| Moronene | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (37,000 cited 2000)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mqn |
| Glottolog | moro1287 |
Moronene is anAustronesian language spoken inBombana Regency,Southeast Sulawesi,Indonesia. It belongs to theBungku–Tolaki branch of theCelebic subgroup.
Moronene has the following consonant inventory:[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | plain | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | ||||
| voiced | plain | b | d | g | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑg | ||||
| Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
| Flap | r | ɽ | |||||
The vowel phonemes are/aeiou/. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g.nee[ne:].[2]
Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.[3] The language has prepositions.
There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics.[2] There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.
| Person | Free | Absolutive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | [i'?aku]['?aku] | ['aku] ~[’?aku] ~['haku] | |
| 2SG | [i'tʃoʔo]['tʃoʔo] | [ko] | |
| 3SG | [i'a:] | [o]~[?o]~[ho] | |
| 1PL (Inclusive) | [i'tʃita]['tʃita] | ['kita] | |
| 1PL (Exclusive) | [i'tʃami]['tʃami] | ['kami] | |
| 2PL | [itʃo'miu][tʃo'miu] | [ko'miu] | |
| 3PL | [i'ʔiɾa]['ʔiɾa] | ['ʔiɾa]~['hiɾa] |
There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages.[4] There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.[4]
| Person | Class 1 | Class 2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG | -ngku | -ku |
| 2SG | -u, | -'u |
| 3SG | -no | -no |
| 1PL (EX.) | -mami | -mami |
| 1PL (IN) | -nto, | -to |
| 2PL | -miu | -miu |
| 3PL | -ndo, | -do |
Moronene has a decimal numeral system.[5]