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Misamis Oriental | |
|---|---|
      (from top: left to right) Mount Balatukan, Balingoan Port, Mount Sumagaya, Libertad coastline, Macajalar Bay and Cagayan de Oro. | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Anthem: "Misamis Oriental Hymn" Instrumental Sung by Joel Vacalares | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:8°45′N125°00′E / 8.75°N 125°E /8.75; 125 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Northern Mindanao |
| Founded | 1939 |
| Capital and largest city | Cagayan de Oro |
| Government | |
| • Type | Sangguniang Panlalawigan |
| • Governor | Juliette T. Uy (NUP) |
| • Vice Governor | Jeremy Jonahmar G. Pelaez (Lakas) |
| • Legislature | Misamis Oriental Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,131.52 km2 (1,209.09 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 43rd out of 82 |
| (excluding Cagayan de Oro) | |
| Highest elevation | 2,560 m (8,400 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[2] | |
• Total | 988,065 |
| • Rank | 30th out of 82 |
| • Density | 315.522/km2 (817.200/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 30th out of 82 |
| (excluding Cagayan de Oro) | |
| Demonym | East Misamisnon |
| Divisions | |
| • Component cities | |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays |
|
| • Districts | |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PST) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)88 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-MSR |
| Spoken languages | |
| Income classification | 1st class |
| Website | www |
Misamis Oriental (Cebuano:Sidlakang Misamis;Maranao:Sebangan Misamis;Filipino:Silangang Misamis), officially theProvince of Misamis Oriental, is aprovince located in theregion ofNorthern Mindanao in thePhilippines. The provincial capital, as well as its largest city, is though it is governed independently from the province.
Misamis Oriental shared a history withMisamis Occidental of being part of theProvince of Cebu during the Spanish colonial era. In 1818, Misamis was carved out from Cebu to become a separate province withCagayan de Misamis(Cagayan de Oro) as its capital and was further subdivided intopartidos or divisions: Partido de Cagayan (Division of Cagayan), Partido de Catarman (Division of Catarman), Partido de Dapitan (Division of Dapitan), and Partido de Misamis (Division of Misamis). The new Misamis province was part of the districts of Mindanao during the later part of the 19th Century, with its territory spanning from Dapitan to the west, Gingoog to the East, and as far as Lanao and Cotabato to the south.
Misamis is one of the Spanish-controlled territories vulnerable to Moro raids. TheFuerza de la Concepcion y del Triunfo inOzamiz was built as a Spanish military installation and one of the staging points in their expeditions againstMoros. A fort in Balo-i in present-day Lanao del Norte was also constructed in 1891 on the orders of GeneralValeriano Weyler in its renewed campaign against the Maranaos. The Fuerza de San Miguel in Iligan was also built, serving as a muster point for Spanish forces in their campaigns in Lanao.
With the organization of theDepartment of Mindanao and Sulu in 1917, Misamis lost a territory covering Iligan and coastal towns along Iligan and Panguil bays to become part of theLanao province, making the remaining western and eastern territories of Misamis isolated from each other. Highland areas south of Cagayan de Misamis down to Malaybalay area were carved out to become a sub-province ofBukidnon in 1914, then eventually a full province in 1917. During this period migrants fromLuzon andVisayas then flocked to the area to seek new and better life and various economic opportunities. Most of them are
Legislative Act. No. 3537 approved on November 2, 1929, divided the province ofMisamis into two due to the lack of geographic contiguity. It was not until a decade later, on November 28, 1939, that the division between Misamis Oriental andMisamis Occidental was implemented byAct. No. 3777.[3] When Misamis Oriental separated, Don Gregorio Pelaez became its first governor.[citation needed]
In 1942, at the onset ofWorld War II in the Philippines,Japanese soldiers landed in Misamis Oriental tooccupy the region.[citation needed] Filipino and American resistance guerrillas operated in the hills and forests of Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon, and both provinces fell under the jurisdiction of the 10th Military District commanded by ColonelWendell Fertig.[4]
The American liberation forces landed in Cagayan in May 1945, with the support of the Filipino and American guerrillas based in Opol, Gingoog, and Tagoloan clearing the beachhead of Japanese defenders for the liberation forces to land.[citation needed]
Subsequent creations of new local government units in the province occurred after the war. Opol and El Salvador were barangays of Cagayan, but due to their relative isolation from the Cagayan town proper, the residents petitioned for their separation to become municipalities in 1948. El Salvador became a municipality within the same year,[5] while Opol was carved out from Cagayan in 1950,[6] the same year the latter was chartered to become a city.[7] Lagonglong was organized as a separate municipality out of the 11 sitios of Balingasag which were then grouped into 5 barangays.[8] Villanueva was created out of the 5 barrios of Tagoloan in 1962,[9] and the municipality of Libertad out of the 6 barrios of Initao in 1963.[10]
The island ofCamiguin was part of the province, and in 1958 it was made into a sub-province. The island eventually separated from Misamis Oriental and achieved regular province status in 1966, with Mambajao as its new provincial capital.
