Minecraft is asandbox game developed and published byMojang Studios. Following its initialpublic alpha release in 2009, it was formally released in 2011 for personal computers. The game has since beenported to numerous platforms, including mobile devices and variousvideo game consoles.
InMinecraft, players explore aprocedurally generated world with virtually infinite terrain made up ofvoxels (cubes). They can discover and extract raw materials,craft tools and items, build structures, fight hostilemobs, and cooperate with or compete against other players inmultiplayer. The game's large community offers a wide variety of user-generated content, such asmodifications,servers, playerskins,texture packs, and custom maps, which add new game mechanics and possibilities.
Originally created byMarkus "Notch" Persson using theJava programming language,Jens "Jeb" Bergensten was handed control over the game's development following its full release. In 2014, Mojang and theMinecraft intellectual property were purchased byMicrosoft forUS$2.5billion;Xbox Game Studios hold the publishing rights for theBedrock Edition, thecross-platform version based on thePocket Edition which replaced the console versions in 2017.Bedrock is updated concurrently with Mojang's originalJava Edition, although with numerous, generally small, differences.
Minecraft is a3Dsandbox video game that has no required goals to accomplish, giving players a large amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game.[5] The game features an optionalachievement system.[6] Gameplay is in thefirst-person perspective by default, but players have the option ofthird-person perspectives.[7] The game world is composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes, referred to as blocks—representing various materials, such as dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks, water, and lava. The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects. These blocks are arranged in avoxel grid, while players can move freely around the world. Players can break, ormine, blocks and then place them elsewhere, enabling them to build things.[8] Very few blocks are affected by gravity, instead maintaining their voxel position in the air.[9]
An example ofMinecraft's procedurally generated terrain, including a village and the default skinSteve
Players can also craft a wide variety of items, such as armor, which mitigates damage from attacks; weapons (such asswords orbows and arrows), which allow monsters and animals to be killed more easily; and tools (such aspickaxes orshovels), which break certain types of blocks more quickly. Some items have multiple tiers depending on the material used to craft them, with higher-tier items being more effective and durable. They may also freely craft helpful blocks—such as furnaces which can cook food and smelt ores,[10] and torches that produce light—or exchange items with villagers (NPC) through trading emeralds for different goods and vice versa.[11][12] The game has an inventory system, allowing players to carry a limited number of items.[13] The in-gametime system follows a day and night cycle, with one full cycle lasting for 20 real-time minutes.[14] The game also contains a material called redstone, which can be used to make primitive mechanical devices, electrical circuits, andlogic gates, allowing for the construction of many complex systems.[15][16]
Some ofMinecraft's monsters, displayed from left to right: azombie, aspider, an enderman, acreeper, and askeleton. All can spawn in the Overworld.
Minecraft gameplay footage, from the official Xbox MéxicoYouTube channel (in Spanish)
New players are given a randomly selected default characterskin out of nine possibilities, includingSteve or Alex,[17][18] but are able to create and upload their own skins.[19] Players encounter various mobs (short for mobile entities) including animals, villagers, and hostile creatures.[12][20] Passive mobs, such ascows,pigs, andchickens, spawn during the daytime and can be hunted for food and crafting materials, while hostile mobs—includinglarge spiders,witches,skeletons, andzombies—spawn during nighttime or in dark places such as caves.[21][22] Some hostile mobs, such as zombies and skeletons, burn under the sun if they have no headgear and are not standing in water.[23] Other creatures unique toMinecraft include thecreeper (an exploding creature that sneaks up on the player) and the enderman (a creature with the ability toteleport as well as pick up and place blocks).[24] There are also variants of mobs that spawn in different conditions; for example, zombies have husk and drowned variants that spawn in deserts and oceans, respectively.[25]
Generation
TheMinecraft environment isprocedurally generated as players explore it using amap seed that is randomly chosen at the time of world creation (or manually specified by the player).[26][27][28] Divided intobiomes representing different environments with unique resources and structures,[29][30] worlds are designed to be effectively infinite in traditional gameplay, though technical limits on the player have existed throughout development, both intentionally and not.[31]
Implementation of horizontally infinite generation initially resulted in a glitch termed the "Far Lands" at over 12 million blocks away from the world center, where terrain generated as wall-like, fissured patterns.[32] The Far Lands and associated glitches were considered the effective edge of the world until they were resolved, with the current horizontal limit instead being a special impassable barrier called the world border, located 30 million blocks away.[31][33] Vertical space is comparatively limited, with an unbreakable bedrock layer at the bottom and a building limit several hundred blocks into the sky.[34]
