Apps were originally intended for productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact databases, but the public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such asmobile games,factory automation, GPS andlocation-based services, order-tracking, and ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. Many apps requireInternet access. Apps are generally downloaded fromapp stores, which are a type ofdigital distribution platforms.
Apps are broadly classified into three types: native apps, hybrid and web apps. Native applications are designed specifically for a mobile operating system, typically iOS or Android. Web apps are written inHTML5 orCSS and typically run through a browser. Hybrid apps are built using web technologies such asJavaScript, CSS, and HTML5 and function like web apps disguised in a native container.[2]
Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software, such as aweb browser,email client,calendar, mapping program, and an app forbuying music, other media, or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can berooted to eliminate the undesired apps.
Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded tolaptops ordesktop computers. Apps can also be installed manually, for example by running anAndroid application package on Android devices.
Some apps arefreeware, while others have a price, which can be upfront or asubscription. Some apps also includemicrotransactions and/oradvertising. In any case, the revenue is usually split between the application's creator and the app store.[3] The same app can, therefore, cost a different price depending on the mobile platform.
Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval, including email,calendar, contacts, the stock market and weather information. However, public demand and the availability of developer tools drove rapid expansion into other categories, such as those handled by desktopapplication software packages. As with other software, the explosion in number and variety of apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation of a wide range of review, recommendation, and curation sources, including blogs, magazines, and dedicated online app-discovery services. In 2014 government regulatory agencies began trying to regulate and curate apps, particularly medical apps.[4] Some companies offer apps as an alternative method to delivercontent with certain advantages over an officialwebsite.
With a growing number of mobile applications available at app stores and the improved capabilities of smartphones, people are downloading more applications to their devices.[5] Usage of mobile apps has become increasingly prevalent across mobile phone users.[6] A May 2012comScore study reported that during the previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively.[7] Researchers found that usage of mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location and time of the day.[8] Mobile apps are playing an ever-increasing role within healthcare and when designed and integrated correctly can yield many benefits.[9][10]
Market research firmGartner predicted that 102 billion apps would be downloaded in 2013 (91% of them free), which would generate $26 billion in the US, up 44.4% on 2012's US$18 billion.[11] By Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone generated $5 billion. An analyst report estimates that the app economy creates revenues of more than€10 billion per year within the European Union, while over 529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app market.[12]
Types
Mobile applications may be classified by numerous methods. A common scheme is to distinguishnative, web-based, and hybrid apps.
Native app
All apps targeted toward a particular mobile platform are known as native apps. Therefore, an app intended forApple device does not run inAndroid devices. As a result, most businesses develop apps for multiple platforms.
While developing native apps, professionals incorporate best-in-class user interface modules. This accounts for better performance, consistency and good user experience. Users also benefit from wider access toapplication programming interfaces and make limitless use of all apps from the particular device. Further, they also switch over from one app to another effortlessly.
The main purpose for creating such apps is to ensure best performance for a specific mobile operating system.
Web-based app
A web-based app is implemented with the standard web technologies ofHTML,CSS, andJavaScript. Internet access is typically required for proper behavior or being able to use all features compared tooffline usage. Most, if not all, user data is stored inthe cloud.
The performance of these apps is similar to aweb application running in a browser, which can be noticeably slower than the equivalent native app. It also may not have the same level of features as the native app.
Hybrid apps are made to support web and native technologies across multiple platforms. These apps are easier and faster to develop than pure native apps. Development involves use of singlecodebase which works in multiple mobile operating systems.[citation needed]
Despite such advantages, hybrid apps exhibit lower performance. Often, apps fail to bear the same look-and-feel in different mobile operating systems.[citation needed]
Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering the constraints and features of these devices. Mobile devices run on battery and have less powerfulprocessors than personal computers and also have more features such aslocation detection and cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide array of screen sizes, hardware specifications and configurations because of intense competition in mobile software and changes within each of the platforms (although these issues can be overcome with mobile device detection).
