 15th-century illuminated manuscript,Laurentian Library | |
| Author | Seneca |
|---|---|
| Language | Latin |
| Subject | Ethics |
| Genre | Philosophy |
Publication date | c. 65 AD |
| Publication place | Ancient Rome |
| Text | Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium atWikisource |
Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Latin for "Moral Letters toLucilius"), also known as theMoral Epistles andLetters from a Stoic, is aletter collection of 124 letters thatSeneca the Younger wrote at the end of his life, during his retirement, after he had worked for the EmperorNero for more than ten years. They are addressed toLucilius Junior, the thenprocurator ofSicily, who is known only through Seneca's writings.
The letters often begin with an observation on daily life, and then proceed to an issue or principle abstracted from that observation. The result is like a diary, or handbook of philosophical meditations. The letters focus on many traditional themes ofStoic philosophy such as the contempt of death, the stout-heartedness of the sage, and virtue as the supreme good.
Scholars generally agree that the letters are arranged in the order in which Seneca wrote them.[1] The 124 letters are arranged in twenty manuscript volumes, but the collection is not complete.[2]Aulus Gellius (mid-2nd century) quotes an extract from the "twenty-second book", so some letters are missing.[3] However since the fire of Lyon mentioned in letter 91 took place less than a year before Seneca's death (in spring 65) the number of missing letters is not thought to be very many.[3]
Collectively the letters constitute Seneca's longest work.[3] Although addressed to Lucilius, the letters take the form of open letters,[4] and are clearly written with a wider readership in mind,[5] in theepistolary genre well-known in Seneca's time.[6] Seneca refers to Cicero'sletters to Atticus and the letters ofEpicurus, and he was probably familiar with theletters of Plato and theepistles of Horace.[7] However, despite the careful literary crafting, there is no obvious reason to doubt that they are real letters.[1] Seneca often says that he is writing in response to a letter from Lucilius, although there is unlikely to have been a strict back-and-forth exchange of letters.[8] Even if both writers had access to the imperial mail service, a letter from central Italy to Sicily would have taken four to eight days to travel.[8] In many instances Seneca probably composed letters as a new subject occurred to him.[8] The letters tend to become longer over time, interspersed with some short ones,[2] and the later letters focus increasingly on theoretical questions.[9][10]
TheLetters were written in the last two or three years of Seneca's life.[11] In letter 8, Seneca alludes to his retirement from public life, which is thought (by reference to TacitusAnnals xiv. 52–56) to have been around spring of the year 62.[12] Letter 18 was written in December, in the run-up to theSaturnalia. Letter 23 refers to a cold spring, presumably in 63 AD.[12] Letter 67 refers to the end of a cold spring and is thought (to allow forty-three intervening letters) to have been written the following year.[12] Letter 91 refers to the great fire ofLugdunum (Lyon) that took place in the late summer of 64.[12] Letter 122 refers to the shrinking daylight hours of autumn.[13] Other chronologies are possible – in particular if letters 23 and 67 refer to the same spring, that can reduce the timescale by a full year.[12]
The letters all start with the phrase "Seneca Lucilio suo salutem" ("Seneca greets his Lucilius") and end with the word "Vale" ("Farewell"). In these letters, Seneca gives Lucilius advice on how to become a more devotedStoic. Some of the letters include "On Noise" and "Asthma". Others include letters on "the influence of the masses" and "how to deal with one's slaves" (Letter 47). Although they deal with Seneca's personal style of Stoic philosophy, they also give valuable insights into daily life in ancient Rome.
