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Arace track (racetrack,racing track orracing circuit) is a facility built forracing of vehicles, athletes, or animals (e.g.horse racing orgreyhound racing). A race track also may featuregrandstands or concourses. Race tracks are also used in the study ofanimal locomotion.
Aracetrack is a permanent facility or building.Racecourse is an alternate term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong, and the United Arab Emirates. Race tracks built for bicycles are known asvelodromes.Circuit is a common alternate term for race track, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. Some race tracks may also be known asspeedways, orraceways.
Arace course, as opposed to aracecourse, is a nonpermanent track for sports, particularlyroad running,water sports,road racing, orrallying. Many sports usually held on race tracks also can occur on temporary tracks, such as theMonaco andSingapore Grands Prix inFormula One.
Some evidence remains of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient race tracks were thehippodromes of theAncient Greeks and the circuses (circi) of theRoman Empire. Both of these structures were designed for horse andchariot racing. The stadium of theCircus Maximus inAncient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators.
Racing facilities existed during theMiddle Ages, and records exist of a public racecourse being opened atNewmarket, in London, in 1174. In 1780, theEarl of Derby created a horse-racing course on his estate at Epsom; theEnglish Derby continues to be held there today. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks. In the United States, the race tracks are soil.
With the advent of the automobile in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, race tracks were designed to suit the nature of powered machines. The earliest tracks were modified horse-racing courses. Racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, atNarragansett Park inCranston, Rhode Island. TheIndianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909.
Beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks calledboard tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on theAAA Championship circuit were run on such board tracks.Modern racetracks are designed with spectator safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator andtrack marshals fatalities. These often involve run-off areas, barriers, and high fencing.
Racetracks are used for:
Some racetracks offer little in the way of permanent infrastructure other than the track; others incorporate spectator facilities such asgrandstands, hospitality or facilities for competitors, such as pit lanes and garages, paddocks and stables. Several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for sports such asmotocross,track cycling, andathletics.
Many racetracks are multi-use, allowing different types of sport on the same track, or incorporating many tracks in one venue. Commonly,running tracks are incorporated within general use orsoccer stadiums, either permanently visible or covered by stands or pitches.
Many horse and motorsport tracks are configurable, allowing different routes or sections. Some venues contain smaller tracks inside larger ones, with access tunnels and bridges for spectators. Some racetracks incorporate a short course and a longer course which uses part of the shorter one, usually the main straight, such asBrands Hatch. TheLe Mans road race venue is centred on a smaller permanent circuit within its complex.
Surfaces include:
Race tracks are primarily designed forroad racing competition through speed, featuring defined start-finish lines or posts, and sometimes even a series of defined timing points that divide the track into time sectors. A racetrack for cars (i.e. a car track) is a closed circuit, instead of astreet circuit utilizing temporarily closed publicroads.
Race tracks can host individual or team sports. Racetracks can featurerolling starts, or fixed starts, with associated equipment (starting blocks, cages, wheel traps etc.) They invariably feature apit lane, and usually timing equipment.
Some car tracks are of anoval shape, and can be banked, which allows almost universal spectator views or high speed racing (cycling, stock cars). A famous one isNardò where high-speed manufacturer testing often takes place, and theIndianapolis Motor Speedway. Some oval tracks are variations on an oval shape, for practical reasons or to introduce varying difficulties such asTalladega (a tri-oval). Most race tracks have meandering circuits with many curves,chicanes and changes in height, to allow for a challenge in skill to the competitors, notablymotocross andtouring car racing – these tend to predominate throughout most of the world, but especially in Europe.
Flatter meandering motorsport courses are sometimes called 'road circuits', originating in the fact that the earliest road racing circuits were simply closed-off public roads. Some car racetracks are specifically configured in a long straight, namelydrag racing.
True road circuits are still in use, e.g. theAustralian GP has been run inAdelaide and continues to be inMelbourne on regular city streets. The most famous of these are theMonaco GP, and theCircuit de la Sarthe circuit inLe Mans, France. These are not permanent facilities built for racing (although parts of the Circuit de la Sarthe are purpose-built, and closed to the public).
AfterWorld War II, many wartime airfields, particularly in Great Britain, were left without further use. This coincided with a post-war boom in motorsport, and many airfields were converted to race tracks, where the circuit layout usually combined parts of the runways and the surrounding perimeter taxiways. The famous British track atSilverstone is a formerClass A airfield, as areCastle Combe andGoodwood. The long runways were perfect for drag strips such as atSanta Pod Raceway. This type of track also appears on the popular motoring showTop Gear, which is filmed atDunsfold Aerodrome, in Surrey, United kingdom
The track surface for 1/12th Class is recommended to be indoors on standardised needle carpet.
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