Dimensions
Minecraft features three independent dimensions accessible through portals and providing alternate game environments. The Overworld is the starting dimension and represents the real world, with a terrestrial surface setting including plains, mountains, forests, oceans, caves, and small sources of lava.[28][24]
The Nether is ahell-like underworld dimension accessed via an obsidian portal and composed mainly of lava.[35][36] Mobs that populate the Nether include shrieking, fireball-shooting ghasts,[37] alongsideanthropomorphic pigs called piglins and their zombified counterparts.[38] Piglins in particular have abartering system, where players can give them gold ingots and receive items in return.[39] Structures known as Nether Fortresses generate in the Nether, containing mobs such as wither skeletons and blazes, which can drop blaze rods needed to access the End dimension.[40] The player can also choose to build an optionalboss mob known as the Wither, using skulls obtained from wither skeletons and soul sand.[41]
The Ender Dragon flying around towers in the End
The End can be reached through an end portal, consisting of twelve end portal frames. End portals are found in underground structures in the Overworld known as strongholds. To find strongholds, players must craft eyes of ender using an ender pearl and blaze powder. Eyes of ender can then be thrown, traveling in the direction of the stronghold. Once the player reaches the stronghold, they can place eyes of ender into each portal frame to activate the end portal.[42] The dimension consists of islands floating in a dark, bottomless void. Aboss enemy called the Ender Dragon guards the largest, central island.[43] Killing the dragon opens access to an exit portal, which, when entered, cues the game's ending credits and theEnd Poem, a roughly 1,500-word work written by Irish novelistJulian Gough,[44] which takes about nine minutes to scroll past,[45] is the game's only narrative text,[46] and the only text of significant length directed at the player.[47]: 10–12 At the conclusion of the credits, the player is teleported back to their respawn point and may continue the game indefinitely.[48]
Game modes
Survival mode
The crafting menu inMinecraft, showing the crafting recipe of a woodensword as well as some other blocks and items in the player's inventory
InSurvival mode, players have to gather natural resources such as wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain blocks and items.[28] Depending on the difficulty, monsters spawn in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character, requiring players to build a shelter in order to survive at night.[28] The mode also has ahealth bar which is depleted by attacks from mobs, falls, drowning, falling into lava, suffocation, starvation, and other events. Players also have a hunger bar, which must be periodically refilled by eating food in-game unless the player is playing on peaceful difficulty.[49] If the hunger bar is empty, the player starves. Health replenishes when players have a full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful.[49]
Upon losing all health, players die. The items in the players' inventories are dropped unless the game is reconfigured not to do so. Players then re-spawn at their spawn point, which by default is where players first spawn in the game and can be changed by sleeping in a bed or using a respawn anchor.[50][51] Dropped items can be recovered if players can reach them before they despawn after 5 minutes. Players may acquireexperience points (commonly referred to as "xp" or "exp") by killing mobs and other players, mining,smelting ores,animal breeding, and cooking food.[52] Experience can then be spent onenchanting tools, armor and weapons. Enchanted items are generally more powerful, last longer, or have other special effects.[21]
The game features two more game modes based on Survival, known as Hardcore mode and Adventure mode. Hardcore mode plays identically to Survival mode, but with the game's difficulty setting locked to "Hard" and withpermadeath, forcing them to delete the world or explore it as a spectator after dying.[53] Adventure mode was added to the game in a post-launch update,[54] and prevents the player from directly modifying the game's world. It was designed primarily for use in custom maps, allowing map designers to let players experience it as intended.[54][55]
Creative mode
In Creative mode, players have access to an infinite number of all resources and items in the game through the inventory menu and can place or mine them instantly.[56] Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the game world at will, and their characters usually do not take any damage nor are affected by hunger.[57][58] The game mode helps players focus on building and creating projects of any size without disturbance.[56]