The 21-year administration ofFerdinand Marcos, which included 14 years of one-man rule under Marcos, saw the rise of ethnic conflicts and the overall degradation of peace and order throughout Mindanao[11] - first in the form of conflicts between local Mindanaoan Muslims and Christian settlers which the Marcos administration had encouraged first to migrate and then to form militias,[12][13] and later in the form of Muslim secessionist movements arising from outrage after the 1986Jabidah massacre.[14][15]
Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969 led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,[16] with some joining theNew People's Army, bringing theCommunist rebellion to Mindanao.[17]
During this time, Initao, Misamis Oriental was the site of the Holy Temple of Power of the Christian settler cult named Sagrado Corazon Senor (Sacred Heart of the Lord), which became better known as Tadtad (literally "to chop") because of their violent actions, and was one of numerous cults tapped by Marcos' military as force multipliers in their efforts against the Muslim secessionists and the communists.[18]
In September 1972, Marcos was nearing the end of this last term allowed under the Philippines 1935 constitution when he placed the entirety of the Philippines under Martial Law, a period historically remembered forits human rights abuses,[19][20] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[21] Only about 170 survivors from Northern Mindanao - including Misamis Oriental - were fortunate to live long enough to receive legally mandated compensation in the mid-2010s.[22]
Others were not as fortunate, such as labor leader Julieta Cupino-Armea, a key figure in theLabor sector resistance against the Marcos dictatorship in Mindanao whom records show was "tortured, raped, beaten with wood all over her body" for four hours by the Tadtad before she finally died. Cupino-Armea would later be recognized as one of the martyrs of the fight to restore Philippine democracy when her name was inscribed on the wall of remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani (lit. "Monument of Heroes") in Quezon city.[23] Another figure killed in Misamis Oriental and honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani was Gingoog City Councillor Renato Bucag, who was head of the oppositionPDP–Laban party in Gingoog City until he, his wife, and 11-year old son were assaulted and murdered at their farm on the outskirts of the city just two weeks before the1984 Philippine parliamentary election.[24]
The municipality ofEl Salvador became a component city by virtue ofRepublic Act No. 9435 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 15, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after theLCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after thecourt finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.
In May 2014 it was reported that an area in Barangay Lapad in Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, in northern Mindanao, was declared a heritage site. Oyster fossils older than 200,000 years were discovered, according toBalita Pilipinas. Property owner, Raul Ilogon, told Balita Pilipinas that they had been seeing the fossils for 20 years thinking that they were ordinary rocks.[25]
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Located inNorthern Mindanao, the province bordersBukidnon to the south,Agusan del Norte andAgusan del Sur to the east andLanao del Norte to the west. On the north is theBohol Sea with the island-province ofCamiguin just off its northern coast.
Misamis Oriental occupies a total land area of 3,131.52 square kilometres (1,209.09 sq mi)[26]. When the independent city ofCagayan de Oro is included for geographical purposes, the province's land area is 3,544.32 square kilometres (1,368.47 sq mi).[26]
Misamis Oriental, as a coastal province, is dominated by twobays to the north; theMacajalar and theGingoog Bay.[3] The central portion of the province features several rivers originating from the highlands ofBukidnon, such as theCagayan.