Mobile application development requires the use of specializedintegrated development environments. Mobile apps are first tested within the development environment usingemulators and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may not have physical access.[13][14]
Mobileuser interface (UI) Design is also essential. Mobile UI considers constraints and contexts, screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user is often the focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation. Mobile UI design constraints include limited attention and form factors, such as a mobile device's screen size for a user's hand. Mobile UI contexts signal cues from user activity, such as location and scheduling that can be shown from user interactions within a mobile application. Overall, mobile UI design's goal is primarily for an understandable, user-friendly interface.
Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication, authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is supported by a mix ofmiddleware components includingmobile app servers,Mobile Backend as a service (MBaaS), andSOA infrastructure.
Conversational interfaces display the computer interface and present interactions through text instead of graphic elements. They emulate conversations with real humans.[15] There are two main types of conversational interfaces: voice assistants (like theAmazon Echo) andchatbots.[15]
Conversational interfaces are growing particularly practical as users are starting to feel overwhelmed with mobile apps (a term known as "app fatigue").[16][17]
David Limp, Amazon's senior vice president of devices, says in an interview with Bloomberg, "We believe the next big platform is voice."[18]
This section needs to beupdated. The reason given is: Outdated stats; Microsoft Store no longer caters for mobile apps as Windows Mobile has been discontinued; Nokia Ovi store is long closed; Samsung Apps has been renamed; etc.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2020)
Google Play (formerly known as the Android Market) is an international online software store developed by Google for Android devices. It opened in October 2008.[19] In July 2013, the number of apps downloaded via the Google Play Store surpassed 50 billion, of the over 1 million apps available.[20] As of September 2016, according toStatista the number of apps available exceeded 2.4 million. Over 80% of apps in the Google Play Store are free to download.[21] The store generated a revenue of 6 billion U.S. dollars in 2015.
Apple's App Store foriOS andiPadOS was not the first app distribution service, but it ignited the mobile revolution and was opened on July 10, 2008, and as of September 2016, reported over 140 billion downloads. The originalAppStore was first demonstrated to Steve Jobs in 1993 by Jesse Tayler at NeXTWorld Expo[22] As of June 6, 2011, there were 425,000 apps available, which had been downloaded by 200 million iOS users.[23][24] During Apple's 2012Worldwide Developers Conference, CEOTim Cook announced that the App Store has 650,000 available apps to download as well as 30 billion apps downloaded from the app store until that date.[25] From an alternative perspective, figures seen in July 2013 by theBBC from tracking service Adeven indicate over two-thirds of apps in the store are "zombies", barely ever installed by consumers.[26]
Microsoft Store (formerly known as the Windows Store) was introduced by Microsoft in 2012 for itsWindows 8 andWindows RT platforms. While it can also carry listings for traditional desktop programs certified for compatibility with Windows 8, it is primarily used to distribute "Windows Store apps"—which are primarily built for use on tablets and other touch-based devices (but can still be used with akeyboard andmouse, and ondesktop computers andlaptops).[27][28]
Amazon Appstore is an alternative application store for the Android operating system. It was opened in March 2011 and as of June 2015, the app store has nearly 334,000 apps.[29] The Amazon Appstore's Android Apps can also be installed and run onBlackBerry 10 devices.
Ovi (Nokia) forNokia phones was launched internationally in May 2009. In May 2011, Nokia announced plans to rebrand its Ovi product line under the Nokia brand[30] and Ovi Store was renamed Nokia Store in October 2011.[31] Nokia Store will no longer allow developers to publish new apps or app updates for its legacy Symbian and MeeGo operating systems from January 2014.[32]
Windows Phone Store was introduced byMicrosoft for its Windows Phone platform, which was launched in October 2010. As of October 2012[update], it has over 120,000 apps available.[33]
Samsung Apps was introduced in September 2009.[34] As of October 2011, Samsung Apps reached 10 million downloads. The store is available in 125 countries and it offers apps for Windows Mobile, Android and Bada platforms.
