| Mount Herzl | |
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| הַר הרצל Har Herzl | |
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| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 834 m (2,736 ft) |
| Coordinates | 31°46′26″N35°10′50″E / 31.77389°N 35.18056°E /31.77389; 35.18056 |
| Geography | |
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Mount Herzl (Hebrew:הַר הֶרְצְלHar Hertsl), alsoHar ha-Zikaron (הַר הַזִּכָּרוֹן lit. "Mount of Remembrance"), is the site ofIsrael'snational cemetery and other memorial and educational facilities, found on the west side ofJerusalem beside theJerusalem Forest.
It is named afterTheodor Herzl, the founder of modernZionism. Herzl's tomb lies at the top of the hill.Yad Vashem, which commemorates theHolocaust, lies to the west of Mt. Herzl.Israel's war dead are also buried there. Mount Herzl is 834 meters abovesea level.
In 1934, Zionist leaderMenahem Ussishkin organized the re-interment ofLeon Pinsker inNicanor Cave onMount Scopus in an attempt to build a pantheon for the great leaders of the Jewish nation. Ussishkin was buried there himself in 1941. When Mount Scopus became an enclave, cut off from Jerusalem, the implementation of this plan was no longer feasible.[1]
During summer 1949, Theodor Herzl's remains were reinterred on a hill inWest Jerusalem which faced the Mount of Olives from a distance and renamed in his honour, Mount Herzl.[2] In November 1949, soldiers who fell during the1947–1949 Palestine war in the Jerusalem area were buried on the north slope of the hill.[3]
Apart from Theodor Herzl, Mt. Herzl is the burial place of five ofIsrael's prime ministers:Levi Eshkol,Golda Meir,Yitzhak Shamir,Yitzhak Rabin (who is buried beside his wifeLeah) and Shimon Peres.Israeli presidents are also buried on Mt. Herzl, as are other prominentJewish and Zionist leaders.
Mt. Herzl is the venue for many commemorative events and national celebrations.
The military section was designed and landscaped by two Hungarian-born architects, Asher Hiram and Haim Giladi.[3]
In 1903,Theodor Herzl wrote in his will:
I wish to be buried in a metal coffin next to my father, and to remain there until the Jewish people will transfer my remains to Eretz Israel. The coffins of my father, my sister Pauline, and of my close relatives who will have died until then will also be transferred there.[4]
When Herzl died a year later, he was interred inVienna. Forty-five years later, Herzl's remains were brought to Israel and re-interred in Jerusalem. The location of the burial site was selected by a special state commission in the top of a hill inJerusalem. He was buried on 17 August 1949. A temporary stone marked his grave for several years until the site was developed into a national cemetery. Sixty-three entries were submitted in the competition for the design of his new tombstone. The winner was Joseph Klarwein's design, consisting of an unadorned black granite stone inscribed with the name Herzl.[5]
The area around his tomb was expanded into the plaza where the firstIndependence Day ceremony was held in 1950.
Despite Herzl's wishes, his daughter Pauline and son Hans were not originally buried beside him. Their remains were moved to Mt. Herzl in 2006.[6] A third daughter was murdered in theHolocaust and her place of burial is unknown. The smallStephen Norman Park, located between the Herzl Museum and the Herzl Educational Center, is dedicated to the memory of Herzl's only grandson, who killed himself in theUnited States in 1946 after learning about the fate of his family during the Holocaust and being confronted with Jewish misery in theDisplaced Persons camps, and was reinterred on Mt. Herzl in December 2007.[7] Herzl's parents and sister are also buried at Mount Herzl.
Israel's main cemetery for the leaders of the country and people who sacrificed their lives for the country is located on the southern slope of Mt. Herzl, established there in 1952 when Ben Gurion decided to bury the finance minister in Helkat Gedolei Ha'Uma, close to Herzl's grave. The design of the cemetery area was continued over the following years when other famous people from the Zionist movement were brought to be buried there.
The Great Leaders of the Nation's Plot or Memorial Park holds the graves of severalPrime Ministers,Presidents,Knesset speakers and other chosen national leaders of the State of Israel. It forms a separate section of the Mount Herzl cemetery from that of the leaders of theZionist Organization (after 1960: World Zionist Organization), which is situated nearby.
The Hebrew nameHelkat Gedolei Ha'Uma (Hebrew:חלקת גדולי האומה) is used in common parlance either in a narrower meaning, for the State of Israel leaders' section, or in a wider one, which includes pre-state Zionist leaders.
Buried there are PresidentsZalman Shazar andChaim Herzog,Shimon Peres and Prime MinistersLevi Eshkol,Golda Meir,Yitzhak Rabin and his wifeLeah Rabin. Other notable graves are those of the first speaker of theKnesset,Yosef Sprinzak and his wife Hanna, the firstMinister of Finance,Eliezer Kaplan, Jerusalem mayorTeddy Kollek, andFirst LadyAura Herzog. Despite the national significance of the cemetery, some Israeli leaders were buried elsewhere, most notablyChaim Weizmann (buried atWeizmann House),Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (buried atHar HaMenuchot Cemetery);David Ben-Gurion (buried atMidreshet Ben-Gurion);Menachem Begin (buried atMount of Olives) andAriel Sharon (buried at his home in theNegev).
