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Mo orMoism (Chinese:麽教;pinyin:Mó jiào)[1] is thereligion of the majority ofZhuang people, the largest ethnic minority ofChina. It has a large presence in theGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. While it has asupreme god, thecreatorBu Luotuo (布洛陀),[2] numerous other deities are venerated as well. It has a three-element-theory (sky, earth and water).[2] Mo isanimistic, teaching that spirits are present in everything.[3]
Mo developed from prehistoric beliefs of the Zhuang people;[3] it also has similarities toChinese folk religion,[4] and has developed similar doctrines toBuddhism andTaoism, in the process of competition with the influence of these religions on Zhuang culture.[5][6] TheCultural Revolution of China weakened Mo,[3] though the religion has undergone a revival since the 1980s.[7][8] Moism varies from region to region.[3]
Mo has a three-element theory (sky, earth and water).[2] The religion isanimistic, teaching that spirits are present in everything.[3] The spirits are seen as immortal and subject to changes in mood.[3] Mo exhibitstotemism and the cult of reproduction.[3][jargon]
In Mo,Bu Luotuo is considered the supreme god, creator and the founder of the religion.[2]
The Flower Mother,Me Hoa, is seen as the creator of humanity and Bu Luotuo's wife. As the goddess of reproduction, she is seen as governing a large garden of golden flowers (boys) and silver flowers (girls). Whoever behaves with good sense and sentiment will receive good flowers (i.e. good children), while those who behave with bad sense receive bad flowers. Families have altars for her.[3]
Other gods includeTudigong, who is thought to protect the village; She Shen, who is the village tutelary spirit; the Shan Shen ("god of the mountains"); and theDragon King.[9] Rice is seen as important;[3] there is therefore a field god and a rice god.
In Mo, spirits are thought to be present in everything, and even inanimate things such as water are considered to have souls. Mo spirits include deities and ancestors as well as devils.
People are considered to have three souls after death: One goes to the sky, one to the cemetery and one comes back to the deceased's family. Souls of the dead enter a netherworld but can continue to assist the living.[9] According to the religion, people who have died by violence can become evil spirits.[9]
Praying is common within this religion. Sorcerers venerate their masters as well as the founders of witchcraft in their family. There are temples dedicated to land gods. The sun god is celebrated and given offerings.
Mo has the sacred epicBuluotuo,[3] concerning the creation of the universe and life as well as how to live a religiously meritorious life. Its transmission was originally oral.[10]
According to Mo, every person is a flower in the garden ofMolujia, the goddess of birth.[3] On February 29 of the peasants' almanac, the goddess's birthday, women pick flowers and pray to her for pregnancy.[3] She is said to have been born in a flower at the beginning of the world.[3] There is a festival for her, which varies in place, date and ceremonial procedure.[3]
The religion has the custom of burying the dead twice.[3] People who have died by violence are cremated to prevent the release of potential malevolent spirits.
Mediums, shamans or sorcerers are employed at funerals to treat disease and to ward off evil.[3]
Mo has femaleshamans, who attempt to treat sickness and communicate with ancestors while in trances.[9] They mostly are recognized as shamans after having had a state similar to trance and claiming to have met spirits in this state.[3] In rural areas, they are consideredprophets andmiracle healers.[3] There are also male shamans, who serve at an altar.[9] There are sacrifices of oxen, chickens, and other livestock.[3]
A complete family is considered to have three parts: The descendants of the same ancestors, the grave site, and the spirits of the ancestors.[3] The spirits of the ancestors are given great consideration and seen as protecting people.[3] To return to the sacred world of the ancestors is seen as the greatest end for the deceased.[3] Frequently, Mo practitioners have a hall for the ancestors of their homes where ancestors from the past three generations are venerated.[3] Such halls are also the site of ancestor worship ceremonies for important festivals, weddings, deaths and births.[3] It is not allowed to put dog, cat or snake meat in front of the hall.[3] Mo adherents feel a mixture of fear and awe towards their ancestors, believing that their ancestors can support or punish them at will.[3] Because they believe their fate is in the hands of their ancestors, the family propitiates the ancestors through prayer and sacrifices.[3]
Mo practitioners celebrate the following festivals of Chinese origin: theSpring Festival, theQingming Festival, theDuanwu Festival, theMid-Autumn Festival and theDongzhi Festival.[3] Regular rituals are performed on traditional celebrations prescribed in the yearly calendar.
The supreme deity of Mo is a sky god. There are sacrifices to him on the morning of the new year.
Sanyuesan is a festival, which takes place on 3 March of the lunar calendar and is considered to be as important as Qingming.[3] On the same day, before the festival takes place, sacrifices for the ancestors take place and graves are cleaned.[3] Adherents sing, and boys keep an eye out for potential female partners.[3]
Cattle are seen as holy. TheCattle Soul Festival is celebrated on the 8th day of the 4th lunar month, which Mo adherents believe is the birthday of the Cattle King.[3] On this day, adherents go to their cattle barns and free the animals from their yoke.[3]
TheFrog Festival takes place during the 1st lunar month, when people pray for rain and a good harvest.[3]
TheGhost Festival takes several days, and is based on the belief that the deceased can contact their relatives as ghosts or by other supernatural means.[3] Families clean their homes carefully and undertake other preparations; then the ghosts are welcomed.[3] Finally, families say goodbye to the ghost and burn objects so that the ghosts are supplied in afterlife.[3]
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