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Miscegenation (/mɪˌsɛdʒəˈneɪʃən/mih-SEJ-ə-NAY-shən) ismarriage oradmixture between people who are members of differentraces orethnicities.[1] Long-term genetic and cultural admixture has been a widespread feature of human populations across much of the world, while only a few geographically or culturally isolated regions show limited historical intermixing.[2][3] Historically, it has been sometimes subject to controversy or legal prohibition, typically in societies with strictracial/ethnic separation,hierarchical social structures orcultural conservationism. Adjectives describing miscegenation include "interethnic", "mixed-race", "multiethnic", "multiracial", and "interracial".
Miscegenation comes from theLatinmiscere, 'to mix' andgenus, 'kind'.[4] The word was coined in an anonymouspropagandapamphlet published inNew York City in December 1863, during theAmerican Civil War. The pamphlet was entitledMiscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro.[5] It purported to advocate the intermarriage of whites and blacks until they were indistinguishably mixed, and further asserted that this was a goal of theRepublican Party. The pamphlet was a hoax concocted byDemocrats to discredit the Republicans by imputing to them what were then radical views that would offend the vast majority of whites, eventhose who opposed slavery. The issue of miscegenation, raised by opponents ofAbraham Lincoln, featured prominently in thesenatorial election campaign of 1859. In his fourthdebate withStephen A. Douglas, Lincoln took great care to emphasize that he supported the law ofIllinois, which forbade "the marrying of white people withnegroes".[6]
The pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in both theNorth andSouth by Democrats andConfederates. Only in November 1864, after Lincoln had won the election, was the pamphlet exposed in the United States as a hoax. It was written byDavid Goodman Croly, managing editor of theNew York World, a Democratic Party paper, and George Wakeman, aWorld reporter. By then, the wordmiscegenation had entered the common language of the day as a popularbuzzword in political and social discourse.
Before the publication ofMiscegenation, the wordsracial intermixing andamalgamation were used as general terms for ethnic and racial genetic mixing. Contemporary usage of theamalgamation metaphor, borrowed frommetallurgy, was that ofRalph Waldo Emerson's private vision in 1845 of America as an ethnic and racial smelting-pot, a variation on the concept of themelting pot metaphor.[7] Opinions in the United States on the desirability of such intermixing, including that between whiteProtestants andIrish Catholic immigrants, were divided. The termmiscegenation was coined to refer specifically to the intermarriage of blacks and whites, with the intent of galvanizing opposition to the war.
InSpanish America, the termmestizaje, which is derived frommestizo, is a term used to describe a person who is the offspring of anIndigenous American and a European. The primary reason why there are so few remainingindigenous peoples of Central andSouth America[clarification needed] is because of the persistent and pervasive miscegenation between theIberian colonists and the indigenous American population,[citation needed] which is the most common admixture of ethnicities found in the genetic tests of present-day Latinos.[8][9] This explains why Latinos in North America, the vast majority of whom are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Central and South America, carry an average of 18% Native American ancestry, and 65.1% European ancestry (mostly from theIberian Peninsula).[10][11]
InSpanish,Portuguese, andFrench, the words used to describe the mixing of races aremestizaje,mestiçagem, andmétissage respectively. These words, much older than the term "miscegenation", are derived from theLate Latinmixticius for "mixed", which is also the root of the Spanish wordmestizo. (Portuguese also usesmiscigenação, derived from the same Latin root as the English word.) These terms are not consideredpejorative,[citation needed] although they have historically been tied to thecaste system (casta) that was established during the colonial era in Spanish-speaking Latin America.