The letters tend to open with an observation of a quotidian incident, which is then abstracted to a far wider exploration of an issue or principle.[14] In letter 7, for instance, Seneca reports a chance visit to an arena gladiatorial combat, fought to the death; he then questions the morality and ethics of such a spectacle, in what is the first extant record of a pre-Christian writer expressing moral qualms on the matter.[14]
Seneca frequently quotes Latin poets, especiallyVirgil, but alsoOvid,Horace, andLucretius.[15] Seneca also quotesPublilius Syrus, such as during the eighth letter, "On the Philosopher's Seclusion".[16]
Seneca's letters focus on the inner life and the joy that comes from wisdom.[17] He emphasizes the Stoic theme that virtue is the only true good and vice the only true evil.[9] He repeatedly refers to the brevity of life and the fleeting passage of time.[1]
Underlying a large number of the letters is a concern with death on the one hand (a central topic of Stoic philosophy, and one embodied in Seneca's observation that we are "dying every day") and suicide on the other, a key consideration given Seneca's deteriorating political position and the Emperor's common use of forced suicide as a method of covert execution.[14]
Early letters often conclude with amaxim to meditate on, although this strategy is over by the thirtieth letter.[10] Such maxims are typically drawn fromEpicurus, but Seneca regards this as a beginner's technique.[18] In letter 33 he stresses that the student must begin to make well-reasoned judgements independently.[18]
The language and style of the letters is quite varied, and this reflects the fact that they are a mixture of private conversation and literary fiction. As an example, there is a mix of different vocabulary, incorporating technical terms (in fields such as medicine, law and navigation) as well as colloquial terms and philosophical ones.[19] Seneca also uses a range of devices for particular effects, such as ironicparataxis,hypotactic periods, direct speech interventions and rhetorical techniques such asalliterations,chiasmus,polyptoton,paradoxes,antitheses,oxymoron, etymological figures and so forth. In addition there areneologisms andhapax legomena.[19]
The oldest manuscripts of the letters date from the ninth-century.[20] For a long time the letters did not circulate together; instead they appear as two distinct groups: Letters 1 to 88 and Letters 89 to 124.[20]
Early manuscripts for the first group of the letters, 1 to 88, are:[21]
For the second group of the letters, 89 to 124, there is only a limited selection of early manuscripts. The best manuscripts are:[21]
In 1913Achille Beltrami announced the discovery of the earliest manuscript which combined both groups.Codex Quirinianus (orBrixiensis),Q, is a 9th or 10th century manuscript from theBiblioteca Queriniana, Brescia containing letters 1–120.12.[22][23]
The letters began to be widely circulated together from the twelfth-century onwards,[24] and around four hundred manuscripts of Seneca's letters are known.[25]
The letters were first printed atNaples in 1475.[26] They were printed in an edition with most of the Seneca's other works, and with works by theelder Seneca.[26] The letters were then published separately, also in 1475, at Paris, Rome, and Strasbourg.[26]Erasmus produced a much superior edition in 1529.[24]
Michel de Montaigne was influenced by his reading of Seneca's letters,[27] and he modelled hisEssays on them.[24] The letters were a principal source forJustus Lipsius for the development of hisNeostoicism towards the end of the 16th century.[24]
There have been several full translations of the 124 letters ever sinceThomas Lodge included a translation in his complete works of 1614.
There have been many selected and abridged translations of Seneca's letters. Recent editions include:
The tagVita sine litteris mors ('Life without learning [is] death') is adapted fromEpistle 82 (originallyOtium sine litteris mors, 'Leisure without learning [is] death') and is themotto ofDerby School andDerby Grammar School in England,Adelphi University,New York, and Manning's High School,Jamaica.
Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt ('The fates lead the willing and drag the unwilling'), fromEpistle 117 paragraph 11 line 5, expresses a fatalistic view of man's subjection to natural and divine will. It is also an example ofchiasmus. This line, which Seneca attributes to the Greek Stoic philosopherCleanthes, is quoted in the last line of German intellectualOswald Spengler's two-volume workThe Decline of the West (1922).
The work is also the source for the phrasenon scholae sed vitae: "We do not learn for school, but for life".
LatinWikisource has original text related to this article:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:Moral Letters to LuciliusIntroduction to the Epistles. by Richard M. Gummere
Moral Letters public domain audiobook atLibriVox| Philosophy |
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