Multiplayer inMinecraft enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world. It is available through direct game-to-game multiplayer,local area network (LAN) play, local split screen (console-only), and servers (player-hosted and business-hosted).[59] Players can run their own server by making a realm, using a host provider, hosting one themselves or connect directly to another player's game viaXbox Live,PlayStation Network orNintendo Switch Online. Single-player worlds have LAN support, allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server setup.[60]Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators, who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players. Operators can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames orIP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server.[59] Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having their own unique rules and customs. The largest and most popular server isHypixel, which has been visited by over 14 million unique players.[61][62]Player versus player combat (PvP) can be enabled to allow fighting between players.[63]
Minecraft Realms
In 2013,Mojang announcedMinecraft Realms, a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own.[64][65] Unlike a standard server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use server addresses.Minecraft: Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at a time.Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3,000 people to play on their server, with up to ten players online at one time.[66] TheMinecraft: Java Edition Realms servers do not support user-made plugins, but players can play customMinecraft maps.[67]MinecraftBedrock Realms servers support user-made add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and customMinecraft maps.[66] AtElectronic Entertainment Expo 2016, support forcross-platform play betweenWindows 10,iOS, andAndroid platforms was added through Realms starting in June 2016,[68] withXbox One andNintendo Switch support to come later in 2017,[69] and support forvirtual reality devices. On 31 July 2017, Mojang released the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play.[70] Nintendo Switch support for Realms was released in July 2018.[71]
Themodding community consists of fans, users and third-party programmers. Using a variety ofapplication program interfaces that have arisen over time, they have produced a wide variety ofdownloadable content forMinecraft, such as modifications, texture packs and custom maps. Modifications of theMinecraft code, calledmods, add a variety of gameplay changes, ranging from new blocks, items, and mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms.[72][73] The modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods from ones that enhance gameplay, such asmini-maps, waypoints, and durability counters, to ones that add to the game elements from other video games and media.[74] While a variety of mod frameworks were independently developed byreverse engineering the code, Mojang has also enhancedvanillaMinecraft with official frameworks for modification, allowing the production of community-created resource packs, which alter certain game elements including textures and sounds.[75] Players can also create their own "maps" (custom world save files) that often contain specific rules, challenges, puzzles and quests, and share them for others to play.[76] Mojang added an adventure mode in August 2012[77] and "command blocks" in October 2012,[55] which were created specially for custom maps inJava Edition. Data packs, introduced in version 1.13 of theJava Edition, allow further customization, including the ability to add new achievements, dimensions, functions, loot tables, predicates, recipes, structures, tags, and world generation.[78][79]
TheXbox 360 Edition supporteddownloadable content, which was available to purchase via theXbox Games Store; these content packs usually contained additional character skins.[80] It later received support for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing "mash-up packs", which combined texture packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music and user interface.[81] The first mash-up pack (and by extension, the first texture pack) for theXbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013, and was themed after theMass Effect franchise.[82] UnlikeJava Edition, however, theXbox 360 Edition did not support player-made mods or custom maps.[83] A cross-promotional resource pack based on theSuper Mario franchise by Nintendo was released exclusively for theWii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016,[84] and later bundled free with theNintendo Switch Edition at launch. Another based onFallout was released on consoles that December,[85] and for Windows and Mobile in April 2017.[86] In April 2018,malware was discovered in several downloadable user-madeMinecraft skins for use with theJava Edition of the game.[87][88]Avast stated that nearly 50,000 accounts were infected, and when activated, the malware would attempt toreformat the user's hard drive.[88][87] Mojang promptly patched the issue, and released a statement stating that "the code would not be run or read by the game itself",[87] and would run only when the image containing the skin itself was opened.[89]
Marketplace
Minecraft Marketplace logo
In June 2017, Mojang released the "1.1 Discovery Update" to thePocket Edition of the game, which later became theBedrock Edition.[90] The update introduced the "Marketplace", a catalogue of purchasable user-generated content intended to giveMinecraft creators "another way to make a living from the game".[91][92][93] Various skins, maps, texture packs and add-ons from different creators can be bought with "Minecoins", adigital currency that ispurchased with real money.[94] Additionally, users can access specific content with asubscription service titled "Marketplace Pass".[95][96][97] Alongside content from independent creators, the Marketplace also houses items published by Mojang and Microsoft themselves,[98][99] as well as official collaborations betweenMinecraft and otherintellectual properties.[100][101] By 2022, the Marketplace had over 1.7 billion content downloads, generating over $500 million in revenue.[102]