Today, the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse, so it is considered preferable[citation needed] to use the term "mixed-race" or simply "mixed" (mezcla). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America (i.e.,Brazil), a milder form of caste system existed, although it also provided for legal and social discrimination among individuals belonging to different races, sinceslavery for black people existed until the late 19th century. Intermarriage occurred significantly from the very first settlements to the present day, affording mixed peopleupward mobility in Brazil forBlack Brazilians, a phenomenon known as the "mulatto escape hatch".[12] To this day, there are controversies regarding whether the Brazilian class system would be drawn mostly around socioeconomic lines, not racial ones (in a manner similar to other formerPortuguese colonies). Conversely, people classified incensuses as black, brown ("pardo") or indigenous have disadvantaged social indicators in comparison to the white population.[13][14]
The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference. As the different connotations and etymologies of "miscegenation" andmestizaje suggest, definitions ofrace, "race mixing" and multiraciality have diverged globally as well ashistorically, depending on changing social circumstances and cultural perceptions. Mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usuallyAmerindian ancestry, who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. In Canada, however, theMétis, who also have partly Amerindian and partly white, oftenFrench Canadian, ancestry, have identified as an ethnic group and are a constitutionally recognizedindigenous people in Canada.
Interracial marriages are often disparaged inracial minority communities as well.[15] Data from thePew Research Center has shown thatAfrican Americans are twice as likely aswhite Americans to believe that interracial marriage "is a bad thing".[16] There is a considerable amount of scientific literature that demonstrates similar patterns.[17][18] The differences between related terms and words which encompass aspects of racial admixture show the impact of different historical and cultural factors leading to changingsocial interpretations of race and ethnicity. Thus theComte de Montlosier, in exile during theFrench Revolution, equated class difference in 18th-century France with racial difference. BorrowingBoulainvilliers' discourse on the "Nordic race" as being theFrench aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", he showed his contempt for the lowestsocial class, theThird Estate, calling it "this new person born of slaves ... a mixture of all races and of all times".[citation needed]
Interracial relationships have profoundly influenced various regions throughout history.Africa has had a long history of interracial mixing with non-Africans, sinceprehistoric times, with migrations from theLevant leading to significant admixture. This continued into antiquity withArab andEuropean explorers, traders, and soldiers having relationships with African women. Mixed-race communities like theColoureds inSouth Africa andBasters inNamibia emerged from these unions. In theAmericas and Asia, similar patterns of interracial relationships and communities formed. In the US, historical taboos and laws against interracial marriage evolved, culminating in the landmarkLoving v. Virginia case in 1967.Latin America, particularlyBrazil, has a rich history of racial mixing, reflected in its diverse population. In Asia, countries likeIndia,China, andJapan experienced interracial unions through trade, colonization, and migration, contributing to diverse genetic and cultural landscapes.
In Europe,Nazi Germany's anti-miscegenation laws sought to maintain "racial purity," specifically targetingJewish-German unions.Hungary and France saw mixed marriages through historical conquests and colonialism, such as betweenVietnamese men and French women during the early 20th century. InOceania, particularlyAustralia andNew Zealand, dynamics varied; Australia had policies like theWhite Australia policy and practices affectingIndigenous populations, while New Zealand saw significantMāori and European intermarriages. In theMiddle East, inter-ethnic relationships were common, often involvingArab and non-Arab unions.Portuguese colonies encouraged mixed marriages to integrate populations, notably seen in Brazil and other territories, resulting in diverse, multicultural societies.
Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain U.S. states until 1967 (but they were still on the books in some states until 2000),[19] inNazi Germany (theNuremberg Laws) from 1935 until 1945, inFascist Italy (theItalian racial laws) from 1938 until 1944, in theItalian Social Republic from 1943 until 1945, and in South Africa during theapartheid era (1949–1985). All of these laws primarily banned marriage between persons who were members of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the United States. The laws in Nazi Germany and the laws in many U.S. states, as well as the laws in South Africa, also explicitly banned sexual relations between such individuals.
