| Mount Rinjani | |
|---|---|
| Mount Barujari | |
 | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,726 m (12,224 ft)[1] |
| Prominence | 3,726 m (12,224 ft) Ranked 38th |
| Listing | Island high point 8th Ultra Ribu |
| Coordinates | 8°24′52″S116°27′35″E / 8.414414°S 116.459767°E /-8.414414; 116.459767[1] |
| Naming | |
| Native name | gunong Rinjani (Sasak) |
| Geography | |
  Mount Rinjani Location of Mount Rinjani | |
| Location | Gunung Rinjani National Park Lombok,Indonesia |
| Parent range | Lesser Sunda Islands |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | LateMesozoic |
| Mountain type | Somma |
| Volcanic arc | Sunda Arc |
| Last eruption | 14:45, 27 September 2016 (+08:00) (2016-09-27T14:45:00+08:00) |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Senaru |
| Normal route | Sembalun |
| Access | Restricted |
Mount Rinjani (Indonesian:Gunung Rinjani;Sasak:ᬕᬸᬦ᭄ᬗᬸᬂ᭞ᬭᬶᬦ᭄ᬚᬦᬶ,romanized: gunong rinjani) is anactivestratovolcano situated in regencialNorth Lombok ofWest Nusa Tenggara province on theIndonesian island ofLombok. It reaches an elevation of 3,726 metres (12,224 ft), making it the second-highest volcano in Indonesia and the highest point in the province of West Nusa Tenggara.[2]
Adjacent to the volcano is acaldera measuring approximately 6-by-8.5-kilometre (3.7 by 5.3 mi), which contains the crater lakeSagara Anak (lit. 'Child of the Sea'(in Sasak)) — named for its striking blue coloration reminiscent of the ocean.[3] The lake lies at an elevation of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and is estimated to be about 200 metres (660 ft) deep.[4] The caldera also features several hot springs.
Mount Rinjani and its crater lake hold significant spiritual importance for the indigenous Sasak people and certain folk religious communities,[3] serving as sites for various religious ceremonies. In April 2018, theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognized the Mount Rinjani Caldera as part of theGlobal Geoparks Network.[5] Notably, the volcano's eruption in1257 is considered one of the most powerful global volcanic events of the last 2,000 years.[6]
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Lombok is one of theLesser Sunda Islands, a smallarchipelago which, from west to east, consists ofBali,Lombok,Sumbawa,Flores,Sumba and theTimor islands; all are located at the edge of theAustraliancontinental shelf. Volcanoes in the area are formed due to the action ofoceanic crusts and the movement of the shelf itself.[7] Rinjani is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, four of which belong to the volcanoes of theSunda Arc trench system forming part of thePacific Ring of Fire – a section of fault lines stretching from theWestern Hemisphere throughJapan andSouth East Asia.
The islands of Lombok and Sumbawa lie in the central portion of the Sunda Arc. The Sunda Arc is home to some of the world's most dangerous and explosive volcanoes. The eruption of nearbyMount Tambora on Sumbawa is known for the most violent eruption in recorded history on 15 April 1815, with a scale 7 on theVEI.[8]
Thehighlands are forest clad and mostly undeveloped. Thelowlands are highly cultivated.Rice,soybeans,coffee,tobacco,cotton,cinnamon,cacao,cloves,cassava,corn,coconuts,copra,bananas andvanilla are the major crops grown in the fertile soils of the island. The slopes are populated by theindigenousSasak population. There are also some basic tourist related activities established on Rinjani primarily in or about the village of Senaru.