Before creatingMinecraft,Markus "Notch" Persson was a game developer atKing, where he worked until March 2009. At King, he primarily developedbrowser games and learned several programming languages. During his free time, he prototyped his own games, often drawing inspiration from other titles, and was an active participant on theTIGSource forums for independent developers.[103]
One such project was "RubyDung", a base-building game inspired byDwarf Fortress, but with an isometric, three-dimensional perspective similar toRollerCoaster Tycoon.[104] Among the features inRubyDung that he explored was a first-person view similar toDungeon Keeper, though he ultimately discarded this idea, feeling the graphics were too pixelated at the time.[105][106] Around March 2009, Persson left King and joinedjAlbum, while continuing to work on his prototypes.[107][106][108]Infiniminer, a block-based open-ended mining game first released in April 2009, inspired Persson's vision forRubyDung's future direction.[105]Infiniminer heavily influenced the visual style of gameplay, including bringing back the first-person mode, the "blocky" visual style and the block-building fundamentals.[105] However, unlikeInfiniminer, Persson wantedMinecraft to haveRPG elements.[109]
The first public alpha build ofMinecraft was released on 17 May 2009 on TIGSource.[110][111] Over the years, Persson regularly released test builds that added new features, including tools, mobs, and entire new dimensions. In 2011, partly due to the game's rising popularity, Persson decided to release a full 1.0 version—a second part of the "Adventure Update"—on 18 November 2011.[2] Shortly after, Persson stepped down from development, handing the project's lead toJens "Jeb" Bergensten.[112]
On 15 September 2014,Microsoft, the developer behind theMicrosoft Windows operating system andXbox video game console, announced a $2.5 billion acquisition of Mojang, which included theMinecraft intellectual property.[113][114] Persson had suggested the deal onTwitter, asking a corporation to buy his stake in the game after receiving criticism for enforcing terms in the game'send-user license agreement (EULA), which had been in place for the past three years.[115][116][117] According to Persson, Mojang CEO Carl Manneh received a call from a Microsoft executive shortly after the tweet, asking if Persson was serious about a deal. Mojang was also approached by other companies includingActivision Blizzard andElectronic Arts.[117] The deal with Microsoft was arbitrated on 6 November 2014 and led to Persson becoming one ofForbes' "World's Billionaires".[117][118][119]
After 2014,Minecraft's primary versions received usually annual major updates[120]—free to players who have purchased the game—[121] each primarily centered around a specific theme. For instance, version 1.13, theUpdate Aquatic, focused on ocean-related features,[122] while version 1.16, theNether Update, introduced significant changes to the Nether dimension.[123] However, in late 2024, Mojang announced a shift in their update strategy; rather than releasing large updates annually, they opted for a more frequent release schedule with smaller, incremental updates, stating, "We know that you want newMinecraft content more often."[124] TheBedrock Edition has also received regular updates, now matching the themes of theJava Edition updates. Other versions of the game, such as various console editions and the Pocket Edition, were either merged intoBedrock or discontinued and have not received further updates.[125]
On 7 May 2019, coinciding withMinecraft's 10th anniversary, aJavaScript recreation of an old 2009Java Edition build namedMinecraft Classic was made available to play online for free.[126][127][128]
On 16 April 2020, aBedrock Edition-exclusive beta version ofMinecraft, calledMinecraft RTX, was released byNvidia. It introducedphysically-based rendering, real-timepath tracing,[129] andDLSS forRTX-enabledGPUs.[130] The public release was made available on 8 December 2020.[131] Path tracing can only be enabled in supported worlds, which can be downloaded for free via the in-gameMinecraft Marketplace, with a texture pack from Nvidia's website,[132] or with compatible third-party texture packs.[133] It cannot be enabled by default with any texture pack on any world.[134] Initially,Minecraft RTX was affected by manybugs, display errors, and instability issues.[135][136]
On 22 March 2025, a new visual mode called Vibrant Visuals, an optional graphical overhaul similar toMinecraft RTX, was announced. It promises modern rendering features—such as dynamic shadows,screen space reflections,volumetric fog, andbloom—without the need of RTX-capable hardware.[137][138][139] Vibrant Visuals was released as a part of theChase the Skies update on 17 June 2025 forBedrock Edition and is planned to release onJava Edition at a later date.[140][141][142]
Development began for the original edition ofMinecraft—then known asCave Game, and now known as theJava Edition—in May 2009,[j] and ended on 13 May, when Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of the game, dubbed the "Cave game tech test" or the "Cave game tech demo".[105][146] The game was namedMinecraft: Order of the Stone the next day, after a suggestion made by a player.[147] "Order of the Stone" came from the webcomicThe Order of the Stick, and "Minecraft" was chosen "because it's a good name".[148] The title was later shortened to justMinecraft, omitting the subtitle.