In the United States, various state laws prohibited marriages betweenwhites andblacks, and in many states, they also prohibited marriages between whites andNative Americans as well as marriages between whites andAsians.[20] In the United States, such laws were known asanti-miscegenation laws, with theMaryland General Assembly the first to criminalize interracial marriage in 1691.[21] From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws.[22] Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" to theUnited States Constitution was proposed in 1871, in 1912–1913, and again in 1928,[23][24] no nationwide law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, theUnited States Supreme Court unanimously ruled inLoving v. Virginia that anti-miscegenation laws areunconstitutional via theFourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868.[25] With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states which still had them.
The Nazi ban on interracial sexual relations and marriages was enacted in September 1935 as part of theNuremberg Laws, theGesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour). The Nuremberg Laws classifiedJews as a race, and they also forbade extramarital sexual relations and marriages between persons who were classified as "Aryans" and persons who were classified as "non-Aryans". Violations of these laws were condemned asRassenschande (lit. "race-disgrace/race-shame") and they could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed bydeportation to aconcentration camp) and could even be punished by death.
TheProhibition of Mixed Marriages Act in South Africa, enacted in 1949, banned intermarriages between members of different racial groups, including intermarriages betweenwhites and non-whites. TheImmorality Act, enacted in 1950, also made it a criminal offense for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person who was a member of a different race. Both of these laws were repealed in 1985.
According to the U.S.Census,[26] in 2000 there were 504,119 Asian–white marriages, 287,576 black-white marriages, and 31,271 Asian–black marriages. The black–white marriages increased from 65,000 in 1970 to 403,000 in 2006,[27] and 558,000 in 2010,[28] according to Census Bureau figures.[29]
In the United States, rates of interracialcohabitation are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7 percent of married African American men have Caucasian American wives, 13% of cohabitating African American men have Caucasian American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have Caucasian spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with Caucasian American men. Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners over 10% married White American women.[30][31] Asian American women and Asian American men who live with a white partner, 40 and 27 percent, respectively (Le, 2006b). In 2008, of new marriages including an Asian man, 80% were to an Asian spouse and 14% to a White spouse; of new marriages involving an Asian woman, 61% were to an Asian spouse and 31% to a White spouse.[32] Almost 30% of Asians and Latinos outmarry, with 86.8 and 90% of these, respectively, being to a white person.[33] According to Karyn Langhorne Folan, "although the most recent census available reported that 70% ofAfrican American women are single, African American women have the greatest resistance to marrying 'out' of the race."[34]
One survey revealed that 19% of black men had engaged in sexual activity with white women.[35] AGallup poll on interracial dating in June 2006 found 75% of Americans approving of a white man dating a black woman, and 71% approving of a black man dating a white woman. Among people between the ages of 18 and 29, the poll found that 95% approved of blacks and whites dating, and about 60% said they had dated someone of a different race.[36] 69% of Hispanics, 52% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 45% of non-Hispanic whites said they had dated someone of another race or ethnic group.[37] In 1980, just 17% of all respondents said they had dated someone from a different racial background.[38]
However, according to a study from theUniversity of California at Berkeley, using data from over 1 million profiles of singles fromonline dating websites, whites were far more reluctant to date outside their race than non-whites. The study found that over 80% of whites, including whites who stated no racial preference, contacted other whites, whereas about 3% of whites contacted blacks, a result that held for younger and older participants. Only 5% of whites responded to inquiries from blacks. Black participants were ten times more likely to contact whites than whites were to contact blacks, however black participants sent inquiries to other blacks more often than otherwise.[39][40]
Interracial marriage is still relatively uncommon, despite the increasing rate. In 2010, 15% of new marriages were interracial, and of those only 9% of Whites married outside of their race. However, this takes into account inter ethnic marriages, meaning it countswhite Hispanics marryingnon-Hispanic whites as interracial marriages, despite both bride and groom being raciallywhite. Of the 275,000 new interracial marriages in 2010, 43% were white-Hispanic, 14.4% were white-Asian, 11.9% were white-black and the rest were other combinations.[41] However, interracial marriage has become more common over the past decades due to increasing racial diversity, and liberalizing attitudes toward the practice. The number of interracial marriages in the United States increased by 65% between 1990 and 2000, and by 20% between 2000 and 2010.[42] "A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. ... Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks between 1980 and 2008. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980", according to aPew Research Center analysis of demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau.[43]
According to studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King made publicly available on theEducation Resources Information Center, White female-Black male and White female-Asian male marriages are more prone todivorce than White-White pairings.[44] Conversely, unions between White males and non-White females (and between Hispanics and non-Hispanic persons) have similar or lower risks of divorce than White-White marriages, unions between white male-black female last longer than white-white pairings or white-Asian pairings.[44]
In the 2022 census, 92.1 million people or 45.3% of Brazil's population identified themselves as "pardos", meaning brown or mixed race.[45] According to someDNA researches, Brazilians predominantly possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, though less than half of the country's population classified themselves as "pardos" in the census.[46]Multiracial Brazilians live in all regions ofBrazil, they are mainly people of mixed European, African, East Asian (mostly Japanese) andAmerindian ancestry.