Rinjani volcano on the island of Lombok rises to 3,726 metres (12,224 ft), second in height among Indonesian volcanoes only to Sumatra'sKerinci volcano. Rinjani has a steep-sided conical profile when viewed from the east, but the western side of the compound volcano is truncated by the 6 x 8.5 km, oval-shaped Segara Anak caldera. The western half of the caldera contains a 230-metre-deep lake whose crescentic form results from growth of the post-caldera cone Barujari at the eastern end of the caldera.[9]
On the basis of theplate tectonics theory, Rinjani is one of the series of volcanoes built in the Lesser Sunda Islands due to the subduction of Indo-Australian oceanic crust beneath the Lesser Sunda Islands, and it is interpreted that the source of melted magma is about 165–200 kilometres (103–124 mi) depth.[10][11]
The geology andtectonic setting of Lombok (and nearbySumbawa) are described as being in the central portion of theSunda Arc.[12] The oldest exposed rocks areMiocene, suggesting that subduction and volcanism began considerably later than in Java and Sumatra to the west, where there are abundant volcanic and intrusive rocks of Late Mesozoic age. The islands are located on the eastern edge of the Sunda shelf, in a zone where crustal thickness is apparently rapidly diminishing, from west to east.[13]
Theseismic velocity structure of the crust in this region is transitional between typical oceanic and continental profiles and theMohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) appears to lie at about 20 kilometres (12 mi) depth.[14] These factors tend to suggest that there has been limited opportunity for crustal contamination of magmas erupted on the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa. In addition, these islands lie to the west of those parts of the easternmost Sunda and west Banda arcs where collision with theAustralian plate is apparently progressing.[15]
The volcano of Rinjani is 165 to 190 kilometres (103–118 mi) above theBenioff Zone.[16] There is a marked offset in the line of active volcanoes between the most easterly Sumbawa volcano (Sangeang Api) and the line of active volcanoes in Flores. This suggests that a majortranscurrent fault cut across the arc between Sumbawa Island and Flores. This is considered to be a feature representing a major tectonic discontinuity between the east and west Sunda Arcs (the Sumba Fracture).[17] Further, a marked absence of shallow and intermediate earthquake activity in the region to the south of Lombok and Sumbawa is a feature interpreted to represent a marked break in the Sunda Arc Zone.[17] Faulting and folding caused strong deformation in the eastern part of Lombok Basin and is characterized by block faulting, shale diapirs and mud volcano.[18][19]
The Rinjanicaldera-forming eruption is thought to have occurred in the 13th century. Dated to "late spring or summer of 1257," this1257 Samalas eruption is now considered the likely source of high concentrations of sulfur found in widely dispersed ice core samples and may have been "the most powerful volcanic blast since humans learned to write."[20][21] The massive eruption may have triggered an episode of global cooling and failed harvests.[22] Before this eruption, theSegara Anak caldera was a volcanic mountain namedSamalas, which was higher than Rinjani.
Eruption rate, eruption sites, eruption type andmagma composition have changed during the last 10,000 years before the caldera forming eruption.[23] The eruptions of 1994 and 1995 have presented at Gunung Baru (or 'New Mountain' – approximately 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) above sea level) in the center of this caldera and lava flows from subsequent eruptions have entered the lake. This cone has since been renamed Gunung Barujari (or 'Gunung Baru Jari' in Indonesian).
The first historical eruption occurred in September 1847. The most recent eruption of Mount Rinjani was in May 2010 and the most recent significant eruptions occurred during a spate of activity from 1994 to 1995 which resulted in the further development of Gunung Barujari. Historical eruptions at Rinjani dating back to 1847 have been restricted to Barujari cone and the Rombongan dome (in 1944) and consist of moderate explosive activity and occasionallava flows that have enteredSegara Anak lake.[24] The eruptive history of Rinjani prior to 1847 is not available as the island of Lombok is in a location that remained very remote to the record keeping of the era.
On 3 November 1994, a coldlahar (volcanic mudflow) from the summit area of Rinjani volcano traveled down the Kokok Jenggak River killing thirty people from the village of Aikmel who were caught by surprise when collecting water from the river in the path of the flow.
