TheMinistry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (Russian:Министерство внутренних дел, МВД,romanized: Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del,MVD) is theinterior ministry ofRussia.
The MVD is responsible forlaw enforcement in Russia through its agencies thePolice of Russia,Migration Affairs,Drugs Control, Traffic Safety, theCentre for Combating Extremism, and the Investigative Department. The MVD is headquartered in Zhitnaya Street 16 inYakimanka,Moscow.Vladimir Kolokoltsev has been theMinister of Internal Affairs since 2012.
The firstinterior ministry (MVD) in Russia was created by TsarAlexander I on 28 March 1802. The MVD was one of the most powerful governmental bodies of the Empire, responsible for the police forces andInternal Guards, and the supervision ofgubernial administrations. Its initial responsibilities also included prisons, firefighting, state enterprises, the state postal system, state property, construction, roads, medicine,clergy, natural resources, andnobility; most of them were transferred to other ministries and government bodies by the mid-19th century.[citation needed]
As the central government began to further partition the countryside, theispravniks (chiefs of police) were distributed among the sections.[1] Serving under them in their principal localities were commissaries (stanovoi pristav).Ispravniki andpristav alike were armed with broad and obscurely defined powers which, combined with the fact that they were for the most part illiterate and wholly ignorant of the law, formed crushing forces of oppression.[2] Towards the end of the reign ofAlexander II, the government, in order to preserve order in the country districts, also created a special class of mounted rural policemen (uryadniks, fromuriad, order), who, in a time withouthabeas corpus, were armed with power to arrest all suspects on the spot.[2] Theseuryadniks rapidly became the terror of the countryside. Finally, in the towns of the rural countryside, every house was provided with a "guard dog" of sorts, in the form of aporter (dvornik), who was charged with the duty of reporting the presence of any suspicious characters or anything of interest to the police.[2]
In addition there was also thesecret police, in direct subordination to the ministry of the interior, of which the principal function was the discovery, prevention, and extirpation of politicalsedition. Its most famous development was the so-calledThird Section (of the imperial chancery) instituted by EmperorNicholas I in 1826. This was entirely independent of the ordinary police, but was associated with the previously existingSpecial Corps of Gendarmes, whose chief was placed at its head. Its object had originally been to keep the emperor in close touch with all the branches of the administration and to bring to his notice any abuses and irregularities, and for this purpose its chief was in constant personal contact with the sovereign.[2]
Following the growth of therevolutionary movement and the assassination ofEmperorAlexander II, theDepartment of State Police inherited the secret police functions of the dismissed Third Section and transferred the most capable Gendarmes to theOkhrana. In 1896 the powers of the minister were extended at the expense of those of the under-secretary, who remained only at the head of the corps of gendarmes; but by a law of 24 September 1904 this was reversed, and the under-secretary was again placed at the head of all the police with the title of under-secretary for the administration of the police.[2]
ByWorld War I, the department had spawned acounter-intelligence section. After theFebruary Revolution of 1917, the Gendarmes and the Okhrana were disbanded as anti-revolutionary.[citation needed]
Having won theOctober Revolution, theBolsheviks disbanded thetsarist police forces and formed an all-proletarianWorkers' and Peasants'Militsiya under theNKVD of theRussian SFSR. After the establishment of theUSSR, there was no Soviet (federal) NKVD until 1934.[citation needed] In March 1946, all of thePeople's Commissariats (NK) were redesignated as Ministries (M). The NKVD was renamed the MVD of the USSR, along with its former subordinate, theNKGB which became theMGB of the USSR. The NKVDs ofUnion Republics also became Ministries of Internal Affairs subordinate to MVD of the USSR.[citation needed]
Secret police became a part of MVD afterLavrenty Beria merged the MGB into the MVD in March 1953. Within a year Beria's downfall caused the MVD to be split up again; after that, the MVD retained its "internal security" (police) functions, while the newKGB took on "state security" (secret police) functions.[citation needed]
In his efforts to fight bureaucracy and maintain 'Leninist principles',Nikita Khrushchev, as thePremier of the Soviet Union, called for the dismissal of the All-Union MVD. The Ministry ceased to exist in January 1960, and its functions were transferred to the respective Republican Ministries. The MVD of theRussian SFSR was renamed the Ministry for Securing the Public Order in 1962.[citation needed]Leonid Brezhnev again recreated the All-Union Ministry for Securing the Public Order in July 1966, and later assignedNikolai Shchelokov as Minister; the RSFSR Ministry was disbanded for the second time, the first being at the creation of the NKVD of the Soviet Union. The MVD regained its original title in 1968.[citation needed] Another role of the reformed MVD was to combateconomic crimes, that is, to suppress private business which was largely prohibited bysocialist law. This fight was never successful, due to the pervasive nature of theblack market.[citation needed]
By the mid-1980s, the image of thepeople's militsiya was largely compromised by thecorruption and disorderly behaviour of both enlisted and officer staff (the most shocking case was the robbery andmurder of a KGB operative [ru] by a group of militsiya officers stationed in theMoscow Metro in 1980).[citation needed]
The Russian MVD re-formed as the MVD of theRussian SFSR in 1990, following the restoration of the republicanRussian Council of Ministers and theSupreme Soviet of Russia. It continued in its functions when Russia gained independence from theSoviet Union in 1991. As of 2017[update] the Ministry controlled: thePolitsiya (formerlyMilitsiya), theGeneral Administration for Traffic Safety, and theFederal Drug Control Service.
