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Amoving walkway, also known as anautowalk,[1]moving pavement,[2]moving sidewalk,[3]travolator,[4] ortravelator (British English),[5] is a slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance.[6] Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction.
The first moving walkway debuted at theWorld's Columbian Exposition of 1893 inChicago,Illinois, in theUnited States asThe Great Wharf Moving Sidewalk. Designed by architectJoseph Lyman Silsbee, it had two sections: one where passengers were seated, and one where they could stand or walk. It ran in a loop down the length of a lakefront pier to a casino.[7]
Six years later, another moving walkway was presented to the public at the1900 Exposition Universelle inParis as theRue de l'Avenir. It consisted of three elevated platforms—the first stationary, the second moving at a moderate speed, and the third moving at about ten kilometers per hour (six miles per hour). These demonstrations likely inspired some of H. G. Wells' settings mentioned in the "Science Fiction" section below.
The Beeler Organization, a New York City consulting firm, proposed a Continuous Transit System with Sub-Surface Moving Platforms forAtlanta in 1924, with a design roughly similar to the Paris Exposition system. The proposed drive system used alinear induction motor. The system was not constructed.
The Speedwalk, the first commercial moving walkway in the United States was installed in 1954 in Jersey City, New Jersey, inside theHudson & Manhattan RailroadErie station at thePavonia Terminal. Built byGoodyear, it was 84.5 meters (277 feet) long and moved up a 10%grade at 2.4 km/h (1.5 mph).[8] It was removed a few years later when traffic patterns at the station changed.
The first moving walkway in an airport was installed in 1958 atLove Field inDallas, Texas. On January 1, 1960, Tina Marie Brandon, age 2, was killed on the moving sidewalk.[9]
Moving walkways generally move at a slower speed than a natural walking pace, and when people step onto one, they tend to slow their pace to compensate; thus moving walkways only minimally improve travel times and overall transport capacity.[10]
Moving walkways are built in one of two basic styles:
Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with combplates at the ends. Also, nearly all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on escalators.[11]
In 1961, Jim Downer designed and had produced by Dunlop, the first flat running 'Travelator' for a BBC exhibition in Charing Cross underground station.[12]
In the 1970s,Dunlop developed theSpeedaway system.[13] It was in fact an invention by Gabriel Bouladon and Paul Zuppiger of theBattelle Memorial Institute at their formerGeneva, Switzerland facility. A prototype was built and demonstrated at the Battelle Institute in Geneva in the early 1970s, as can be attested by a (French-speaking) Swiss television program entitled Un Jour une Heure aired in October 1974. The great advantage of the Speedaway, as compared to the then existing systems, was that the embarking/disembarking zone was both wide and slow-moving (up to four passengers could embark simultaneously, equating to around 10,000 per hour), whereas the transportation zone was narrower and fast-moving.
The entrance to the system was like a very wide escalator, with broad metal tread plates of a parallelogram shape. After a short distance the tread plates were accelerated to one side, sliding past one another to form progressively into a narrower but faster-moving track which travelled at almost a right angle to the entry section. The passenger was accelerated through a parabolic path to a maximum design speed 15 km/h (9 mph). The experience was unfamiliar to passengers, who needed to understand how to use the system to be able to do so safely. Developing a moving hand-rail for the system presented a challenge, also solved by the Battelle team. The Speedaway was intended to be used as a stand-alone system over short distances or to form acceleration and deceleration units providing entry and exit means for a parallel conventional (but fast-running)Starglide walkway which covered longer distances. The system was still in development in 1975 but never went into commercial production.
Another attempt at an accelerated walkway in the 1980s was the TRAX (Trottoir Roulant Accéléré), which was developed byDassault andRATP and whose prototype was installed atInvalides station in Paris. The speed at entry and exit was 3 km/h (1.9 mph), while the maximum speed was 15 km/h (9.3 mph). It was a technical failure due to its complexity, and was never commercially exploited.
In the mid-1990s, the Loderway Moving Walkway company patented and licensed a design to a number of larger moving walkway manufacturers. Trial systems were installed atFlinders Street railway station inMelbourne andBrisbane Airport Australia. These met with a positive response from the public, but no permanent installations were made. This system is of the belt type, with a sequence of belts moving at different speeds to accelerate and decelerate riders. A sequence of different speed handrails is also used.
