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Russian:Воспитательный дом в Москве | |
 The Orphanage, January 2018 | |
 Interactive map of Moscow Orphanage | |
| Location |  Russia:Moscow,Moskvoretskaya Embankment |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 55°44′59″N37°38′12″E / 55.74972°N 37.63667°E /55.74972; 37.63667 |
| Designer | Karl Blank |
| Type | monument,architectural monument andeducational institution |
| Beginning date | 1764 |
| Completion date | 1960's |
TheMoscow Orphanage, also known as theFoundling Home, (Russian:Воспитательный дом в Москве orRussian:Московский императорский воспитательный дом) was an ambitious project conceived byCatherine the Great andIvan Betskoy, in the early 1760's. This idealistic experiment of theAge of Enlightenment was intended to manufacture "ideal citizens" for the Russian state, by bringing up thousands of abandoned children to a very high standard of refinement, cultivation and professional qualifications. Despite more than adequate staffing and financing, the orphanage was plagued, by high infant mortality and ultimately failed as a social institution.
The main building, one of the earliest and largest Neoclassical structures in the city, occupies a large portion ofMoskvoretskaya Embankment betweenthe Kremlin andYauza River, boasting a 379-metre frontage onMoskva River. The complex was built in three stages over two centuries, fromKarl Blank's master plan (1767) to its complete implementation in the 1940s. Today, the ensemble of the Orphanage houses theAcademy of Missile Forces andRussian Academy of Medicine.
An outgrowth of theRussian Enlightenment, the idea of a state-run orphanage in Moscow was proposed by educatorIvan Betskoy and endorsed byCatherine II of Russia on September 1, 1763. Betskoy envisaged a spacious, strictly controlled, state-of-the-art institution that could raise abandoned infants and train them depending on each child's abilities - in craftsmanship, fine arts or in preparation for university classes. Children born in slavery were automatically emancipated and upon graduation could join the state service or themerchant estate.
The institution was set on a large lot of land betweenKitai-gorod, Solyanka Street,Moskva andYauza rivers, site of a formerarmoury. Construction was financed through a public subscription. The Empress herself pledged 100,000roubles; the largest private donations, fromProkofy Demidov and Ivan Betskoy, amounted to 200,000 and 162,995 roubles.[1]
According to the master plan byKarl Blank (assisted byYury Felten), the Orphanage was designed as a chain of three square-shaped buildings: the eastern wing for the girls, the western wing for the boys and the central administration block connecting them. The inauguration ceremony, attended by the Empress, was held on April 21, 1764, although the western wing was not completed by Blank until three years later. The central building, constructed between 1771 and 1781, was surmounted by a square dome with a spire. The adjacentMoskva River embankment was paved in 1795–97 and set in granite in 1801–06.
Although the eastern wing did not materialize, the Orphanage expanded continuously, under the supervision of senior architects Giovanni Gilardi (1790s–1817) andDomenico Gilardi (1817–34). Domenico andAfanasy Grigoriev designed and built the Board of Trustees building facing Solyanka Street. By the mid-19th century, the Orphanage had evolved into "a city within a city" - a largely independent and wealthy institution housing thousands of residents. The bulk of the Orphanage survived theFire of 1812 and preserved its original aspect until the mid-20th century. In the 1940s, the missing eastern wing was finally constructed to a design by Alexander Loveyko, who generally followed Blank's original plans, albeit in a considerably simplified form.
On the inauguration day, 19 newborn babies were brought to the unfinished Orphanage. Two of them were publiclybaptized Catherine and Paul, after the Empress and her heir, but both died soon afterward. This was an early portent of extremely high infant mortality that would be characteristic of the Orphanage in the 18th century.
Of some 40,996 children admitted to the Orphanage during Catherine II's reign, 35,309, or 87%, died during their stay there.[1] As a result, the vast complex housed only a handful of survivors. A 1792 report listed as few as 257 resident orphans who studied a variety of trades ranging from metallurgy to accountancy.[1] Several attempts to decrease mortality by passing infants on tofoster families did not improve the survival rate. The aged Betskoy could not be relied on for managing the expanding faculty, and the Orphanage became notorious for fraud andchild abuse.[2]
Children lived at the Orphanage until the age of 11, whereupon they were sent for training to local factories and government offices. Some were assigned to theMichael Maddox theater school; others managed to qualify for free admission toMoscow State University. 180 students furthered their education in the universities of Western Europe. The majority, however, graduated with little more than a rouble in cash and apassport (which served to distinguish free men from serfs).