Misamis Oriental comprises 23municipalities and 2component cities, which are organized intothree legislative districts and further subdivided into 424barangays. The provincial capital,Cagayan de Oro, is ahighly urbanized city that is administered independently from the province.
Misamis Oriental is rich in biodiversity. The Indigenous Higaonon community helps protect the natural environment on the forests of Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon.[28][29] A study by the Mindanao State University attributes the biodiversity onMount Sumagaya to the Indigenous management strategy and sustainable agriculture practiced by the Higaonon.[28] Higaononancestral lands are threatened byland grabbing and land clearing.[28]
Mount Sumagaya hosts at least 52 floral species from 19 families, including many that are considered economically and socially significant to the Higaonon people. It has a high floral diversity and is home to athreatened carnivorouspitcher plant that was first discovered in 2014.[28] It is also home to 22 endemic species of birds, including thePhilippine eagle. It also hosts various mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.[28]
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| (excluding Cagayan de Oro) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[27][30][30] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The population of Misamis Oriental in the 2020 census was 956,900 people,[2] with a density of 310 inhabitants per square kilometre or 800 inhabitants per square mile. When Cagayan de Oro is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 1,564,459 people, with a density of441/km2 (1,143/sq mi).
Although the native inhabitants of Misamis Oriental areHigaonons, Binukid andManobo, the majority of the province's residents descended from earlier non-nativeVisayan Christian settlers fromCebu,Bohol,Negros Oriental,Siquijor and nearbyCamiguin, accounting for 95.97% of the province's population. The rest of the residents are native Higaonons, Binukid, Manobos (who became minorities in their own homeland because of the non-native Visayan majority) and neighboringSubanens (native to neighboring provinces of , parts of and northern parts of), (and their native-born descendants) fromIlocandia,Cagayan Valley,Cordillera Administrative Region,Central Luzon, andBicolandia inLuzon, andPanay andNegros Occidental inVisayas who came during the late Spanish colonial period and since the American colonial and postwar eras. These non-native settlers are informally calledDumagats, from the root word "dagat" (literally means "sea" or "ocean") because they dwell among the province's coastline upon landing from Luzon and Visayas by boats or later by ships, causing indigenous Higaonons to relocate to the mountains to avoid contact with these newcomers.
Cebuano is the primary spoken language of Misamis Oriental, with the vast majority claiming it to be their mother tongue. There are also sizeable speakers ofBohol dialect of Cebuano in the province. A unique Cebuano dialect spoken in the municipality of Jasaan is called Jasaanon.[citation needed] the province include the nativeBinukid,Higaonon,Subanon, as well asMaguindanaon andTausug.[citation needed]
Roman Catholic Christianity predominates in the province with roughly 68% of the population. OtherChristian denominations compose most of the minority religions that forms 9% of the population with 28% belongs toIglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI or Aglipayan Church).
The rest belongs toMembers Church of God International (MCGI),Iglesia ni Cristo,Pentecostal church,Evangelical churches,Baptist church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP),Seventh Day Adventist church,Episcopal church, andPresbyterian church,[31] whileIslam has a small but steadily increasing number.[citation needed]
The province is host to industries such as agricultural, forest, steel, metal, chemical, mineral, rubber and food processing. It is home to the 30 square kilometre PHIVIDEC Industrial Estate and the Mindanao International Container Port, all inTagoloan.Del Monte Philippines, which exports pineapples all over the Asia-Pacific region, has a processing plant inCagayan de Oro.[citation needed]
On January 10, 2008, Hanjin Heavy Industries and Construction Company ofSouth Korea inked a contract to build a $2 billion shipyard building complex atVillanueva, Misamis Oriental with the PHIVIDEC Industrial Authority. It is bigger than Hanjin's $1 billion shipyard complex inSubic andOlongapo which will hire 20,000 Filipinos to manufacture ship parts. The government declared the 441.8-hectare project site an economic zone (part of 3,000-hectare industrial estate managed by PHIVIDEC).[40]
Misamis Oriental Provincial Government 2022-2025
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Media related toMisamis Oriental at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related toMisamis Oriental atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Misamis Oriental | |
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 Province ofMisamis Oriental | |
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Cagayan de Oro (capital and largest city) | |
| Municipalities | |
| Component cities | |
| Highly urbanized city |
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