The Electronic AppWrapper was the first electronic distribution service to collectively provide encryption and purchasing electronically[35]
F-Droid — Free and open Source Android app repository.
Opera Mobile Store is a platform independent app store for iOS, Java, BlackBerry OS, Symbian, iOS, and Windows Mobile, and Android based mobile phones. It was launched internationally in March, 2011.
There are numerous other independent app stores for Android devices.
Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible forprovisioning and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile apps used in business settings. The strategy is meant to off-set the security risk of a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) work strategy. When an employee brings a personal device into an enterprise setting, mobile application management enables the corporate IT staff to transfer required applications, control access to business data, and remove locally cached business data from the device if it is lost, or when its owner no longer works with the company.Containerization is an alternate approach to security. Rather than controlling an employee/s entire device, containerization apps create isolated pockets separate from personal data. Company control of the device only extends to that separate container.[36]
App wrapping vs. native app management
Especially when employees "bring your own device" (BYOD), mobile apps can be a significant security risk for businesses, because they transfer unprotected sensitive data to the Internet without knowledge and consent of the users. Reports of stolen corporate data show how quickly corporate and personal data can fall into the wrong hands. Data theft is not just the loss of confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack and blackmail.[37]
Professional mobile application management helps companies protect their data. One option for securing corporate data isapp wrapping. But there also are some disadvantages like copyright infringement or the loss of warranty rights. Functionality, productivity and user experience are particularly limited under app wrapping. The policies of a wrapped app can not be changed. If required, it must be recreated from scratch, adding cost.[38] An app wrapper is a mobile app made wholly from an existingwebsite orplatform,[39] with few or no changes made to the underlying application. The "wrapper" is essentially a new management layer that allowsdevelopers to set up usage policies appropriate for app use.[39] Examples of these policies include whether or notauthentication is required, allowing data to be stored on the device, and enabling/disablingfile sharing between users.[40] Because most app wrappers are often websites first, they often do not align withiOS orAndroid Developer guidelines.
Alternatively, it is possible to offer native apps securely throughenterprise mobility management. This enables more flexible IT management as apps can be easily implemented and policies adjusted at any time.[41]
^Yetisen, Ali Kemal; Martinez-Hurtado, J. L; Da Cruz Vasconcellos, Fernando; Simsekler, M. C. Emre; Akram, Muhammad Safwan; Lowe, Christopher R (2014). "The regulation of mobile medical applications".Lab on a Chip.14 (5):833–40.doi:10.1039/C3LC51235E.PMID24425070.
^Pham, Xuan Lam; Nguyen, Thi Huyen; Chen, Gwo Dong (2018). "Research Through the App Store: Understanding Participant Behavior on a Mobile English Learning App".Journal of Educational Computing Research.56 (7):1076–1098.doi:10.1177/0735633117727599.S2CID64678404.
^Perez, Sarah. July 2, 2012. "comScore: In U.S. Mobile Market, Samsung, Android Top The Charts; Apps Overtake Web Browsing."techcrunch.comArchived 2017-07-04 at theWayback Machine
^Böhmer, Matthias; Hecht, Brent; Schöning, Johannes; Krüger, Antonio; Bauer, Gernot (2011). "Falling asleep with Angry Birds, Facebook and Kindle".Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - MobileHCI '11. pp. 47–56.doi:10.1145/2037373.2037383.ISBN978-1-4503-0541-9.S2CID8654592.
^Shaw, Norman; Sergueeva, Ksenia (April 2019). "The non-monetary benefits of mobile commerce: Extending UTAUT2 with perceived value".International Journal of Information Management.45:44–55.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.024.S2CID106407622.
^Rob, Thomas (8 May 2009)."Energy Smart Mobile app".mobileapp-development.com. United Kingdom: Case Study.Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved16 May 2016.
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