| Monguor | |
|---|---|
| Dēd Mongol, Tu | |
| moŋɡuer | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Qinghai,Gansu |
| Ethnicity | Monguor |
Native speakers | (150,000 cited 2000 census)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mjg |
| Glottolog | tuuu1240 |
| Glottopedia | Mangghuer[2] |
TheMonguor language (Chinese:土族语;pinyin:Tǔzúyǔ; also writtenMongour andMongor) is aMongolic language of itsShirongolic branch and is part of theGansu–Qinghai sprachbund (also called theAmdo sprachbund). There are several dialects, mostly spoken by theMonguor people. A writing system was devised for Huzhu Monguor (Mongghul) in the late 20th century but has been little used.
A division into two languages, namely Mongghul inHuzhu Tu Autonomous County and Mangghuer inMinhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County, is considered necessary by some linguists. While Mongghul was under strong influence fromAmdo Tibetan, the same holds for Mangghuer andSinitic languages, and local varieties of Chinese such as theGangou language were in turn influenced by Monguor.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Phoneme/Sound | Allophones | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| /i/[i] | [ɪ] | in stressed syllables |
| [ɨ] | when following alveolar sibilants or affricates | |
| [ɨ˞] | when following a retroflex consonant | |
| /e/[e] | [ə] | in stressed syllables without onset clusters or coda consonants |
| [ɛ] | in a syllable with a palatal onset or palatal coda | |
| [ə̝] | in a syllable with a nasal coda consonant | |
| /a/[ä] | [ɑ] | in a syllable closed by a velar nasal coda/ŋ/ |
| [ɐ] | before a syllable-final/j/ | |
| [æ] | when a syllable is closed by an alveolar nasal/n/ | |
| [ɛ] | when following a palatal onset consonant, and preceding an alveolar nasal/n/ | |
| /o/[o] | [ɵ] | may be closer in different environments |
| /u/[u] | [ʊ] | when in unstressed syllables |
| [ʉ] | when following palatal consonants |
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | q | |||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ɕ | t͡ʂ | ||||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ɕʰ | t͡ʂʰ | |||||
| Fricative | f | s | ɕ | ʂ | χ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Approximant | liquid | l | ɻ | |||||
| central | j | w | ||||||
In 1958, aCyrillic-based alphabet was developed for Monguor, but its practical use did not begin for political reasons.
The Cyrillic alphabet for Monguor had the following letters:
| Letter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| а | а̄ | б | в | г | γ | д | е | е̄ | ж | җ | з | и | ӣ | ј | к | л | м | н | ң | о | о̄ | п | р | с | т | у | ӯ | ф | х | ц | ч | ҷ | ш | щ | э |
| IPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| /a/ | /aː/ | /b/ | /w/ | /k/ | /q/ | /d/ | /e/ | /eː/ | /t͡ʂ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /t͡s/ | /i/ | /iː/ | /j/ | /kʰ/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /oː/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /uː/ | /f/ | /χ/ | /t͡sʰ/ | /t͡ʂʰ/ | /t͡ɕʰ/ | /ʂ/ | /ɕ/ | /ə/ |
From the 1970s to the 1980s, the currentLatin alphabet for Monguor based onPinyin was developed. It consists of 31 letters.
The following list shows the letters of the Monguor Latin alphabet along with their pronunciation in theIPA:
The letterV is not used.Long vowels are written with double vowel letters.
Mongolian numerals such as the following[5] are only in use in the Mongghul dialect, while Mangghuer speakers have switched to counting in Chinese.[5] Note that while the Mongolian script has onlyarban for 'ten', Middle Mongolian *harpa/n including *h can be reconstructed from the scripts.[6]
| Numeral | Classical Mongolian | Monguor |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | nigen | nige |
| 2 | qoyar | ghoori |
| 3 | ghurban | ghuran |
| 4 | dörben | deeran |
| 5 | tabun | tawun |
| 6 | jirghughan | jirighun |
| 7 | dologhan | duluun |
| 8 | naiman | niiman |
| 9 | yisün | shdzin |
| 10 | arban | haran |
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