The institution was managed by the Board of Trustees and financed by private donations and two special taxes—a tax on public theater shows and a tax on playing cards. For nearly a century, all playing cards sold in Imperial Russia were taxed 5 kopecks per deck on domestic-made cards and 10 kopecks on imports. As a result, every pack of Russian cards displayed the symbol of the Orphanage, thepelican. This tax generated 21,000 roubles in 1796 and 140,000 roubles by 1803.
Beginning in 1772, the Orphanage also managed three banks: Loan Treasury, Savings Treasury, and Widows Treasury. These financial institutions, initially plagued by fraud and poor management, became effective and influential under the guidance ofEmpress Maria. By 1828, their total assets exceeded 359 million roubles, the largest capital assets in all of Moscow.[3] This stock was the principal source of cash for the Orphanage throughout the 19th century.
In 1772, plans began to be formed for a "domestic theatre" affiliated with the Foundling Home. There were classes on acting, and the first production premiered late in 1773. In the course of 1778 alone, the Orphanage Theatre produced twelve comedies, two operas, and several ballets. By October 1783, the troupe of orphans had become so popular that Baron Vanzura petitioned the Empress to open this "home theatre" for the general public. Catherine readily approved the project of a public theatre and presented to the Orphanage a disused wooden building of the Golovin Opera House near the Yauza. The public Orphanage Theatre was inaugurated on 9 February 1764 with the pantomimeThe Marine Brigands and the balletVenus and Adonis.
The creation of a rival theatre company enragedMichael Maddox, an English entrepreneur who held the monopoly on public entertainment in Moscow. Under his pressure, the Board of Trustees agreed to close the Orphanage Theatre in November 1784, but the orphans were allowed to continue their acting careers on the stage of thePetrovsky Theatre, which was run by Maddox.
In May 1797 EmperorPaul of Russia asked his wife,Maria Feodorovna to oversee the national charities. Empress Maria had remained in charge of the Orphanage and similar institutions after her husband's assassination in 1801 until her death in 1828.
Step by step, Empress Maria changed the social profile of the Orphanage. She encouraged a thorough inspection of prospective foster parents and limited admissions "from the street", measures which decreased the inflow of new orphans and considerably reduced mortality. By 1826, the mortality rate was reduced to 15% per annum,[3] a figure outrageous by modern standards but a great improvement on the 18th century.
The institution, headed by retired general Ivan Tutolmin, was not damaged duringNapoleon I's occupation of Moscow, despite its proximity to the centre of theFire of Moscow, which completely destroyed the adjacent districts, includingKitai-gorod andTaganka. While the French held the city, the Orphanage provided shelter for 350 children and an unspecified number of wounded soldiers. After the end of the Napoleonic wars, the Board of Trustees capitalized on the recent disaster by building cheap rental housing on its properties. As a result of this policy, the new facilities housed up to 8,000 residents of all ranks in the 1820s.[4]
Empress Maria realized the need to downsize the institution, separating children from adult tenants and improving the educational program for the former. She detested the "dirty" appearance of trade workshops and transferred the younger inhabitants to new, independent orphanages. The Moscow Crafts College, the largest spin-off, was established as an orphanage for teenagers in 1830, and continues today as theBauman Moscow State Technical University.[4] In the old Orphanage, a premium was placed upon high-level educational programs along the lines of the "Latin classes" for boys (established 1807) and the "midwife classes" for girls.
By the 1830s, the Orphanage finally achieved the espoused aim of taking the ablest children from the streets and preparing them for state service and professional careers. Among the teachers and tenants wereGerhardt Friedrich Müller,Alexander Vostokov,Sergey Solovyov,Vasily Klyuchevsky,Nicholas Benois,Isaak Levitan, andVasily Vereshchagin. Until theRussian Revolution of 1917, the Moscow Orphanage ranked among the most prominent national charities.
TheBolsheviks disbanded the Orphanage immediately after the Revolution. The main building was conveyed to theSoviet trade unions, followed byDzerzhinsky Military Academy and a long succession of state institutions. The satirical novelThe Twelve Chairs features a famous episode: an abandoned wife chasingOstap Bender, her runaway husband, through numerous editorial offices of the former Orphanage.
DuringJoseph Stalin's reconstruction of old Moscow (1937), several Orphanage buildings facingBolshoy Ustinsky Bridge were torn down to make way for the new bridge. The right wing of the Orphanage was topped out byJune 1941, but the project was not completed until afterWorld War II. Viewed from the outside, this later addition is only marginally different from the left wing, to which the top floor was added at about the same time. The main building conforms quite closely to Blank's original designs.
Moscow chief architect A. Kuzminov proposed to house Russian Parliament Center in the premises of the Orphanage. The Russian Parliament Center will be used by bothRussian Senate andRussian State Duma as their main residence.[5]