Persson completed the game's base programming over a weekend in May 2009, and private testing began on TigIRC on 16 May.[149] The first public release followed on 17 May 2009 as a developmental version shared on theTIGSource forums.[111] Based on feedback from forum users, Persson continued updating the game.[103][110] This initial public build later became known asClassic.[150] Further developmental phases—dubbedSurvival Test,Indev, andInfdev—were released throughout 2009 and 2010.[106]
The first major update, known as Alpha, was released on 30 June 2010.[151][152] At the time, Persson was still working a day job at jAlbum but later resigned to focus onMinecraft full-time as sales of the alpha version surged.[153] Updates were distributed automatically, introducing new blocks, items, mobs, and changes to game mechanics such as water flow.[153] With revenue generated from the game, Persson founded Mojang, a video game studio,[154] alongside former colleagues Jakob Porser and Carl Manneh.[103]
On 11 December 2010, Persson announced thatMinecraft would enter its beta phase on 20 December.[155] He assured players that bug fixes and all pre-release updates would remain free.[156] As development progressed, Mojang expanded, hiring additional employees to work on the project.[157]
The game officially exited beta and launched in full on 18 November 2011.[2] On 1 December 2011,Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took full creative control overMinecraft, replacing Persson as lead designer.[112] On 28 February 2012, Mojang announced the hiring of the developers behindBukkit, a popular developer API forMinecraft servers,[63] to improveMinecraft's support of server modifications.[158] This move included Mojang taking apparent ownership of theCraftBukkit server mod,[159] though this apparent acquisition later became controversial, and its legitimacy was questioned due toCraftBukkit's open-source nature and licensing under theGNU General Public License andLesser General Public License.[160]
Pocket Edition
In August 2011,Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released as an early alpha for theXperia Play via theAndroid Market, later expanding to other Android devices on 8 October 2011.[161][162] TheiOS version followed on 17 November 2011.[163] A port was made available forWindows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang.[164] UnlikeJava Edition,Pocket Edition initially focused onMinecraft's creative building and basic survival elements but lacked many features of the PC version.[165] Bergensten confirmed on Twitter that the Pocket Edition was written inC++ rather than Java, as iOS does not support Java.[166]
On 10 December 2014, a port ofPocket Edition was released forWindows Phone 8.1.[167] In July 2015, a port of thePocket Edition toWindows 10 was released as theWindows 10 Edition, with full crossplay to otherPocket versions. In January 2017, Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions ofPocket Edition.[168] On 20 September 2017, with the "Better Together Update", thePocket Edition was ported to the Xbox One, and was renamed to theBedrock Edition.[169]
Bedrock Edition andConsole Editions
The console versions ofMinecraft debuted with theXbox 360 edition, developed by4J Studios and released on 9 May 2012.[170][171] Announced as part of theXbox LiveArcade NEXT promotion,[171] this version introduced a redesigned crafting system, a new control interface, in-game tutorials, split-screen multiplayer, and online play via Xbox Live.[172] Unlike the PC version, its worlds were finite, bordered by invisible walls. Initially, the Xbox 360 version resembled outdated PC versions but received updates to bring it closer to Java Edition before eventually being discontinued.[173] TheXbox One version launched on 5 September 2014, featuring larger worlds and support for more players.[174]Minecraft expanded to PlayStation platforms withPlayStation 3 andPlayStation 4 editions released on 17 December 2013 and 4 September 2014, respectively.[175] Originally planned as a PS4 launch title, it was delayed before its eventual release.[176][177] A PlayStation Vita version followed in October 2014.[178] Like the Xbox versions, the PlayStation editions were developed by4J Studios.[179]
Nintendo platforms receivedMinecraft: Wii U Edition on 17 December 2015, with a physical release in North America on 17 June 2016[180] and in Europe on 30 June.[181] TheNintendo Switch version launched via theeShop on 11 May 2017.[182] During aNintendo Direct presentation on 13 September 2017, Nintendo announced thatMinecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition, based on thePocket Edition,[183] would be available for download immediately after the livestream, and a physical copy available on a later date. The game is compatible only with theNew Nintendo 3DS orNew Nintendo 2DS XL systems and does not work with the original3DS or2DS systems.[184]
On 20 September 2017, theBetter Together Update introducedBedrock Edition across Xbox One, Windows 10, VR, and mobile platforms, enabling cross-play between these versions.[185][186]Bedrock Edition later expanded to Nintendo Switch[185] and PlayStation 4, with the latter receiving the update in December 2019, allowing cross-platform play for users with a freeXbox Live account.[187] TheBedrock Edition released a native version forPlayStation 5 on 22 October 2024,[188] while the Xbox Series X/S version launched on 17 June 2025.[189] On 18 December 2018, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, and Wii U versions ofMinecraft received their final update and would later become known as "Legacy Console Editions".[190] On 15 January 2019, the New Nintendo 3DS version ofMinecraft received its final update,[191] effectively becoming discontinued as well.
