Mold
| |
|---|---|
| Town andcommunity | |
 Mold High Street, withSt Mary's Church to the top-right. | |
  Mold Location withinFlintshire | |
| Population | 10,058 (2011 census)[1] |
| OS grid reference | SJ237640 |
| Community |
|
| Principal area | |
| Preserved county | |
| Country | Wales |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | MOLD |
| Postcode district | CH7 |
| Dialling code | 01352 |
| Police | North Wales |
| Fire | North Wales |
| Ambulance | Welsh |
| UK Parliament | |
| Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament | |
| Website | Town council |
53°09′58″N3°07′59″W / 53.166°N 3.133°W /53.166; -3.133  Map of the community | |
Mold (Welsh:Yr Wyddgrugⓘ) is a town andcommunity inFlintshire,Wales, on theRiver Alyn. It is the historiccounty town and was the administrative seat ofFlintshire County Council from 1996 to 2025, as it was ofClwyd from 1974 to 1996. According to the2011 UK census, it had a population of 10,058.[1] A 2019 estimate puts it at 10,123.[3]
The original Welsh-language place name,Yr Wyddgrug, was recorded asGythe Gruc in a document of 1280–1281, and means "The Mound of the Tomb/Sepulchre".
The name "Mold" originates from theNorman-Frenchmont-hault ("high hill"). The name was originally applied to the site ofMold Castle in connection with its builder Robert de Montalt, an Anglo-Norman lord. It is recorded asMohald in a document of 1254.
A mile west of the town is Maes Garmon ("The Field of Germanus"), the traditional site of the "Alleluia Victory" by a force of Romano-Britons led byGermanus of Auxerre against the invadingPicts andScots, which occurred shortly after Easter, AD 430.[4]
Mold developed aroundMold Castle. Themotte and bailey were built by theNorman Robert de Montalt in around 1140 in conjunction with themilitary invasion of Wales byAnglo-Norman forces. The castle was besieged numerous times by thePrinces of Gwynedd as they fought to retake control of the easterncantrefi in thePerfeddwlad (English: Middle Country). In 1146,Owain Gwynedd captured the castle. By 1167,Henry II was in possession of the castle, although it was recaptured by the Welsh forces ofLlywelyn the Great in 1201.
Anglo-Norman authority over the area began again in 1241 whenDafydd ap Llywelyn yielded possession of the castle to the de Montalt family. However, he recaptured it from thePlantagenet nobility in 1245. The next few decades were a period of peace;Llywelyn ap Gruffudd built the Welsh native castle ofEwloe further to the east, establishing theHouse of Gwynedd's military control over the area. Under Welsh rule, Mold Castle was deemed to be a "royal stronghold". It was recaptured by the forces ofEdward I during the first months of the war of 1276–77. Mold Castle was still a substantial fortification at the outbreak ofthe rebellion byMadog ap Llywelyn in 1294. However, with the death of the last Lord Montalt in 1329, the castle's importance began to decline. The last mention of the fortification is inPatent Rolls from the early 15th century.
With the end of the Welsh Wars,English common law was introduced by theStatute of Rhuddlan. This led to an increase in commercial enterprise in the township which had been laid out around Mold Castle. Trade soon began between the Welsh community and English merchants inChester andWhitchurch, Shropshire. During the medieval period, the town held two annual fairs and a weekly market, which brought in substantial revenues, asdrovers brought their livestock to theEnglish-Welsh border to be sold.
Nevertheless, tensions between the Welsh and the English remained. During theWar of the Roses, Reinalt ab Grufydd ab Bleddyn, aLancastrian captain who defendedHarlech Castle forHenry VI againstYorkist forces, was constantly engaged in feuds with Chester. In 1465 a large number of armed men from Chester arrived at the Mold fair looking for trouble. A fight broke out which led to a pitched battle; eventually Reinalt triumphed and captured Robert Bryne, a former Mayor of Chester. The Welsh captain then took Bryne back to his tower house near Mold and hanged him. In retaliation, up to 200 men-at-arms were sent from Chester to seize Reinalt. However, the Welshman used his military experience to turn the tables on his attackers. He hid in the woods while many of the men entered his home; once they were inside, he rushed from concealment, blocked the door, and set fire to the building, trapping those inside. Reinalt then attacked the remainder, driving them back towards Chester.[5]
By the late 15th century, the lordships around Mold had passed to the powerfulStanley family. In 1477 records mention thatThomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby had appointed numerous civic officials in Mold (including amayor), was operating several mills, and had established a courthouse in the town.