In 2002,CNIM designed and installed the experimental, 185-metre (607 ft)trottoir roulant rapide high-speed walkway in theMontparnasse–Bienvenüe station inFrance. At first it operated at a speed of 12 km/h (7.5 mph) but was later reduced to 9 km/h (5.6 mph) due to safety concerns. As the design of the walkway requires riders to have at least one hand free to hold the handrail, those carrying bags, shopping, etc., or who are infirm or physically disabled, must use the ordinary walkway beside it, and staff were positioned at each end to determine who could and who could not use it.[14]
Using this walkway is similar to using any other moving walkway, except that there are special procedures to follow when entering or exiting at either end. On entering, there is a 10-metre (33 ft)acceleration zone where the "ground" is a series of metal rollers. Riders stand still with both feet on these rollers and use one hand to hold the handrail and let it pull them so that they glide over the rollers. The idea is to accelerate the riders so that they will be traveling fast enough to step onto the moving walkway belt. Riders who try to walk on these rollers are at significant risk of falling over. Once on the walkway, riders can stand or walk as on an ordinary moving walkway. At the exit, the same technique is used to decelerate the riders. Users step onto a series of rollers which decelerate them slowly, rather than the abrupt halt which would otherwise take place.
The walkway proved to be unreliable, leading to many users losing their balance and having accidents. Consequently, it was removed byRATP in 2011 after nine years in service, being replaced with a standard moving walkway.
In 2007,ThyssenKrupp installed two high-speed walkways in Terminal 1 atToronto Pearson International Airport.[15] They connect the international gates in the newly opened Pier F, located at one end of the pier, with the rest of the terminal. One walkway serves departing passengers travelling towards the gates and the other serves arriving passengers travelling towards the terminal. The airport decided to decommission the walkway in 2020.[citation needed]
The walkway's pallet-type design accelerates and decelerates users in a manner that eliminates many of the safety risks generated by the moving belt-type used in Paris, making it suitable for use by people of all ages and sizes regardless of their health condition. The pallets "intermesh" with a comb and slot arrangement. They expand out of each other when speeding up, and compress into each other when slowing down. The handrails work in a similar manner, and because of this, there is no need to hold the handrails when entering or exiting the walkway. It moves at roughly 2 km/h (1.2 mph) when riders step onto it and speeds up to approximately 7 km/h (4.3 mph), which it remains at until near the end, where it slows back down.
ThyssenKrupp continued development of that product, and the result isAccel, an upgraded version ofExpress Walkway, offering speeds of up to 12 km/h (7.5 mph), which is 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster than ofExpress Walkway, and is the same speed as of original version of TRR walkway.
An inclined moving walkway is a type of vertical transportation used in airports andsupermarkets to move people to another floor with the convenience of anelevator (namely, that people can take along their suitcase trolley,shopping cart, or baby carriage) and the capacity of anescalator. Conflicting sources name eitherGoodyear Tire or Canadianelevator company Turnbull as the inventor of the inclined moving walkway.
Somedepartment stores instead useshopping cart conveyors to transport passengers and their carts between store levels simultaneously. Walmart in Canada require users of wheelchairs and other mobility aids to be accompanied by shop staff when using their moving walkways, which they refer to as 'movators'.[16] This policy has been superseded in some stores by the installation of elevators.
Shopping carts used on inclined moving walkways usually have wheels specially designed to get caught in the grooves of the walkway's tread when rolled onto the walkway, thereby preventing the cart from rolling down. The wheels are lifted off the tread by the landing plate at the end.[17]
Moving walkways are frequently found in the following locations:
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Moving walkways are commonly used in larger airports, as passengers – often with heavy luggage in tow – typically need to walk considerable distances. Moving walkways may be used:
Of particular note is theCharles de Gaulle Airport inParis, France, which has several moving walkways inside a series of futuristic suspended tubes.[citation needed]
Moving walkways can be useful for lengthier connections between lines or platforms; for example:
A moving walkway was formerly part of the complex inSpadinasubway station inToronto, Ontario, Canada. Installed in 1978, it reduced the travel time needed to transfer between the platforms on theBloor–Danforth and theYonge–University–Spadina lines. They were removed in 2004 and patrons are now required to walk between the stations.[citation needed]
Moving walkways have been heavily incorporated intoHong Kong's system ofCentral–Mid-Levels escalators.[citation needed]
Moving sidewalks may be used:
The 1975–76American Freedom Train did this with a moving walkway inside each successive railroad car, thus maximizing the number of people who could view the interior exhibits in the limited time the train was stopped in each town.[18]
TheNational Gallery of Art inWashington, DC, US, uses a moving walkway to connect the two main buildings.[19]
TheTower of London inLondon, England, uses a moving walkway where visitors are passing the cabinets which contain theCrown Jewels.[20]
Similar to museums, somezoological park exhibits have a moving walkway to ease guests through an animal display or habitat. Anaquarium at theMall of America does this with a moving walkway made up of specially rounded pallets that enable it to change directions en route. TheSan Diego Zoo uses moving ramps to help guests ascend steep grades.[citation needed]
Someamusement park rides, such as continuous-motiondark rides likeDisney'sOmnimover rides, make use of a moving sidewalk to assist passengers in boarding and disembarking rides and attractions. Some examples include:
The Phantom of the Opera byAndrew Lloyd Webber uses a travelator in the number "The Phantom of the Opera" (act one, scene six), to give the illusion the Phantom and Christine are traveling the catacombs below the Paris Opera House a great distance to the Phantom's lair on the subterranean lake.[citation needed]
Moving walkways known asmagic carpets are also used inski resorts. Skiers can place theirskis on the walkway, which is designed to provide a strong level of grip. Since the walkways cannot be too steep and are slow compared to otheraerial lifts, they are used especially for beginners or to transport people over a short uphill distance, such as to reach a restaurant or another lift's station. Moving walkways can also be found at the entrances ofchairlifts to help passengers in the boarding process.
In theUK, inclined travelators are used in stores, includingAsda,B&M Bargains,IKEA,Marks & Spencer,Morrisons,Sainsbury's, andTesco. For example, Tesco inAberystwyth uses six inclined travelators (three up, three down in a criss-cross layout) to transport shoppers and their trolleys between the store, the rooftop car park and the under-store car park.[22][23]
In the United States, inclined walkways can be found in certain IKEA,Menards,Publix,H-E-B,Wegmans,Costco Wholesale, andWhole Foods Market stores.[24][25][26]
When in operation, travelators have similar safety risks to traditional escalators, with the most common injuries on travelators being caused by tripping or falling over, and thus typically have similar guidelines to escalators to use them safely.[27]
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The concept of amegalopolis based on high-speed walkways is common inscience fiction. The first works set in such a location are "A Story of the Days To Come" (1897) andWhen The Sleeper Wakes (1899) (also republished asThe Sleeper Awakes), written byH. G. Wells, which take place in a future London. Thirty years later, the silent filmMetropolis (1927) depicted several scenes showing moving sidewalks and escalators between skyscrapers at high levels. Later, the short story "The Roads Must Roll" (1940), written byRobert A. Heinlein, depicts the risk of a transportation strike in a society based on similar-speed sidewalks. The novel is part of theFuture History saga, and takes place in 1976.Isaac Asimov, in the novelThe Caves of Steel (1954) and its sequels in theRobot series, uses similar enormous underground cities with a similar sidewalk system. The period described is about the year 5,000.
In each of these cases, there is a massive network of parallel moving belts, the inner ones moving faster. Passengers are screened from wind, and there are chairs and even shops on the belt. In the Heinlein work the fast lane runs at 100 mph (160 km/h), and the first "mechanical road" was built in 1960 between Cincinnati and Cleveland. The relative speed of two adjacent belts is 8.0 km/h (5 mph)[28] (in the book, the fast lane stops while the second lane keeps running at 153 km/h (95 mph)). In the Wells and Asimov works there are more steps in the speed scale and the speeds are less extreme.
InArthur C. Clarke's novel,Against the Fall of Night (later rewritten asThe City and the Stars) theMegacity ofDiaspar is interwoven with "moving ways" which, unlike Heinlein's conveyor belts, are solid floors that can mysteriously move as a fluid. In the novel, Clarke writes,
An engineer of the ancient world would have gone slowly mad trying to understand how a solid roadway could be fixed at both ends while its centre travelled at a hundred miles an hour... The corridor still inclined upwards, and in a few hundred feet had curved through a complete right-angle. But only logic knew this: to the senses it was now as if one were being hurried along an absolutely level corridor. The fact that he was in reality travelling up a vertical shaft thousands of feet deep gave Alvin no sense of insecurity, for a failure of the polarizing field was unthinkable.
In his non-fiction bookProfiles of the Future,Arthur C. Clarke mentions moving sidewalks but made of some sort ofanisotropic material that could flow in the direction of travel but hold the weight of a person. The fluid would have the advantage of offering a continuous gradient of speed from the edge to edge so there would be no jumps, and simply moving from side to side would effect a change in speed.
In the Strugatsky brothers'Noon Universe, the worldwide network of moving roads is one of the firstmegaprojects undertaken on newly united Earth, before the advent ofFTL starships and its consequences turned everybody's attention to the stars. These roads there are quasiliving organisms similar to Clarke's description and were used for both local commuting and long-distance non-urgent transport until their use was eclipsed by an instantteleportation network.
The animated TV seriesThe Jetsons depicts moving walkways everywhere, even in private homes.
Aslidewalk is afictional moving pavement structurally sound enough to support buildings and large populations of travelers. Adjacent slidewalks moving at different rates could let travelers accelerate to great speeds. The term is also used colloquially for a conventional moving walkway.
They were imagined byscience fiction writerH. G. Wells inWhen the Sleeper Wakes.Robert A. Heinlein made them the instruments of social upheaval in the 1940 short storyThe Roads Must Roll.Isaac Asimov, in hisRobot series, imagined slidewalks as the potential method of transportation of practically the entire urban population on Earth, withexpressways moving at up to 95 km/h (60 mph) equipped with seating accommodations for long-distance travel, and with slower subsidiary tracks branching off from the main lines.Arthur C. Clarke also used them inThe City and the Stars.Larry Niven used them inRingworld andFlatlander. Slidewalks figure prominently inThe Jetsons.
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