| Mizoch ghetto | |
|---|---|
  Mizocz Mizoch ghetto location duringthe Holocaust, with the Nazi administrative districts | |
  Mizocz Ghetto Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Ukraine Show map of Ukraine Mizocz Ghetto Mizocz Ghetto in Modern Rivne Oblast, Ukraine Show map of Rivne Oblast | |
| Location | NearRivne inwestern Ukraine,Reichskommissariat Ukraine 50°24′N26°09′E / 50.400°N 26.150°E /50.400; 26.150 |
| Date | March 1942 - 14 October 1942 |
| Incident type | Imprisonment, forced labor, mass shootings |
| Perpetrators | Einsatzgruppen,Order Police battalions,Ukrainian Auxiliary Police |
| Ghetto | 1,700 population |
| Victims | about 200 (at the fire)[1] about 2,000 to 3,500 (at mass shootings)[a] |
TheMizoch (Mizocz) Ghetto (German:Misotsch;Cyrillic: Мизоч;Yiddish: מיזאָטש) was aWorld War II ghetto set up in the town ofMizoch, then Eastern Poland, today Western Ukraine, by Nazi Germany for the forcible segregation and mistreatment of Jews. In October 1942,Ukrainian Auxiliary Police and German policemen enclosed the ghetto; an uprising erupted, and the remaining inhabitants weremass murdered. Their execution was photographed by theSS.
Jews settled in Mizoch in the 18th century. In 1897, the total population of the town was 2,662 with 1,175 Jews owning factories for felt, oil and sugar production, as well as the flour mill and sawmills.[3] Some Jews emigrated duringWorld War I. According to the national census of 1921 in theSecond Polish Republic there were 845 Jews in Mizocz, most of them identifying withTurzyskHasidism. Their numbers grew as thePolish economy improved.[3] It was an urban community between world wars like many others inKresy (eastern Poland), inhabited by Jews and Poles along with members of other minorities includingUkrainians. There was a military school in Mizocz forofficer cadets of Battalion 11 of thePolish Army's First Brigade;[4] the Karwicki Palace (built in 1790), Hotel Barmocha Fuksa,[5] a Catholic and an Orthodox church, and a Synagogue. The nearest major city wasRówno.[4]
Mizoch is situated some 18 miles (29 km) east ofDubno.[6] Before theGerman-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, the town, Mizocz, was located in theWołyń Voivodeship in theSecond Polish Republic.[4]Annexed by the USSR following the 1939Soviet invasion of eastern Poland, Mizocz was occupied by theWehrmacht inOperation Barbarossa, the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Some 300 Jews escaped with the retreating Soviets.[3]
On 12 October 1942 the closed-off ghetto of about 1,700 Jews was surrounded byUkrainian Auxiliary Police and German policemen in preparation for the ghetto liquidation action. The Jews fought back in an uprising which may have lasted as long as two days. About half the residents were able to flee or hide during the confusion before the uprising was put down. On October 14, the inmates of the ghetto set many of the houses on fire; as a result, while many succeeded in escaping, about 200 people died in the flames inside the ghetto. On 14 and 15 October the captured survivors were transported in lorries to a secluded ravine and shot.[7][1]
The shootings were photographed.[8] The images, owned bySS-Unterscharführer Schäfer until 1945, became part of theLudwigsburg investigation (ZSt. II 204 AR 1218/70). They were published, and have become well known. Frequently the photographs are erroneously said to depict other Holocaust shootings.[9]
Two of the photographs show the "Aktion" in progress. The photographs give clear evidence of the execution practice common during the Holocaust by bullet inReichskommissariat Ukraine. The victims were led to the killing place in groups of five or so individuals, and forced to lie down among the prior victims, to be shot in the back of the neck or head, with a single bullet.[8] Historians have commented upon the brutality shown in the Mizocz mass murder photographs:
In 1942 at Mizocz, in the region of Rovno in Ukraine, approximately 1,700 Jews were executed. The photographs show large numbers of people being herded into a ravine, women and children undressing, a line of naked women and children in a queue and finally their executed bodies. Two particular harrowing photographs show German police standing among heaps of naked corpses of women strewn on either side of the ravine.[9]
The archival description of the entire set of photographs by theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) includes the following statements. Photograph #17876: "According to the Zentrale Stelle in Germany (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70), these Jews were collected by theGermanGendarmerie andUkrainianSchutzmannschaft during the liquidation of the Mizocz ghetto, which held roughly 1,700 Jews."[10] Photograph #17877: "Naked Jewish women, some of whom are holding infants, wait in a line before their execution by German Sipo and SD with the assistance of Ukrainian auxiliaries."[10] Photograph #17878: "German police officer shoots Jewish women still alive after a mass execution (Zst. II 204 AR 1218/70)."[10][11]Photograph #17879: a "German policeman prepares to complete a mass execution by shooting two Jewish children."[10]
Mizocz was later the site ofthe OUN-UPA massacre of about 100 Poles byUkrainian nationalists in late August 1943. Some 60 percent of the homes were set on fire and burned.[12] Among the victims was Ukrainian carpenter Mr Zachmacz and his entire family, murdered along with the Poles because he refused to enter the fray. His eight-year-old son survived hiding with the Poles.[4]
Following World War II,Poland's borders were redrawn and Mizoch was incorporated into theUkrainian SSR.[4] The Jewish community was never restored. After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, the town became part of independent Ukraine.[13][14]