In the 1530s, theTudorantiquarianJohn Leland noted the weekly market had been abandoned. By now Mold had two main streets, Streate Byle (Beili) and Streate Dadlede (Dadleu-dy), and about 40 houses making up the settlement. By the beginning of the 17th century, the population was rising with the development of thecoal industry near the town. By the 1630s there were more than 120 houses and huts in the area.
Thegovernment ofElizabeth I had established royal representatives (justices of the peace,sheriffs, andlords lieutenant) in every county of Wales. Mold developed into the administrative centre forFlintshire. By the 1760s, the Quarter Sessions were based in the town; the county hall was established in 1833, and the county gaol in 1871.
In 1833, workmen digging aBronze Age mound at Bryn yr Ellyllon (Fairies'orGoblins' Hill) found a uniquegolden cape dating from 1900 to 1600 BCE. It weighs 560 grams (20 oz) and was made from a single gold ingot about the size of a golf ball. It was broken when found and the fragments shared among the workmen, with the largest piece for Mr Langford, tenant of the field in which the mound stood. The find was recorded by the Vicar of Mold and came to the notice of theBritish Museum. In 1836 Langford sold his piece to the museum, which has since acquired most of the pieces, though it is said that some wives of the workmen sported new jewellery after the find. The restored cape now belongs to the British Museum.[6][7]
Mold hosted theNational Eisteddfod in 1923, 1991 and 2007. There was an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1873.
Mold was linked to Chester by theMold Railway, with a largeBritish Rail station and adjacent marshalling yards and engine sheds; however, the latter closed whenCroes Newydd atWrexham was opened, as did the station in 1962 in theBeeching cuts. However, the track survived until the mid-1980s to serve theSynthite chemical works. ATesco supermarket was built on the station site in the 1990s.
The former Black Lion pub on the High Street was tangentially involved in the Second World War's British intelligence operation known as "Operation Mincemeat".[8][9][10]
In summer 1869 there was a riot in the town[11] which had considerable effect on the subsequent policing of public disturbances in Britain.
On 17 May 1869, John Young, the English manager of the nearby colliery inLeeswood, angered his workers by announcing a pay cut. He had previously strained relationships with them by banning the use of the Welsh language underground. Two days later, after a meeting at the pithead, miners attacked Young beforefrogmarching him to the police station. Seven men were arrested and ordered to stand trial on 2 June. All were found guilty, and the convicted ringleaders, Ismael Jones and John Jones, were sentenced to a month'shard labour.
A large crowd assembled to hear the verdict. TheChief Constable of Flintshire arranged for the presence of police from all over the county and soldiers from the 4thKing's Own Regiment (Lancaster), based temporarily at Chester. As the convicts were transferred to the railway station, a crowd of 1500–2000 grew restive and threw missiles at the officers, injuring many. Soldiers under their commanding officer, Captain Blake, opened fire on the crowd, killing four people.[11] They included an innocent bystander, Margaret Younghusband, a 19-year-old domestic servant from Liverpool, who had been observing events from nearby high ground. The others killed were two colliers, Robert Hannaby and Edward Bellis, and Elizabeth Jones, who was shot in the back and died two days later.
Acoroner's inquest on the first three deaths was held on 5 June. The coroner, Peter Parry, was reportedly "exceedingly old and infirm", "so deaf as to be compelled to use a 'speaking' trumpet" and partially blind. He was assisted by the deputy coroner, his brother Robert Parry. The jury's verdict, after clear direction from the coroner and retiring for only five minutes to consider the matter, was justifiable homicide. Later that afternoon, a second inquest on the death of Elizabeth Jones reached the same verdict.