Interracial marriages constituted 22.6% of all marriages in 2000. 15.7% of blacks, 24.4% of whites and 27.6% ofPardos (mixed-race/brown) married someone whose race was different from their own.[47]
Sexual reproduction between two populations reduces thegenetic distance between the populations. During theAge of Discovery which began in the early15th century, European explorers sailed all across the globe reaching all the major continents. In the process they came into contact with many populations that had been isolated for thousands of years. TheTasmanian Aboriginals were one of the most isolated groups on the planet.[48] Many died from disease and conflict, but a number of their descendants survive today as multiracial people of Tasmanian and European descent. This is an example of how modern migrations may reduce thegenetic divergence of the humans, which would usually lead tospeciation.
New World demographics were radically changed within a short time following the voyage ofColumbus.[48] The colonization of theAmericas broughtNative Americans into contact with the distant populations ofEurope,Africa andAsia.[48] As a result, many countries in the Americas have significant and complexmultiracial populations.
Genetic studies indicate that many African-Americans possess varying degrees of European admixture, although it is suggested that the Native American admixture in African-Americans is exaggerated. Some estimates from studies indicated that many of the African-Americans who took part, had European admixture ranging from 25 to 50% in theNortheast and less than 10% in theSouth (where a vast majority of the population reside).[49][50] A 2003 study byMark D. Shriver of a European-American sample found that the average admixture in the individuals who participated was 0.7% African and 3.2% Native American. However, 70% of the sample had no African admixture. The other 30% had African admixture ranging from 2% to 20% with an average of 2.3%. By extrapolating these figures to the whole population some scholars suggest that up to 74 million European-Americans may have African admixture in the same range (2–20%).[51][52] Recently J.T. Frudacas, Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, contradicted him stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."[53]
Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the United States aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men.[54] One such slave owner,Thomas Jefferson, fathered his slaveSally Hemings' child.[55] While publicly opposed to race mixing, in hisNotes on the State of Virginia published in 1785, Jefferson wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".[56]
Within the African-American population, the amount of African admixture is directly correlated with darker skin since less selective pressure against dark skin is applied within the group of "non-passing" individuals. Thus, African-Americans may have a much wider range of African admixture (>0–100%), whereas European-Americans have a lower range (2–20%).
A statistical analysis done in 1958 using historical census data and historical data on immigration and birth rates concluded that 21% of the white population had black ancestors. The growth in the White population could not be attributed to births in the White population and immigration from Europe alone, but had received significant contribution from the African American population as well.[57]The author states in 1958:
The data presented in this study indicate that the popular belief in the non-African background of white persons is invalid. Over twenty-eight million white persons are descendants of persons of African origin. Furthermore, the majority of the persons with African ancestry are classified as White.
