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Monolatry (Ancient Greek:μόνος,romanized: monos,lit. 'single', andλατρεία,latreia,'worship') is the belief in the existence of manygods, but the insistence on the exclusive worship of only a single chosen deity.[1] The term was possibly first used byJulius Wellhausen.[2]
Monolatry is distinguished frommonotheism, which asserts the existence of only one god, andhenotheism, which accepts both the existence of other gods and the validity of their worship.[3]
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ThepharaohAkhenaten, who was initially enthroned as Amenhotep IV, initially introducedAtenism in the fifth year (approximately 1348–1346 BCE) of his reign during theEighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He raisedAten, once a relatively obscuresolar deity representing the disk of the Sun, to the status of supreme deity inancient Egyptian religion.[4]
The fifth year of his reign marked the beginning of his construction of a new capital,Akhetaten (Horizon of the Aten), at the site known today as "Amarna". Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to "Akhenaten" (Agreeable to the Aten) as evidence of his new worship. In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massivetemple complexes of ancient Egypt, including one atKarnak and one atThebes, close to the old temple ofAmun.
In his ninth year of rule (approximately 1344–1342 BCE), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon but the only god of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as theGreat Hymn to the Aten.
The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but most scholars see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods; he simply refrained from worshiping any but Aten. It is known that Atenism did not solely attribute divinity to the Aten. Akhenaten continued theimperial cult, proclaiming himself theson of Aten and encouraging the people to worship him.[5] The people were to worship Akhenaten; only Akhenaten and the pharaoh's wifeNefertiti could worship Aten directly.[6]
Under Akhenaten's successors, Egypt reverted to its traditional religion, and Akhenaten himself came to be reviled as a heretic.
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Some historians have argued thatancient Israelites originally practiced a form of monolatry orhenotheism.[7]Christian Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) scholarJohn Day suggests thatangels inJudaism are what became of the other gods once monotheism reached predominance among the early Jews.[8]John L. McKenzie has stated: "In theancient Near East the existence of divine beings was universally accepted without questions. [...] The question was not whether there is only oneelohim, but whether there is any elohim likeYahweh."[9]
Some scholars[who?] claim theTorah (Pentateuch) shows evidence of monolatry in some passages. The argument is usually based on references to other gods, such as the "gods of Egypt" in theBook of Exodus (Exodus 12:12).[10] The Egyptians are also attributed powers that suggest the existence of their gods; in Exodus 7:11–13,[11] after Aaron transforms his staff into a snake, Pharaoh's sorcerers do likewise. In the ancient Near East, magic was generally believed to exist,[11] although the Israelites viewed magic as being malign in origin and were forbidden from it.
TheTen Commandments have been interpreted by some as evidence that the Israelites initially practiced monolatry.[12][page needed] Exodus 20:3 reads, "you shall have no other gods before me",[13][14] and they argue that the addition of "before me" at the end of the commandment indicates not only that other gods may exist, but also that they may be respected and worshiped so long as less thanYahweh. In the creation story of Genesis (3:22), Yahweh says, "The man has now become likeone of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever."
There is evidence that the Israelites before theBabylonian captivity in the 6th century BCE did not adhere to monotheism. Much of this evidence comes from the Hebrew Bible itself, which records that many Israelites chose to worship foreign gods and idols rather than Yahweh.[15][16][original research?]
During the 8th century BCE, the monotheistic worship of Yahweh in Israel competed with many other cults, described by the Yahwist faction collectively asBaals. The oldest books of the Hebrew Bible reflect this competition, as in the books ofHosea andNahum, whose authors lament the "apostasy" of the people of Israel and threaten them with the wrath ofGod if they do not give up their polytheistic cults.[17][18][19][page needed]
On the other hand, medieval Jewish scholars often interpreted ancient texts to argue that the ancient Israelites were monotheistic. TheShema Yisrael is often cited as proof that the Israelites practiced monotheism. It was recognized byRashi in his 11th century commentary to Deuteronomy 6:4[20] that the declaration of the Shema accepts belief in one God as being only a part of Jewish faith at the time ofMoses but would eventually be accepted by all humanity.[21]
A similar statement occurs inMaimonides's second principle of hisThirteen Principles of Faith:
God, the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of a pair, nor one like a species [which encompasses many individuals], nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity unlike any other possible unity. This is referred to in the Torah [Deuteronomy 6:4]: "Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is one."
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three distinct beings belonging to one Godhead: "All three are united in their thoughts, actions, and purpose, with each having a fullness of knowledge, truth, and power."[22] Latter-day Saints further believe that prayer should be directed to only God the Father in the name of Jesus Christ.[23]
Jeffrey R. Holland has stated:
We believe these three divine persons constituting a single Godhead are united in purpose, in manner, in testimony, in mission. We believe Them to be filled with the same godly sense of mercy and love, justice and grace, patience, forgiveness, and redemption. I think it is accurate to say we believe They are one in every significant and eternal aspect imaginable except believing Them to be three persons combined in one substance.[24]
Latter-day Saints interpret Jesus' prayer in John 17:11,[25] "Holy Father, keep through thine own name those whom thou hast given me, that they may be one, as we are" to refer to the characteristics, attributes and purpose that the Son shares with the Father in the hope that people can someday share in those as well. InMormonism, being one with God means gaining immortality, perfection, eternal life, and the highest level in his kingdom. AsD. Todd Christofferson states, "we may become one with God" as Jesus did.[26]
Latter-day Saints also believe that there are other gods and goddesses outside the Godhead, such as aHeavenly Mother—who is married to God the Father—and that faithful Latter-day Saints may attain godhood in theafterlife.[27][28]
Joseph Smith taught that humans can become joint-heirs with Christ and thereby inherit from God all that Christ inherits if they are proven worthy by following the laws and ordinances of the gospel. This process ofexaltation means that humans can literally become gods through theatonement; thus, "god" is a term for an inheritor of the highest kingdom of God.[29]
To the extent that monolatry is not considered monotheism, the classification of Mormonism as monolatrous is strongly disputed among Latter-day Saints.Bruce R. McConkie stated that "if [monotheism] is properly interpreted to mean that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost—each of whom is a separate and distinct godly personage—are one God, meaning one Godhead, then true saints are monotheists."[30]
Monolatry began to be normalized and recognized in connection with the Latter-day Saint movement primarily by the works ofBlake Ostler.
They [resurrected and perfected mortals] will dwell again with God the Father, and live and act like him in endless worlds of happiness [...] above all they will have the power of procreating endless lives. [...] Those who become like him will likewise contribute to this eternal process by adding further spirit offspring to the eternal family.
They [the people who will live in the celestial kingdom] will receive everything our Father in Heaven has and will become like Him. They will even be able to have spirit children and make new worlds for them to live on, and do all the things our Father in Heaven has done.