The following week several men – Isaac Jones, William Griffiths, Rowland Jones, Gomer Jones and William Hughes – were tried for involvement in the riot. They were found guilty of "felonious wounding" and Lord Chief Justice Bovill sentenced all to ten years' penal servitude.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
Although denying the connection,Daniel Owen, who lived in the town, featured some similar events in his first novel,Rhys Lewis, which was published in instalments in 1882–1884.
Mold railway station closed to passengers in 1962.[22] The nearest station is nowBuckley, which has services toWrexham andBidston.Flint railway station, to which Mold has regular bus services, is not much further and has direct trains to Cardiff, London and Manchester. There are frequent daytime bus services from the bus station to Chester, Wrexham, Denbigh, Holywell, Ruthin and other places.
Mold Library shares a building with the localtourist information office, which also provides a sales outlet for local arts and crafts.
Mold is acittaslow – the first town in Wales to achieve the distinction.[24] It has a street market on Wednesday and Saturday for fresh produce and other goods. For speciality and fresh local food, Celyn Farmers' Market is held on the first and third Saturdays of each month.[25]
The Mold Food and Drink Festival is held each September, with a main event area on the edge of the town centre and many central and nearby businesses contributing.[26] 2012 saw Mold's first annual November Fest, a beer festival held at venues in and around Mold to promote real ale, cider and wine.[27]
Local TV North Wales is the local based television station which broadcast to the town. Television signals are received from theMoel y Parc transmitter.[28] With its close proximity withNorth West England, the town can also receive a signal from theWinter Hill TV transmitter.[29]
Radio stations that broadcast to the town areBBC Radio Wales,BBC Radio Cymru,Capital North West and North Wales,Heart North and Mid Wales, andCalon FM, a community based station which broadcast fromWrexham.[30]
The local newspaper isThe Leader.
Twosecondary schools serve Mold and the surrounding villages.Alun School has about 1,800 pupils and is the largest school in the county. It is adjoined byYsgol Maes Garmon, Flintshire's onlyWelsh-medium secondary school.
The town also has the largest primary school in the county, Ysgol Bryn Coch, with about 650 pupils and a second primary school Ysgol Bryn Gwalia. Ysgol Glanrafon is bilingual.
Companies based in Mold include NWN Media, publisher ofThe Leader.
Mold has a typical Britishmaritime climate of cool summers and mild winters. The nearestMet Officeweather station for which online records are available is atLoggerheads, about three miles to the west.[31]
The highest temperature recorded was 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) in August 1990.[32] However, the warmest day is typically around 26.4 °C (79.5 °F),[33] one of around four days to reach a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above.[34]
The lowest temperature recorded was −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) in December 1981.[35] On average the coldest night of the year is −9.7 °C (14.5 °F),[36] with a total of 62.1 frosty nights.[37]
Annual rainfall averages 925 mm. Almost 152 days have at least 1 mm of precipitation.[38]
| Climate data for Loggerheads 210m asl, 1971–2000, Extremes 1961–2005 (Weather Station 3 Miles West of Mold) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) | 16.7 (62.1) | 22.2 (72.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 25.0 (77.0) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 27.2 (81.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 31.7 (89.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.8 (51.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.7 (62.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.6 (65.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 7.1 (44.8) | 12.1 (53.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.2 (32.4) | 1.7 (35.1) | 2.6 (36.7) | 4.9 (40.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 10.0 (50.0) | 8.1 (46.6) | 5.4 (41.7) | 2.6 (36.7) | 0.9 (33.6) | 4.6 (40.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −16.7 (1.9) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −11.0 (12.2) | −4.3 (24.3) | −2.1 (28.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | 1.1 (34.0) | −2.0 (28.4) | −6.2 (20.8) | −10.9 (12.4) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −18.7 (−1.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 82.24 (3.24) | 62.74 (2.47) | 72.38 (2.85) | 62.72 (2.47) | 60.88 (2.40) | 70.82 (2.79) | 62.32 (2.45) | 74.31 (2.93) | 86.96 (3.42) | 90.74 (3.57) | 104.03 (4.10) | 95.65 (3.77) | 925.79 (36.46) |
| Source:Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute[39] | |||||||||||||
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