In connection with the eruption of the cone Gunung Barujari the status for Gunung Rinjani was raised from Normal (VEI Level 1) to 'be vigilant' (VEI Level 2) since 2 May 2009. In May 2010 Gunung Rinjani was placed in the standby status by Center for Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation, Indonesia with a recommendation that there be no activity within a radius of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the eruption at Gunung Barujari.[25]
In Lombok, Rinjani volcano lies approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of theSunda Trench (also known as Java trench[26]) and is situated about 170 kilometres (110 mi) above the active north dippingBenioff zone.[27] Based on the composition ofandesites which have very low Ni concentrations and low Mg/Mg+Fe It is suggested that the Rinjani suite is ofmantle origin, but that all the andesites anddacites as well as many of thebasalts have probably been modified byfractional crystallization processes.[28] It is concluded that the Rinjani calc-alkaline suite, which in many respects is typical of many suites erupted by circum-pacific volcanoes, probably originated by partial melting of theperidotite mantle-wedge overlying the active Benioff Zone beneath Lombok Island.[19][28][29] The Pleistocene-Recent calcalkaline suite from the active volcano, Rinjani is composed of a diverse range of lavas. These include: ankaramite, high-Al basalt, andesite, high-K andesite and dacite. Sr-isotopic and geochemical constraints suggest that this suite was derived from the sub-arc mantle. Geochemical models suggest that fractional crystallization is an important process in the suite's differentiation, although the series: ankaramite-high-Al basalt-andesite-dacite does not represent a continuously evolving spectrum of liquids.[30]
In September 1995 an aviation report was issued concerning an unconfirmedash cloud from Rinjani. ANOTAM about volcanic activity from Rinjani was issued by the Bali Flight Information Region on the morning of 12 September. An ash cloud was reportedly drifting to the south west with the cloud top around 4 km (2.5 mi) altitude.[31]
On 3 November 1994, a coldlahar (volcanic mudflow) from the summit area of Rinjani volcano traveled down the Kokok Jenggak River killing thirty people from the village of Aikmel who were caught by surprise when collecting water from the river in the path of the flow. One person remained missing as of 9 November 1994. No damage to the village was reported. Local volcanologists noted that additional lahars could be triggered by heavy rainfall.[32]
During 4 June 1994 – January 1995 the DVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) noted that explosions occurred on Rinjani. Those explosions came from the Barujari volcano.[33]
Between 3 June 1994 and 21 November 1994 records of Rinjani's eruptive history indicate activity accorded Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) with a rating of 3(?) with the area of activity described as Gunung Barujari. Eruptive characteristics documented for the events of that time are described as, central vent eruption with an explosive eruption, withpyroclastic flow(s), lava flow(s), fatalities andmudflow(s) (lahars).[34]
In May 1994 a glow was noticed on the crater floor of Barujari cone, which at this time had undergone no significant activity since August 1966. A portable seismograph (PS-2) and telemetry seismograph (Teledyne) were put into operation on 27 May and 9 June, respectively. One volcanic earthquake event/day was recorded on 27, 28, 30, and 31 May. After 4 June, however, volcanic tremor with a maximum amplitude of 35 mm was recorded, presumably associated with the upward movement of magma.At 0200 on 3 June 1994, Barujari cone began erupting by sending an ash plume 500 m (1,600 ft) high. One 8 June 1994 press report described emission of "smoldering lava" and "thick smoke," as well as ashfall in nearby villages from an ash cloud rising 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above the summit. Between 3 and 10 June 1994, up to 172 explosions could be heard each day from the Sembalun Lawang volcano observatory (about 15 km (9.3 mi) NE). During this period, seismic data indicated a dramatic increase in the number of explosions per day, from 68 to 18,720. Eruptions were continuous at least through 19 June 1994, with maximum ash plume heights of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) on 9–11 June 1994.[35]
Between 28 March 1966 and 8 August 1966 records of Rinjani's eruptive history indicate activity accorded a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) rating of 1.Lava volume of 6.6 million cubic metres (230×10^6 cu ft) and a tephra volume of 20,000 cubic metres (710,000 cu ft) was recorded. The area of activity described was the east side of Barujari at 2,250 m (7,380 ft). Eruptive characteristics were documented as a central vent eruption, explosive eruption and lava flow(s).[36]