Other versions
Minecraft Education
An educational version ofMinecraft, designed for use in schools, launched on 1 November 2016.[192] It is available onAndroid,ChromeOS,iPadOS,iOS,MacOS, andWindows.[193] On 20 August 2018, Mojang announced that it would bringEducation Edition to iPadOS in Autumn 2018. It was released to the App Store on 6 September 2018.[194] On 27 March 2019, it was announced that it would be operated byJD.com in China.[195] On 26 June 2020, a public beta for theEducation Edition was made available toGoogle Play Store compatibleChromebooks. The full game was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks on 7 August 2020.[193]
China Edition
On 20 May 2016,China Edition (also known asMy World) was announced as a localized edition for China, where it was released under a licensing agreement betweenNetEase and Mojang.[196] The PC edition was released for public testing on 8 August 2017.[197] The iOS version was released on 15 September 2017,[198] and the Android version was released on 12 October 2017.[199] The PC edition is based on the originalJava Edition, while the iOS and Android mobile versions are based on theBedrock Edition. The edition is free-to-play and had over 700 million registered accounts by September 2023.[200]
Minecraft for Windows
This version ofBedrock Edition is exclusive to Microsoft'sWindows 10 andWindows 11 operating systems. Thebeta release for Windows 10 launched on theWindows Store on 29 July 2015.[201] After nearly a year and a half in beta, Microsoft fully released the version on 19 December 2016. Called the "Ender Update", this release implemented new features to this version ofMinecraft like world templates and add-on packs.[202] On 7 June 2022, theJava andBedrock Editions ofMinecraft were merged into a single bundle for purchase on Windows; those who owned one version would automatically gain access to the other version. Both game versions would otherwise remain separate.[203]
Around 2011, prior toMinecraft's full release, Mojang collaborated withThe Lego Group to create aLego brick-basedMinecraft game calledBrickcraft. This would have modified the baseMinecraft game to use Lego bricks, which meant adapting the basic 1×1 block to account for larger pieces typically used in Lego sets. Persson worked on an early version called "Project Rex Kwon Do", named after the character of the same name from the filmNapoleon Dynamite. Although Lego approved the project and Mojang assigned two developers for six months, it was canceled due to the Lego Group's demands, according to Mojang's Daniel Kaplan. Lego considered buying Mojang to complete the game, but when Microsoft offered over $2 billion for the company, Lego stepped back, unsure ofMinecraft's potential.[204] On 26 June 2025, a build ofBrickcraft dated 28 June 2012 was published on acommunity archive websiteOmniarchive.[205]
Virtual reality
Initially,Markus Persson planned to support theOculus Rift with aMinecraft port. However, afterFacebook acquired Oculus in 2013, he abruptly canceled the plans, stating, "Facebook creeps me out."[206] In 2016, a community-made mod,Minecraft VR, added VR support forJava Edition, followed by Vivecraft forHTC Vive.[207] Later that year, Microsoft introduced official Oculus Rift support forWindows 10 Edition,[208] leading to the discontinuation of theMinecraft VR mod due to trademark complaints. Vivecraft was endorsed byMinecraft VR contributors for its Rift support.[207] Also available is aGear VR version, titledMinecraft: Gear VR Edition.[209]Windows Mixed Reality support was added in 2017. On 7 September 2020, Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4 Bedrock version would receivePlayStation VR support later that month.[210] In September 2024, theMinecraft team announced they would no longer support PlayStation VR, which received its final update in March 2025.[211]
Minecraft's music and sound effects were produced by German musician Daniel Rosenfeld, better known asC418.[212] To create the sound effects for the game, Rosenfeld made extensive use ofFoley techniques. On learning the processes for the game, he remarked, "Foley's an interesting thing, and I had to learn its subtleties. Early on, I wasn't that knowledgeable about it. It's a whole trial-and-error process. You just make a sound and eventually you go, 'Oh my God, that's it! Get the microphone!' There's no set way of doing anything at all."[213][214] He reminisced on creating the in-game sound for grass blocks, stating "It turns out that to make grass sounds you don't actually walk on grass and record it, because grass sounds like nothing. What you want to do is get aVHS, break it apart, and just lightly touch the tape." According to Rosenfeld, his favorite sound to design for the game was the hisses ofspiders. He elaborates, "I like the spiders. Recording that was a whole day of me researching what a spider sounds like. Turns out, there are spiders that make little screeching sounds, so I think I got this recording of a fire hose, put it in a sampler, and just pitched it around until it sounded like a weird spider was talking to you."[213]
Many of the sound design decisions by Rosenfeld were done accidentally or spontaneously. The creeper notably lacks any specific noises apart from a loud fuse-like sound when about to explode; Rosenfeld later recalled "That was just a complete accident by Markus and me [sic]. We just put in a placeholder sound of burning a matchstick. It seemed to work hilariously well, so we kept it."[215] On other sounds, such as those of the zombie, Rosenfeld remarked, "I actually never wanted the zombies so scary. I intentionally made them sound comical. It's nice to hear that they work so well [...]."[215] Rosenfeld remarked that the sound engine was "terrible" to work with, remembering "If you had two song files at once, it [the game engine] would actually crash. There were so many more weirdglitches like that the guys never really fixed because they were too busy with the actual game and not the sound engine."[214]