A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in the European-Americans who took part in it. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans[58] According to a genome-wide study by 23andMe, White Americans (European Americans) who participated were: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American on average."[49]
In the United States, intermarriage amongFilipinos with other races is common. They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.[59] It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are of mixed blood, second among Asian Americans, and is the fastest growing.[60]
Prior to the European conquest of theAmericas the demographics ofLatin America was naturally 100%American Indian. Today those who identify themselves as Native Americans are small minorities in many countries. For example, the CIA listsArgentina's at 0.9%,Brazil's at 0.4%, andUruguay's at 0%.[61] However, the range varies widely from country to country inLatin America with some countries having significantly largerAmerindian minorities.
The early conquest of Latin America was primarily carried out by male soldiers and sailors fromSpain andPortugal. Since they carried very few European women on their journeys the new settlers married and fathered children with Amerindian women and also with women taken by force fromAfrica. This process of miscegenation was even encouraged by theSpanish Monarchy. Many Amerindian languages were lost as mixed race offspring adoptedSpanish andPortuguese as their first languages. Only towards the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century did large numbers of Europeans begin to migrate toSouth America and consequently altering itsdemographics.
In addition manyAfricans were shipped to regions all over the Americas and were present in many of the early voyages of theconquistadors.Brazil has the largest population of African descendants outside Africa. Other countries such asJamaica,Cuba,Puerto Rico,Dominican Republic,Haiti,Venezuela,Colombia, andEcuador still have sizeable populations identified asBlack. However countries such asArgentina do not have a visible African presence today. Census information from the early 19th century shows that people categorized as Black made up to 30% of the population, or around 400,000 people.[62] Though almost completely absent today, their contribution to Argentine culture is significant and include thetango, themilonga and thezamba, words ofBantu origin.[63]
| Demographics of Brazil in 1835, 1940, 2000 and 2008[64][65] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | White | Brown | Black |
| 1835 | 24.4% | 18.2% | 51.4% |
| 1940 | 64% | 21% | 14% |
| 2000 | 53.7% | 38.5% | 6.2% |
| 2008 | 48.8% | 43.8% | 6.5% |
The ideology of whitening encouraged non-whites to seek white or lighter skinned partners. This dilution of non-white admixture would be beneficial to their offspring as they would face less stigmatization and find it easier to assimilate into mainstream society. After successive generations of European gene flow, non-white admixture levels would drop below levels at which skin color or physical appearance is not affected thus allowing individuals to identify as White. In many regions, the native and black populations were simply overwhelmed by a succession of waves of European immigration.
Historians and scientists are thus interested in tracing the fate of Native Americans and Africans from the past to the future. The questions remain about what proportion of these populations simply died out and what proportion still has descendants alive today including those who do not racially identify themselves as their ancestors would have. Admixture testing has thus become a useful objective tool in shedding light on the demographic history of Latin America.