In December 1944, Rinjani appears to have had a significant event. Between 25 December 1944 and 1(?) January 1945 eruptive activity is rated 2 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) The event has been listed in the historical records of theGlobal Volcanism Program indicating a lava volume: of 74×10^6 m3 (2.6×10^9 cu ft) occurring in an area of activity on the north west flank of Barujari (Rombongan). The eruptive characteristics are described a central vent eruption on the flank (excentric) vent, a crater lake eruption, explosive eruption, lava flow(s) and a lava dome extrusion with associated damage to land, property.[37]
On 27 September 2004 a DVGHM (Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) report noted the decision to increase Rinjani's hazard status to Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Alert Level 2 (Yellow). During the last third of 2004, the number of volcanic and tectonic earthquakes had increased. Their increase followed a rise in the number of tectonic earthquakes that began 18 August 2004. Tremor registered on 23, 24, 25, and 26 September 2004. Tremor amplitudes ranged between 12 and 13.5 mm, and the duration of the tremor stood between 94 and 290 seconds.[33]
At 05:30 on 1 October 2004 Rinjani erupted. The eruption caused authorities to immediately raise the hazard status to Alert Level 3 (Orange). Details regarding the initial 1 October 2004 eruption are indistinct. During 2–5 October 2004 explosions sent ash columns 300 to 800 m (980–2,620 ft) above the summit. Gray, thick ash columns drifted to the north and detonation sounds accompanied every explosion. Successive explosions occurred at intervals of 5 to 160 minutes. Explosions vented on the north eastern slope of Barujari volcano. Some material also vented from Barujari's peak and fell down around its edifice. A press report in the Jakarta Post indicated that evacuations were not considered necessary.[38] A Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):2 rating was issued for the activity between 1 May 2004 through to (on or after) 5 October 2004.[39]
On 27 April 2009 Gunung Barujari became active, with activity continuing through to May 2009. The mountain was closed at that time as the eruptions intensified with plumes of smoke and ash as high as 8,000 m (26,000 ft).[40] A Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):2 rating was issued for the activity between 2 May 2009 and 20 December 2009. The activity during this period was described as having the characteristics of central vent eruption, flank (excentric) vent,explosive eruption and lava flow(s).[39][41]
Rinjani erupted three times on 22 May 2010 with activity continuing until early on 23 May. According to the volcano's official monitoring agency, ash from Mount Rinjani was reported as rising up to two kilometers into the atmosphere and damaged crops. The volcano did not threaten villagers at that time. Lava flowed into the caldera lake, pushing its temperature up from 21 to 35 °C (70 to 95 °F), while smoke spread 12 kilometres (7.5 mi).[42]
In February 2010 observers at the Gunung Rinjani Observation Post located 1.25 km (4,100 ft) northeast of G. Rinjani saw one whitish-colored plume that rose 100 metres (328 ft) from the volcano. Dense whitish plumes (and possibly brown) rose 500 to 900 m (1,600–3,000 ft) in March 2010 on 26 occasions and as high as 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in April 2010 on 41 occasions. Plumes seen on 1 and 2 May 2010 were "chocolate" in color and rose a maximum height of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft). From February 2010 through April 2010 seismicity decreased, although the maximum amplitude of earthquakes increased. CVGHM (Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) also noted that ash eruptions and ejectedincandescent material fell within Rinjani caldera, but some ash was blown out of the caldera.[43]
The activity in early 2010 centred about Gunung Barujari, a post-caldera cone that lies within the Rinjani's caldera lake of Segara Anak. The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia reported on 1 May 2010, that a column of smoke was observed rising from G. Rinjani "issuing eruptions 1300–1600 metres tall with thick brown color and strong pressure". Their report Evaluasi Kegiatan G. Rinjani of 4 May also stated that on 1 May 2010 at 10:00 four events of explosive earthquake were recorded with a maximum amplitude of 6–53 mm and 110 seconds long earthquake, earthquake tremor events with a maximum amplitude of 1 mm and 55 second long duration, 15 Local Tectonic earthquake events and two events oftectonic earthquake.
TheVolcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1–4) on 2 May 2010.[25] Level 1 is "Normal" and Level 2 is "Advisory" with an Aviation Alert color of Yellow-Advisory.[44] Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the DarwinVAAC (Volcanic Ash Advisory Center)[45] reported that on 5 May a possible ash plume from Rinjani rose to an altitude of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) a.s.l. and drifted 150 kilometres (93 mi) NW. The plume was not seen in imagery about six hours later. CVGHM (Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) advised the VAAC that intermittent activity could produce ash plumes to 1.5 km (4,900 ft) above the caldera.[46]
On 31 October 2015, Mount Rinjani started erupting again.[47]
On 29 July 2018 amagnitude 6.4 earthquake causedlandslides on the north portion of Mount Rinjani.[48]
On 5 August 2018,a second earthquake struck Lombok, causing more landslides and smalltsunamis due to its proximity to the northern coast. The area around Rinjani was evacuated due to concerns of a possible eruption, but no increase in activity was detected at Rinjani or the nearby volcanoMount Agung on Bali.[49]
Gunung Rinjani Observation Post Rinjani Sembalun is located in the village of Lawang, Sub Sembalun 2.5 km (4000 feet) northeast of G. Rinjani) in the Regency ofEast Lombok. Observers at this post monitor G.Rinjani, G.Barujari/G.Tenga within the Segara Anak Caldera.[50]
The volcano and the caldera are protected by theGunung Rinjani National Park established in 1997. Tourism is increasingly popular[51] with trekkers able to visit the rim, make their way into the caldera or even to make the more arduous climb to the highest point;[52] fatalities, however, are not unheard of.[53][54] In July 2009 the summit route was closed due to volcanic activity at that time and subsequently reopened when the activity decreased. During early 2010 up to and including May 2010 access to Rinjani was at times again restricted due to volcanic activity.
The park is popular for mountain climbs and trekking and represents an important nature reserve and water catchment area. The park is officially 41,330 hectares (159.6 mi2) within the park boundaries and includes a further 66,000 hectares (250 mi2) of protected forest outside. The mountain and its satellites form the Mount Rinjani National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani). Mount Rinjani has obtained the World Legacy Award from Conservation International and Traveller (2004), and was a finalist for Tourism for Tomorrow Awards (2005 and 2008) from the World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC).
TheRinjani scops owl was found in 2003 and after 10 years of research was recognized as a new endemic species (specimens had been collected in the 19th century but had been identified as being Mollucas scops owls).[55]
| VEI | DateStart-Stop | Lava Volume | Tephra Volume | Area of Activity | Eruptive Characteristics | Note[56] | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ? | 2016 September 27 14:45WITA | Gunung Barujari | Ash ejected to atmosphere[57][58][59] | [57][58][59] | |||
| ? | 2015 October 31 Ongoing | Gunung Barujari | Ash plumeslava flowsStrombolian explosions | [60] | |||
| 2 | 2010 February 2010 May 23 | Gunung Barujari | Ash plumesejected incandescent material fell within Rinjani caldera some ash was blown out of the caldera possible ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.5 km further ash plumes to 2 km, lava flows, crop damage | SI / USGS Weekly VolcanicActivity Report-Rinjani[61] PVMGV-EvaluasiKegiatan G. Rinjani[46][62] ABC Asia Pacific News Service 24 may2010[42] | |||
| 2 | 2009 May 2 2009 Dec 20 (?) | NE flank ofGunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionFlank (excentric) ventExplosive eruptionLava flow(s) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 2004 Oct 1 2004 Oct 5 (on or after) | Summit and NE flank ofGunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionCentral vent eruptionFlank (excentric) ventExplosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 0 | 1995 Sep 12 | Explosive eruption (?) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani Eruption "Uncertain" | ||||
| 3? | 1994 Jun 3 1994 Nov 2 | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruptionPyroclastic flow(s)Lava flow(s) FatalitiesMudflow(s) (lahars) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani (VEI): 3? | |||
| 1 | 1966 Mar 28 1966 Aug 8 | 6.6×106 m3 | 2×104 m3 | Eastern side ofGunung Barujari (2250 m) | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruptionLava flow(s) (?) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |
| 0? | 1965 Sep (end) Unknown | Gunung Barujari | Flank (excentric) vent eruption Lava flow(s) (?) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 0? | 1953 Oct 15 ± 45 days (end) Unknown | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani (VEI): 0? | |||
| 0? | 1949 1950(months uncertain) | NW flank of Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruptionLava flow(s) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1944 Dec 25 1945 Jan 1 (?) | 7.4×107 m3 | NW flank of Barujari (Rombongan) | Central vent eruption Flank (excentric) ventCrater lake eruptionExplosive eruptionLava flow(s)Lava dome extrusionDamage (land, property, etc.) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | ||