Since the disbanding of theRussian Tax Police Service in 2003, the MVD also investigateseconomic crimes.[3] Two long-time units of the Imperial MVD andNKVD, theRussian Firefighting Service and theFederal Prisons Service, transferred to theRussian Ministry of Emergency Situations in 2001 and to theRussian Ministry of Justice in 2006, respectively. The last reorganization abolished Main Directorates inherited from the NKVD in favour of Departments. In 2012, career police officerVladimir Kolokoltsev became the Minister of Internal Affairs in Russia.[4]
On 5 April 2016, Russian PresidentVladimir Putin ordered theRussian Internal Troops,OMON (the Special Purpose Mobility Unit), andSOBR (SWAT) forces to form the basis of the newly createdNational Guard of Russia, and these close to 200,000 public order, special police, and internal troop forces previously under the command of the MVD were reassigned to theSecurity Council of Russia.[4] In turn and on the same day, theFederal Drug Control Service and theFederal Migration Service merged into the MVD, and are now known as theMain Directorate for Drugs Control and theMain Directorate for Migration Affairs, respectively.[5][6]
In 2006,investigative journalistAnna Politkovskaya was murdered.[7] Six years later, the former head of surveillance at Moscow’s main Internal Affairs Directorate was found guilty of organizing her murder by tracking her movements and giving a gun to the killer.[7]
In December 2019,Distributed Denial of Secrets listed a leak from Russia's Ministry of the Interior, portions of which detailed the deployment of Russian troops to Ukraine, at a time when the Kremlin was denying a military presence there.[8] Some material from that leak was published in 2014, about half of it was not, and WikiLeaks reportedly rejected a request to host the files two years later, at a time whenJulian Assange was focused on exposing Democratic Party documents passed to WikiLeaks by Kremlin hackers.[9][10][11][12]
The founder and editor of the independent news site Koza.Press, known professionally asIrina Slavina, was harassed by law enforcement for years.[13] On October 2, 2020, she committed suicide byself-immolation outside a regional Ministry of Internal Affairs building, writing on Facebook, “For my death, please blame the Russian Federation.”[13]
In September 2023, Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs decided to have an appeal by imprisoned opposition leaderAlexei Navalny challenging his 19-year prison sentence on extremism charges held by a court behind closed doors, and the appeal was dismissed.[14] Supporters of Navalny said he was being silenced for criticizing President Vladimir Putin's government.[14] In 2020 Navalny was poisoned in Russia with the Soviet-eranerve agentNovichok.[14]
Telecommunications service providers are required to grant the Ministry of Internal Affairs 24-hour remote access to their client databases, including telephone and electronic communication and records, enabling the Ministry to track private communications and internet activity without the users' knowledge.[13][7] The law permits authorities to monitor telephone calls in real time.[7]
| Minister | Start year | End year |
|---|---|---|
| Viktor Yerin | 1992 | 1995 |
| Anatoly Kulikov | 1995 | 1998 |
| Sergei Stepashin | 1998 | 1999 |
| Vladimir Rushailo | 1999 | 2001 |
| Boris Gryzlov | 2001 | 2003 |
| Rashid Nurgaliyev | 2004 | 2012 |
| Vladimir Kolokoltsev | 2012 |
(in Russian)| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
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