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Moxo languages

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(Redirected fromMojeño-Trinitario)
Arawakan subfamily of northeastern Bolivia
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Moxo
Mojos
Native toBolivia
RegionBeni Department
Ethnicity21,000Moxo people (2004)[1]
Native speakers
(10,000 cited 2000–2004)[1]
Arawakan
  • Southern
    • Bolivia–Parana
      • Moxos languages
        • Moxo
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
ign – Ignaciano Moxos
trn – Trinitario Moxos
Glottologmoxo1234  Mojeno
magi1242  Magiana

Moxo (also known asMojo, pronounced 'Moho') is any of theArawakan languages spoken by theMoxo people of theLlanos de Moxos in northeasternBolivia. The two extant languages of the Moxo people,Trinitario andIgnaciano, are as distinct from one another as they are from neighboring Arawakan languages. The extinctMagiana was also distinct.

Moxo languages have anactive–stative syntax.[2] It is one of the National Languages ofBolivia.

Sociolinguistic background

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The languages belong to a group of tribes that originally ranged through the upperMamoré, extending east and west from the Guapure (Itenes) to theBeni, and are now centered in theProvince of Moxos, Department ofBeni, Bolivia.[3] They form part of theMamoré-Guaporé linguistic area.[4][5]

Moxo was also the primarylingua franca (Spanish:lengua general) used in theJesuit Missions of Moxos.[6]

Ignaciano is used in town meetings unless outsiders are present, and it is a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. By the 1980s there were fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30.

Classification

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The Moxo languages are most closely related to Bauré, Pauna, and Paikoneka. Together, they form theMamoré-Guaporé languages (named after theMamoré River andGuaporé River). Classification by Jolkesky (2016):[7]: 8 

  • Mamoré-Guaporé languages
    • Bauré
      • Bauré
      • Carmelito
      • Joaquiniano
      • Muxojeóne
    • Moxeno
      • Ignaciano
      • Trinitário
      • Loretano
      • Javierano
    • Paikoneka
      • Paikoneka
    • Paunaka
      • Paunaka

Classification by Danielsen (2011) and Danielsen & Terhart (2014: 226):[8][9]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Consonants in Ignaciano Mojeno[10]
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnɲ
Stopptkʔ
Affricatets
Fricativeβsʃx
Rhoticr
Approximantwlj
Consonants in Trinitario Mojeno
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
plainpal.lab.plainpal.plainpal.plainpal.lab.
Nasalmnɲ
Stopptckʔʔʲ
Affricatetstsʲ
Fricativesçh
Liquidɾɾʲ
Approximantwβ̞ʲj
  • /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] between vowels.
  • /w/ can be heard as [β] before a front vowel, and as [ɥ] when preceding /j/.[11]

Vowels

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Vowels in Ignaciano Mojeno[10]
FrontCentralBack
Highiu
Mide
Lowa
  • /e/ can also have an allophone of [ɛ].
Vowels in Trinitario Mojeno[11]
FrontCentralBack
Highiu
Mideə͡eə͡eːo
Lowa

Word lists

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The following is a wordlist containing sample words from English to Moxos:

English-Moxos
EnglishMoxos
OneIkapia
TwoApisá
ThreeImpúse
ManEhiro
WomanEseno
SunSáche
WaterUni
FireYuku
HeadNuxuti
HandNubupe
CornSuru

Magíana word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):[12]: 170 

Spanish glossEnglish glossMagíana
buenogoodshiomá
malobadshiomallama
el padrefatherpapá
la madremotherkay
el hermanobrothernomasqui
unoonehuestiche
dostwoheravetá

See also

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Further reading

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References

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  1. ^abIgnaciano Moxos atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Trinitario Moxos atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds.,The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  3. ^http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10606b.htmArchived 2008-09-07 at theWayback Machine, New Advent, Moxos Indians, Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  4. ^Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area".From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179.doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre.ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0.ISSN 0165-7763.
  5. ^Muysken, Pieter;Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014).Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-MamoréArchived 2021-07-10 at theWayback Machine. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia.Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  6. ^Crevels, Mily. 2002. Speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia. In Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.),Current Studies on South American Languages [Indigenous Languages of Latin America, 3], p. 9-30. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS).
  7. ^Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák).LIAMES 16: 7-37.
  8. ^Danielsen, Swintha (2011). The personal paradigms in Baure and other South Arawakan languages. In Antoine Guillaume; Françoise Rose (eds.).International Journal of American Linguistics 77(4): 495-520.
  9. ^Danielsen, Swintha; Terhart, Lena (2014). Paunaka. In Mily Crevels; Pieter Muysken (eds.).Lenguas de Bolivia, vol. III: Oriente, pp. 221-258. La Paz: Plural Editores.
  10. ^abJordá, Enrique (2014).Mojeño Ignaciano. In Mily Crevels and Pieter Muysken (eds.), Oriente: La Paz: Plural Editores. pp. 21–58.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  11. ^abRose, Françoise (2021).Mojeño Trinitario. Illustrations of the IPA: Journal of the International Phonetic Association.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  12. ^Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz. 1989.Moxos: Descripciones exactas e historia fiel de los indios, animales y plantas de la provincia de Moxos en el virreinato del Perú por Lázaro de Ribera, 1786-1794. Madrid: El Viso.

External links

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Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms atAppendix:Proto-Mojeño reconstructions
Official languages
Indo-European
Arawakan
Pano–Tacanan
Quechua
Tupian
Other
Sign languages
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Italics indicateextinct languages still recognized by theBolivian constitution.
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Italics indicateextinct languages
Missions
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