| 0 | 1941 May 30 (end) Unknown | Rinjani summit | Central vent eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani Eruption is Uncertain | |||
| 2 | 1915 Nov 4 (end) Unknown | Gunung Barujari (Segara Munjar) | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1909 Nov 30 1909 Dec 2 | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruption Explosive eruption Mudflow(s) (lahars) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 1 | 1906 Apr 29 (end) Unknown | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruption Explosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1901 Jun 1 1901 Jun 2 | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruption Explosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1900 Nov 30 1900 Dec 2 | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruptionLava flow(s) | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1884 Aug 8 1884 Aug 10 ± 1 day | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 2 | 1847 Sep 10 1847 Sep 12 | Gunung Barujari | Central vent eruptionExplosive eruption | Historical Records GVP-Rinjani | |||
| 7 | 1257 | Gunung Samalas, the formertwin peak of Gunung Rinjani, destroyed after the explosion. | Caldera-forming eruption; possible trigger of theLittle Ice Age. The largest eruption in the past 2000 years. | Based on Arctic deposit study[63][64] | [21][65][66] | ||
| 4 | 2,550 ± 50 B.P. | 0.4 km3 | Producing the Rinjani Pumice and a sub-plinian pumice fall deposit | 14C |
From May 2007 to the present, Mount Rinjani has seen numerous climber tragedies.[67][68][69][70][71][72] In March 2007, seven people died of exposure after illegally scaling the volcano during a ban. On June 9, 2014, a 53‑year‑old Australian climber collapsed and died from a suddenasthma attack just 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) inside the park. Days later, in May 8–10, 2016, 26‑year‑old Indonesian Ike Suseta Adelia drowned inSegara Anak crater lake; heavy rain and steep shores delayed her recovery. On November 10, 2016, a 24-year-old Malaysian national Ng Yin Teck fell near Aiq Kalak spring after ignoring route warnings.[73]
During the July 2018Lombok earthquake, multiple climbers and guides were killed by landslides triggered on Rinjani's slopes. A particularly harrowing case occurred on September 29, 2024, when climbers near the summit requiredsearch and rescue (SAR) intervention after a serious fall. Shortly after, on October 3–4, 2024, a 34‑year‑old Russian illegally climbing near Post 2 on the Sembalun route fell about 200 metres (660 ft), suffering fractured skull and tailbone, and required a five‑hour rescue. In a fatal recurrence, on May 3–4, 2025, 57‑year‑old Malaysian Rennie Abdul Ghani plunged approximately 80 metres (260 ft) in the Torean/Banyu Urip section; his body was recovered by multi‑agency SAR teams.
Juliana Marins, a 26‑year‑old Brazilian publicist and solo traveler fromNiterói, was trekking with a group on Mount Rinjani when she slipped from the trail during a night hike on June 20, 2025. She reportedly asked her guide to stop due to exhaustion and took a break alone; about an hour later, she lost her footing and fell into a steep ravine, initially sliding some 300 metres (980 ft) down before coming to rest roughly 500 metres (1,600 ft) below the path amid jagged terrain and precarious cliffs. Drone footage from the following morning captured signs that she was alive (moving and calling out for help) but dense fog, freezing nighttime temperatures, unstable footing from landslides, and extreme weather made rescuers unable to reach her quickly. Search teams deployed vertical rescue specialists and prepared helicopter extraction efforts, but operations were repeatedly halted by poor visibility, wind, and the danger of further landslides.[74]
During the four days she remained stranded, Juliana's family publicly contested reports that she had been provided with food, water, clothing, or shelter, calling out the rescue operation as mishandled, possibly staged, and marred by misinformation.[75] They alleged that local authorities misled them, delayed crucial updates, and even fabricated drone rescue footage. Diplomatic involvement included Brazil'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs sending two officials toJakarta to monitor progress and support the family. On June 24, Indonesian officials confirmed her death after teams accessed the ravine and examined her condition—by then, she had shifted closer, to about 150 metres (490 ft) down, but was beyond aid. Her body was successfully recovered the next day, following a ground retrieval effort of over five hours that avoided helicopter usage due to ongoing hazards.[76]
The tragedy sparked widespread outrage acrossBrazil. Juliana's family subsequently called for a formal investigation by Brazilian and Indonesian authorities, seeking accountability for what they view as a botched rescue, lack of transparency, and negligent oversight. The incident also drew solidarity statements from Brazilian PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva and theMinistry of Foreign Affairs.[77][78][79]
