isolates

Rossel Island
isolate

Yélî Dnye

Proposed groupings

Proto-language

Proto-Trans–New Guinea

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa	Balinese Bali Aga Lombok Nusa Penida Sasak Sumbawa
Chamic	Acehnese Daya South
Ibanic	Iban Mualang Seberuang Keninjal
Madurese	Bangkalan Bawean Kangean Pendalungan Banyuwangi Lumajang Pasuruan Situbondo Sapudi Sumenep
Malayic	Akit Ampenan Malay Anambas–Natuna Malay Asahan Malay Bangka Malay Banjarese Hulu Kuala Samarinda Batubara Malay Belitung Malay Bengkayang Malay Berau Malay Bilah Malay Bonai Bukit Deli Malay Medan Duano' Haji Jambi Malay Kuala Tungkal Jaring Halus Malay Kapuas Hulu Malay Kendayan Kerinci Kotapinang Malay Kotawaringin Malay Kualuh Malay Kubu Kutainese Kota Bangun Tenggarong Landak Malay Langkat Malay Lom Loncong Lubu Malayic Dayak Arut Bamayo Banana' Belantikan Delang Gerunggang Ketapang/Kayong Lamandau Mentebah-Suruk Pesaguan Hulu Pesaguan Kiri Riam Semitau Suhaid Sukamara Tamuan-Tomun Tapitn Melawi Malay Mempawah Malay Musi Belide Col/Lembak Lematang Musi Palembang Pegagan Penesak Penukal Rawas Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Kuantan Mukomuko Pesisir Rao Tapan Ulu Muara Sipongi Orang Laut Barok Galang Mantang Palu Malay Panai Malay Petalangan Pontianak Malay Riau Malay Pangaraian Riau Coastal Rokan Hilir Siak Tembilahan Sakai Sambas Malay Sanggau Malay Sekadau Malay Serdang Malay Sintang Malay Sokop South Barisan Malay Benakat Bengkulu Besemah Enim Lematang Ulu Lintang Kaur Ogan Pekal Rambang Semende Serawai Talang Mamak Tamiang Malay Tolitoli Malay
Sundanese	Baduy Banten Brebes Cirebon Northern Coast Bekasi Priangan

Javanese

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Polahi Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud Miangas

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu † Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut † Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Batta Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia † Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Donggo Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tiana Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari † Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes † Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Sangke Skou Wutung
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Unclassfied or language isolates	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Saponi † Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles andPidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Aru Tenggara Jauh Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Ternate Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Northwest Serui Peranakan Surabayan
Other creoles and pidgins	Belu Creole Portuguese Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Pidgin Tukang Besi Portugis † Tansi Tiong Pa

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Acehnese Bangka-Belitung Pontianak Singkawang Haklau Hokkien Bagan Batam Medan Hinghwa Mandarin Indonesian Siantar Teochew Batam Jambi Ketapang Pontianak
European	Dutch Indonesian Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean