Amouthguard is a protective device for themouth that covers the teeth and gums to prevent and reduce injury to theteeth, arches,lips andgums. It also prevents the jaws coming together fully, thereby reducing the risk of jaw joint injuries and concussion.[1] A mouthguard is most often used to prevent injury incontact sports, as a treatment forbruxism orTMD, or as part of certain dental procedures, such astooth bleaching orsleep apnea treatment. Depending on the application, it may also be called amouth protector,mouth piece,gumshield,gumguard,nightguard,occlusal splint,bite splint, orbite plane. The dentists who specialise in sports dentistry fabricate mouthguards.
Manufactured in a pre-formed shape in various sizes but with nearly no adjustment to fit the user's mouth. The only adjustment possible is minor trimming with a knife or scissors.
A thermoplastic material manufactured in a pre-formed shape in various sizes that can be adapted to fit more closely to an individual's teeth and gums by heating and molding such as boiling then placing in the mouth. Some are now available that incorporate special fins within the fitting zones which increase retention and give an improved fit over traditional boil-and-bite mouth types. Guards are usually made ofEthylene-vinyl acetate, commonly known as EVA. Some of the newer technologies offer an alternative, stronger thermo-polymer that allows for lower molding temperatures, below 140F to prevent burning by scalding hot water. This is the most popular mouthguard used by amateur and semi-professional sportsmen, providing adequate protection but relatively low comfort in comparison to the custom-made guard.[2]
An impression of the user's teeth is used to create a best-fit mouth protector. The impression may be obtained by using a specially designed impression kit that uses dental putty, or from a dentist who will take an impression in dentalalginate material. In theEU, the guard must be sold with aCE mark and the guard must have passed an EC Type-Examination test, performed by an accredited European Notified Body.
Occlusal splints (also called bite splints, bite planes, or night guards) are removable dental appliances carefully molded to fit the upper or lower arches of teeth.[3]
They are used to protect tooth and restoration surfaces, manage mandibular (jaw) dysfunctionTMD, and stabilize the jaw joints duringocclusion or create space prior to restoration procedures. People prone to nocturnalbruxism, or nighttime clenching, as well asmorsicatio buccarum may routinely wear occlusal splints at night. However, a meta-analysis of occlusal splints used for this purpose concluded "There is not enough evidence to state that the occlusal splint is effective for treating sleep bruxism. An indication of its use is questionable concerning sleep outcomes, but there may be some benefit with regard totooth wear."[4]
Occlusal splints are typically made of a heat-cured acrylic resin. Soft acrylic or light cured composite, or vinyl splints may be made more quickly and cheaply, but are not as durable, and are more commonly made for short-term use. Soft splints are also used for children because normal growth changes the fit of hard splints.[5]
They cover all the teeth of the upper or lower arch, but partial coverage is sometimes used. Occlusal splints are usually used on either the upper or the lower teeth, termed maxillary splints or mandibular splints respectively, but sometimes both types are used at the same time. Maxillary splints are more common, although various situations favor mandibular splints.
Stabilizing or Michigan-type occlusal splints are generally flat against the opposing teeth, and help jaw muscle relaxation, while repositioning occlusal splints are used to reposition the jaw to improve occlusion.[6]
The exact origins of the mouthguard are unclear. Most evidence indicates that the concept of a mouthguard was initiated in the sport ofboxing. Originally, boxers fashioned rudimentary mouthguards out of cotton, tape, sponge, or small pieces of wood. Boxers clenched the material between their teeth. These boxers had a hard time focusing on the fight and clenching their teeth at the same time.[17] Since these devices proved impractical, Woolf Krause, a British dentist, began to fashion mouthpieces for boxers in 1892. Krause placed strips of a natural rubber resin,gutta-percha, over themaxillary incisors of boxers before they entered the ring.[18] Phillip Krause, Woolf Krause’s son, is often credited with the first reusable mouthpiece. Phillip Krause’s invention was highlighted in a 1921 championship fight betweenJack Britton andTed "Kid" Lewis. Lewis was a school friend of Krause and the first professional to utilize the new technology, then called a ‘gum shield.’ During the fight, Britton’s manager successfully argued that the mouthpiece was an illegal advantage. Philip Krause was an amateur boxer himself and undoubtedly used his device before 1921.[19]
There have been other claims to the invention of the mouthguard as well. In the early 1900s, Jacob Marks created a custom-fitted mouthguard in London.[20] An American dentist, Thomas A. Carlos, also developed a mouth guard at approximately the same time as Krause. Carlos claimed that he made his first mouthpiece in 1916 and later suggested his invention to the United States Olympian Dinnie O’Keefe in 1919. Another dentist from Chicago, E. Allen Franke, also claimed to have made many mouth guards for boxers by 1919.[19] The mouthguard’s relevance was again brought to the center of attention in a 1927 boxing match betweenJack Sharkey andMike McTigue. McTigue was winning for most of the fight, but a chipped tooth cut his lip, and he was forced to forfeit the match. From that point on, mouthguards were ruled acceptable and soon became commonplace for all boxers.[21] In 1930, descriptions of mouthguards first appeared in dental literature. Dr. Clearance Mayer, a dentist and boxing inspector for theNew York State Athletic Commission, described how custom mouthguards could be manufactured from impressions using wax and rubber. Steel springs were even recommended to reinforce soft materials.[21]
In 1947, a Los Angeles dentist, Rodney O. Lilyquist, made a breakthrough by using transparent acrylic resin to form what he termed an "acrylic splint". Molded to fit unobtrusively over the upper or lower teeth, the acrylic mouthguard was a distinct improvement over the thick mouthguard worn by boxers. It meant that the athlete could talk in a normal manner while the mouthguard was in place. In the January 1948 issue of the Journal of the American Dental Association, the procedure for making and fitting the acrylic mouthguard was described in detail by Dr. Lilyquist.[22] He immediately received nationwide recognition as the father of the modern mouthguard for athletes.[23] The first athlete to wear the acrylic mouthguard was a member of the UCLA basketball team, Dick Perry, who modeled the device at a convention of the Southern California Dental Association. Another early wearer was Frankie Albert, quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers.
In the 1940s and 1950s, dental injuries were responsible for 24-50% of all injuries in American football.[21] In 1952, Life magazine did a report onNotre Dame football players without incisors.[24] The article drew a lot of public attention and led to the inclusion of mouthguards in other contact sports. In the 1950s, theAmerican Dental Association (ADA) began researching mouthguards and soon promoted their benefits to the public.[25] In 1960, the ADA recommended the use of latex mouthguards in all contact sports. By 1962, all high school football players in the United States were required to wear mouthguards. TheNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) followed suit in 1973 and made mouthguards mandatory in college football. Since the introduction of the mouthguard, the number of dental injuries has decreased dramatically.[26]
Mouthguards have become a standard in many sports. In addition to football, the NCAA currently requires mouthguards inice hockey,field hockey, andlacrosse. The ADA shows that mouthguards are extremely effective in preventing facial injury in contact and non-contact sports. The ADA recommends mouthguards be used in 29 sports:acrobatics,basketball,bicycling,boxing,equestrian,football,gymnastics,handball, ice hockey,inline skating, lacrosse,martial arts,racquetball,rugby football,shot putting,skateboarding,skiing,skydiving,soccer,softball,squash,surfing,volleyball,water polo,weightlifting andwrestling.[26] Mouthguard use duringGaelic football games and training is mandatory at all levels.[27]