Unlike the United States, there were no anti-miscegenation policies in Latin America. Though still a racially stratified society there were no significant barriers to gene flow between the three populations. As a result, admixture profiles are a reflection of the colonial populations of Africans, Europeans and Amerindians. The pattern is also sex biased in that the African and Amerindian maternal lines are found in significantly higher proportions than African or Amerindian Y chromosomal lines. This is an indication that the primary mating pattern was that of European males with Amerindian or African females. According to the study more than half the White populations of the Latin American countries studied have some degree of either Native American or African admixture (MtDNA orY chromosome). In countries such asChile andColombia almost the entire white population was shown to have some non-white admixture.[66][67][68][69]
Frank Moya Pons, aDominican historian documented that Spanish colonists intermarried withTaíno women, and, over time, these mestizo descendants intermarried with Africans, creating a tri-racial Creole culture. 1514 census records reveal that 40% of Spanish men in the colony ofSanto Domingo had Taíno wives.[70] A 2002 study conducted inPuerto Rico suggests that over 61% of the population possess Amerindian mtDNA.[71]
Historically, admixture has been a common phenomenon in the Philippines. The Philippines were originally settled byAustraloid peoples calledNegritos which now form the country's aboriginal community. Admixture occurred between this earlier group and the mainstreamMalayo-Polynesian population.[72]
There has beenIndian migration to and influence in the Philippines since the precolonial era. About 25% of the words in theTagalog language areSanskrit terms and about 5% of the country's population possess Indian ancestry from antiquity.[73] There has been aChinese presence in thePhilippines since the 9th century. However, large-scale migrations of Chinese to the Philippines only started during the Spanish colonial era, when the world market was opened to the Philippines. It is estimated that amongFilipinos, 10%–20% have some Chinese ancestry and 1.5% are "full-blooded" Chinese.[74]
According to the Americananthropologist Dr. H. Otley Beyer, the ancestry ofFilipinos is 2%Arab. This dates back to when Arab traders intermarried with the localMalay Filipino female populations during thepre-Spanish history of the Philippines.[75] A recent genetic study byStanford University indicates that at least 3.6% of the population areEuropean or of part European descent from bothSpanish and United States colonization.[76]
Genetic evidence has shown that theRomani people originated from theIndian subcontinent and mixed with the local populations inCentral Asia, theMiddle East, andEurope. In the 1990s, it was discovered that Romani populations carried large frequencies of particularY chromosomes (inherited paternally) that otherwise exist only in populations fromSouth Asia, in addition to fairly significant frequencies of particularmitochondrial DNA (inherited maternally) that is rare outside South Asia.
47.3% of Romani males carry Y chromosomes ofhaplogroup H-M82 which is rare outside of the Indian subcontinent.[77] Mitochondrialhaplogroup M, most common in Indian subjects and rare outside Southern Asia, accounts for nearly 30% of Romani people.[77] A more detailed study of PolishRomani shows this to be of the M5 lineage, which is specific to India.[78] Moreover, a form of the inherited disordercongenital myasthenia is found in Romani subjects. This form of the disorder, caused by the 1267delG mutation, is otherwise only known in subjects of Indian ancestry. This is considered to be the best evidence of the Indian ancestry of the Romanies.[79]
The Romanis have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",[80] while a number of common Mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and founder effect".[80] See also this table:[81]
A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".[82] Also the study pointed out that "genetic drift and different levels and sources of admixture, appear to have played a role in the subsequent differentiation of populations".[82] The same study found that "a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males. A similar preservation of a highly resolved male lineage has been reported elsewhere only for Jewish priests".[82] See also theCohen Modal Haplotype.
A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani are "a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Gypsy groups".[79] The same study revealed that this population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".[79]
Coloureds (Afrikaans:Kleurlinge orBruinmense, lit. "Brown people") are amultiracialethnic groupnative toSouthern Africa who have ancestry from more than one of the various populations inhabiting the region, includingKhoisan,Bantu,European,Austronesian,East Asian orSouth Asian. Because of the combination of ethnicities, different families and individuals within a family may have a variety of different physical features.[83][84]Coloured was a legally definedracial classification duringapartheid.[84][85]In theWestern Cape, a distinctiveCape Coloured and affiliatedCape Malay culture developed. In other parts of Southern Africa, people classified as Coloured were usually the descendants of individuals from two distinct ethnicities. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world.[86][87]Mitochondrial DNA studies have demonstrated that the maternal lines of the Coloured population are descended mostly from AfricanKhoisan women. This ethnicity shows a gender-biased admixture.[88][89] While a plurality of male lines have come from Ngunis, Southern African, West African and East African populations, 45.2%,Western European lineages contributed 37.3% to paternal components andSouth Asian/Southeast Asian lineages 17.5%.[88][89]
Coloureds are to be mostly found in the western part ofSouth Africa. InCape Town, they form 45.4% of the total population, according to theSouth African National Census of 2011.[90]: 56–59
The dictionary definition ofmiscegenation at Wiktionary
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