Thebackground music inMinecraft consists of instrumentalambient music.[216] To compose the music ofMinecraft, Rosenfeld used the package fromAbleton Live, along with several additional plug-ins. Speaking on them, Rosenfeld said "They can be pretty much everything from an effect to an entire orchestra. Additionally, I've got some synthesizers that are attached to the computer. Like aMoog Voyager, Dave Smith Prophet 08 and a Virus TI."[215] On 4 March 2011, Rosenfeld released asoundtrack titledMinecraft – Volume Alpha; it includes most of the tracks featured inMinecraft, as well as other music not featured in the game.[217] Kirk Hamilton ofKotaku chose the music inMinecraft as one of the best video game soundtracks of 2011.[218] On 9 November 2013, Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titledMinecraft – Volume Beta, which included the music that was added in a 2013 "Music Update" for the game.[215][219] A physical release ofVolume Alpha, consisting of CDs, black vinyl, and limited-edition transparent green vinyl LPs, was issued by indie electronic labelGhostly International on 21 August 2015.[220][221] On 14 August 2020, Ghostly releasedVolume Beta on CD and vinyl, with alternate color LPs and lenticular cover pressings released in limited quantities.[222][223]
The final update Rosenfeld worked on was 2018's 1.13 Update Aquatic. His music remained the only music in the game until 2020's "Nether Update", introducing pieces fromLena Raine. Since then, other composers have made contributions, includingKumi Tanioka, Samuel Åberg, Aaron Cherof, and Amos Roddy, with Raine remaining as the new primary composer. Ownership of all music besides Rosenfeld's independently released albums has been retained by Microsoft, with their label publishing all of the other artists' releases.Gareth Coker also composed some of the music for the game's mini games from the Legacy Console editions.[224][225][226][227]
Rosenfeld had stated his intent to createa third album of music for the game in a 2015 interview withFact,[213] and confirmed its existence in a 2017tweet, stating that his work on the record as of then had tallied up to be longer than the previous two albums combined, which in total clocks in at over 3 hours and 18 minutes.[228] However, due to licensing issues with Microsoft, the third volume has since not seen release. On 8 January 2021, Rosenfeld was asked in an interview withAnthony Fantano whether or not there was still a third volume of his music intended for release. Rosenfeld responded, saying, "I have something—I consider it finished—but things have become complicated, especially asMinecraft is now a big property, so I don't know."[229]
Minecraft has received critical acclaim, with praise for the creative freedom it grants players in-game, as well as the ease of enablingemergent gameplay.[260][261][262] Critics have expressed enjoyment inMinecraft's complex crafting system, commenting that it is an important aspect of the game's open-ended gameplay.[245] Most publications were impressed by the game's "blocky" graphics, withIGN describing them as "instantly memorable".[5] Reviewers also liked the game's adventure elements, noting that the game creates a good balance between exploring and building.[245] The game's multiplayer feature has been generally received favorably, withIGN commenting that "adventuring is always better with friends".[5] Jaz McDougall ofPC Gamer saidMinecraft is "intuitively interesting and contagiously fun, with an unparalleled scope for creativity and memorable experiences".[254] It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children to the digital world, insofar as its basicgame mechanics are logically analogous to computer commands.[263]
IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers, calling it a "hassle".[5] Critics also said that visualglitches occur periodically.[245] Despite its release out of beta in 2011,GameSpot said the game had an "unfinished feel", adding that some game elements seem "incomplete or thrown together in haste".[245]
A review of the alpha version, by Scott Munro of theDaily Record, called it "already something special" and urged readers to buy it.[264] Jim Rossignol ofRock Paper Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the game, calling it "a kind of generative 8-bitLegoStalker".[265] On 17 September 2010, gamingwebcomicPenny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game.[266] The Xbox 360 version was generally received positively by critics, but did not receive as much praise as the PC version. Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content from the PC version, they acclaimed the port's addition of a tutorial and in-game tips and crafting recipes, saying that they make the game more user-friendly.[83] TheXbox One Edition was one of the best received ports, being praised for its relatively large worlds.[267]
ThePlayStation 3 Edition also received generally favorable reviews, being compared to theXbox 360 Edition and praised for its well-adapted controls.[268] The PlayStation 4 edition was the best received port to date, being praised for having 36 times larger worlds than the PlayStation 3 edition and described as nearly identical to the Xbox One edition.[269][267][231] ThePlayStation Vita Edition received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for its technical limitations.[270]