Deciding who should be buried on Mt. Herzl has sometimes been controversial.[8] For example, the decision to buryZe'ev Jabotinsky, who died in 1940, on Mt. Herzl, was fiercely opposed by manyLabour Party stalwarts, who claimed that Jabotinsky was an ultra-right nationalist undeserving of such an honour. Only in 1964 did Prime MinisterLevi Eshkol decide in favor of burying him there, in the interest of promoting national reconciliation and setting aside political grievances. Soldiers awarded with theMedal of Valor may also be buried at Mount Herzl.
To the north of Herzl's grave is a plot reserved for the leaders of the (World) Zionist Organization, among themDavid Wolffsohn,Nahum Sokolow,Simcha Dinitz, andArieh Dulzin. In the same section are the graves and cenotaphs of close relatives of Theodor Herzl.
The grave ofZe'ev Jabotinsky and his family is in a separate plot southwest of Herzl's grave.
TheVictims of Acts of Terror Memorial is the main memorial for all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 until today. The memorial was opened in 1997, and every year a ceremony is held on the plaza, in memory of the victims of terror. The memorial is located in the National Civil Cemetery next to Helkat Gedolei Ha'Uma.
The mainIsrael Defense Forces cemetery is located on the northern slope of Mt. Herzl. It was established in November 1949, when soldiers who fell inthe Jerusalem area were buried there.[3] In 1949, the government decided to turn the site into the main cemetery for IDF members who have fallen in the line of duty. TheIsrael Police cemetery, for police officers who have fallen in the line of duty, is also located there.
There are specific areas or monuments for the following categories of fallen fighters:
All soldiers, regardless of rank or unit, are buried side by side. The gravestones are plain and unadorned, only recording name, rank, parents' names, and place and date of birth and death.[10]
The military cemetery also honours the memory of Israel's fallenChristian,Muslim, andDruze soldiers who have served in the Israeli security forces.[11]
The Garden of the Missing in Action is aTomb of the Unknown Soldier Memorial and Memory Garden for soldiers of theIsrael Defense Forces and those who fought for the pre-stateLand of Israel whose resting places are unknown from 1914 until today. The garden was established on 29 February 2004 in a ceremony attended by army chiefs, the IsraeliDefense MinisterShaul Mofaz, and members of the Jerusalem Municipality at the National Military and Police cemetery. The garden also contains memorials to those lost aboard the submarineINSDakar and the23 Who Went Down at Sea.
An annual memorial service for the Missing Soldiers of Israel takes place in the garden's main plaza onSeventh of Adar day.
The garden includes "empty graves" and stone monuments to the memory of missing soldiers. At the entrance to the garden, there is a small plaza where memorial ceremonies to the missing are held. On the north side of the plaza there is a memorial to the missing sailors of theINSDakar submarine, which sank in the Mediterranean sea. On the north side of the plaza is a memorial wall bearing the names of all missing soldiers and fighters from 1914 until today. On the top of the wall there is a waterfall.
Anational memorial hall was built at the entrance to the National Military and Police cemetery to honour the memory of the 22,684 soldiers and security personnel who have fallen defending the land of Israel since 1860.[12] It is designed in the shape of a torch rising some 18 meters and aneternal flame burns there all year long. A candle for each soldier is lit twice a year – once on the anniversary of the soldier's death, and on Memorial Day.[13] The cost of the project was NIS40 million.[14]
Above theHerzl Museum and the main plaza is the Nations Garden, where trees have been planted by visiting presidents and heads of state. There are two smallobservation decks looking out over Jerusalem. Amenorah sculpture stands opposite the main plaza entrance.
Situated between the Herzl Museum and the Stella and Alexander Margulies Education Center, the Stephen Norman Garden is named for Herzl's grandson,Stephen Norman. He was the only member of Herzl's family to visit Palestine or to be a Zionist. It is a place for groups and students to gather to hear about Mount Herzl. On one wall of the garden, a quote from Norman, in 1945, is inscribed: "You will be amazed at the Jewish youth in Palestine...they have the look of freedom."[15]
Herzl Museum, an interactive museum at the main entrance to Mt. Herzl, offers a glimpse into the life of Theodor Herzl, the man behind the dream of aJewish homeland.[16]
Yad Vashem is in the western region of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance inJerusalem, 804 meters above sea level and adjacent to theJerusalem Forest. Yad Vashem is complex containing two types of sites - memorial museums and monuments, and a research institute. Memorial sites include the Holocaust History Museum and the Museum of Holocaust Art; indoor memorials such as the Children's Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance; outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, the Cattle Car memorial and various sculptures; and a synagogue. The Holocaust research facilities are grouped around a research institute and include archives, a library, publishing house and an educational center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem honours non-Jews who saved Jews during the Holocaust, at great personal risk, as the "Righteous among the Nations".
The Memorial Path, leading from the entrance of Yad Vashem up to the Mount Herzl national cemetery, was established in 2003 and includes plaques that mark important events from the beginning of Zionism until the creation of the state of Israel.
In 2010, work began on a Zionism Studies Center next to the Herzl museum, with the opening scheduled for 2013.
Mitspe Karem (Hebrew:מִצְפֶּה כֶּרֶם) is anarchaeological park located in theJerusalem Forest on the west side of the Mount of Remembrance, near the Yad Vashem museum. There are finds from various periods, including the Early Bronze Age, Iron Age, possibly Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine period.
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