Mobile, Alabama, was an important port city on theGulf of Mexico for theConfederate States of America during theAmerican Civil War. Mobile fell to theUnion Army late in the war following successful attacks on the defenses ofMobile Bay by theUnion Navy.
Mobile had grown substantially in the period leading up to the Civil War when theConfederates heavily fortified it. The 1860 U.S. Census reported that Mobile had 29,258 residents, making it the 27th largest city in the country. When the Confederacy was formed after thesecession of eleven Southernslave-holding states, Mobile became the 4th largest city in the breakaway nation. Statistically, Mobile in 1860 was 69 percent whites, 3 percent free blacks and 28 percent slaves.[1]
One observer described the city in 1861, "With a population of thirty thousand the city contains many pleasant residences, embowered in shade trees, and surrounded by generous grounds. It is rendered attractive by its tall pines, live oak, and Pride-of-China trees."[2]
As war erupted, military fervor in Mobile was high, and hundreds of able-bodied men responded to recruitment drives and signed up for service in the Confederate army. In addition, several antebellummilitia companies formally volunteered their services and enrolled. The Creole Guard and the Southern Guard were among those new troops that manned Mobile's defenses, as did the Mobile Cadets (Co A of the 21st Alabama became part of the 3rd Alabama Infantry, while Co K, Mobile Cadets, remained with the 21st Alabama).[3] The Pelham Cadets (1st Battalion Alabama Cadets) served at Mobile and in various parts of Alabama in 1864 and 1865.[4]
Withsecession and the creation of theConfederate States Navy came the need for warships. Mobile's shipmakers responded by hastily constructing a series of vessels for naval usage, among them theCSSGaines and theCSSMorgan, both partially armored wooden ships with 2-inch armor plating over unseasoned wood.[5]
Early in the war, Union naval forces established ablockade under the command ofAdmiralDavid Farragut. The Confederates countered the blockade by constructing "blockade runners;" fast, shallow-draft, low-slung ships that could either outrun or evade the blockaders, maintaining a trickle of trade in and out of Mobile.
TheCSS Hunley, the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel in combat, was built and tested in Mobile before being shipped toCharleston, South Carolina.Hunley was ready for a demonstration by July 1863. Supervised by ConfederateAdmiralFranklin Buchanan, The innovative boat successfully attacked a coal flatboat in Mobile Bay, suggesting that the relatively new concept of submarine warfare might be viable.[6]
Mobile was the site of several Civil War hospitals for wounded and ill soldiers.Mobile City Hospital treated a significant number of civilians who became sick during the war fromyellow fever and other diseases. TheMarine Hospital cared for Confederate soldiers, and later in the war, for Union troops as well.[7]
Food and others shortages were common in Mobile as the blockade tightened and cut the city off from external sources of raw materials, cloth, and other sundries. In April 1863, ariot erupted as angry citizens demanded bread to feed their families. The outbreak was short-lived, but lingering discontent and anger simmered through the spring and summer, finally boiling over in September. More than 100 frustrated women gathered on Spring Hill Road, some carrying banners that read "Bread or Blood" on one side and "Bread and Peace" on the other. Several had brought brooms and even a few axes as weapons. They stormed up Dauphin Street, demanding satisfaction for their bread shortage. A localmilitia force was mobilized with orders to stop the mob, but they refused to march out of sympathy with the women's cause. The rioters reached the office of Mayor R. H. Slough and demanded relief from the food shortage. When Slough promised to get them food, the mob broke up and the ladies returned to their homes.[3]
In August 1864, Union Navy Admiral David Farragut's warships fought their way past the two forts (Gaines and Morgan) guarding the mouth of Mobile Bay and defeated a small force of Confederategunboats and oneironclad, theCSS Tennessee, in theBattle of Mobile Bay. It is here that Farragut is alleged to have uttered his famous "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead" quote. The Union action did not force the surrender of the city of Mobile, but it did effectively close off the city's access to Mobile Bay and eliminate the residual traffic of the localblockade runners.[8]
On April 12, 1865, three days after the surrender ofRobert E. Lee atAppomattox Courthouse, the city of Mobile surrendered to the Union army to avoid destruction following the Union victories at theBattle of Spanish Fort and theBattle of Fort Blakeley.[9]
Ironically, on May 25, 1865, the city suffered loss when some three hundred people died as a result of anexplosion at afederalammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, sank ships docked on theMobile River, and the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.[10]
Among the more notable Civil War personalities from Mobile wereRear AdmiralRaphael Semmes (an antebellum attorney in Mobile following his U.S. Navy service) andBrig. Gen.Zachariah C. Deas (a Mobile merchant and cotton broker whose brigade fought at theBattle of Chickamauga, where they routed theUnion division ofPhilip H. Sheridan and killed Brig. Gen.William H. Lytle).[11]
Mobile residentAugusta Jane Evans was a staunchstates' rights activist who became a leading pro-Confederacy propagandist during the war. The novelist nursed sick and wounded Confederate soldiers atFort Morgan on Mobile Bay. She also sowed sandbanks for the defense of the community, wrote patriotic addresses, and set up a hospital, Camp Beulah, near her residence. Augusta's propaganda masterpiece wasMacaria, a novel that promoted national desire for an independent national culture and reflected Southern values as they were at that time.[12]
Robert H. Slough served as the mayor of Mobile throughout most of the Civil War, serving from 1862 until the war's end in 1865. His tenure was wrapped by that of former U.S. Minister to Mexico and Alabama state legislatorJohn Forsyth Jr., who preceded Slough in 1861 and then succeeded him in 1865.[13]
Dr.Josiah C. Nott of Mobile was a leading researcher into the causes ofyellow fever. During the war, he was a surgeon and staff officer in the Confederate Army, and in charge of inspecting the military hospitals in Mobile. Two of his sons died in the war while serving in Alabama regiments.[14]
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