The Wii U version received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for a lack of GamePad integration.[271] The 3DS version received mixed reviews, being criticized for its high price, technical issues, and lack of cross-platform play.[272] TheNintendo Switch Edition received fairly positive reviews from critics, being praised, like other modern ports, for its relatively larger worlds.[273]
Minecraft: Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics. Although reviewers appreciated the game's intuitive controls, they were disappointed by the lack of content. The inability to collect resources and craft items, as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs, were especially criticized.[249][274][275] After updates added more content, Pocket Edition started receiving more positive reviews. Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics, but still noted a lack of content.[249]
Sales
Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early 2011.[276][277] At the same time, the game had nopublisher backing and has never been commercially advertised except throughword of mouth,[278] and various unpaid references in popular media such as thePenny Arcade webcomic.[279] By April 2011, Persson estimated thatMinecraft had made €23 million (US$33 million) in revenue, with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game, and over 1 million sales of the beta version.[280] In November 2011, prior to the game's full release,Minecraft beta surpassed 16 million registered users and 4 million purchases.[281] By March 2012,Minecraft had become the 6thbest-selling PC game of all time.[282] As of 10 October 2014[update], the game had sold 17 million copies on PC, becoming the best-selling PC game of all time.[283] On 25 February 2014, the game reached 100 million registered users.[284] By May 2019, 180 million copies had been sold across all platforms, making it the single best-selling video game of all time. The free-to-playMinecraft China version had over 700 million registered accounts by September 2023.[200][285] By 2023, the game had sold over 300 million copies.[286] As of April 2025,Minecraft has sold over 350 million copies.[287]
The Xbox 360 version ofMinecraft became profitable within the first day of the game's release in 2012, when the game broke theXbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online.[288] Within a week of being on the Xbox Live Marketplace,Minecraft sold a million copies.[289]GameSpot announced in December 2012 thatMinecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted onXbox Live Arcade in May 2012.[290] In 2012,Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade; it was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on averageunique users per day.[291] As of 4 April 2014[update], the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies.[292] In addition,Minecraft: Pocket Edition has reached a figure of 21 million in sales.[293] ThePlayStation 3 Edition sold one million copies in five weeks.[294] The release of the game's PlayStation Vita version boostedMinecraft sales by 79%, outselling both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largestMinecraft launch on a PlayStation console.[295] The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release, according to an announcement by SCE Japan Asia.[296] By January 2015, 500,000 digital copies ofMinecraft were sold in Japan across all PlayStation platforms, with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita version.[297] As of 2022, the Vita version has sold over 1.65 million physical copies in Japan, making it the best-selling Vita game in the country.[298]Minecraft helped improve Microsoft's total first-party revenue by $63 million for the 2015 second quarter.[299]
The game, including all of its versions, had over 112 million monthly active players by September 2019.[300] On its 11th anniversary in May 2020, the company announced thatMinecraft had reached over 200 million copies sold across platforms with over 126 million monthly active players.[301] By April 2021, the number of active monthly users had climbed to 140 million.[302][285][303]
Awards
In July 2010,PC Gamer listedMinecraft as the fourth-best game to play at work.[304] In December of that year,Good Game selectedMinecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010,[305]Gamasutra named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year,[306][307] andRock, Paper, Shotgun named it the "game of the year".[308]Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of the Year award as chosen by voters, in addition to two out of five Editor's Choice awards for Most Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie.[309] It was also awarded Game of the Year byPC Gamer UK.[310] The game was nominated for theSeumas McNally Grand Prize, Technical Excellence, and Excellence in Design awards at the March 2011Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the community-voted Audience Award.[311][312] AtGame Developers Choice Awards 2011,Minecraft won awards in the categories for Best Debut Game, Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award, winning every award for which it was nominated.[313][314] It also wonGameCity's video game arts award.[315] On 5 May 2011,Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at theSmithsonian American Art Museum as part ofThe Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012.[316][317] At the 2011Spike Video Game Awards,Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was nominated in the Best PC Game category.[318][319] In 2012, at theBritish Academy Video Games Awards,Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special Award.[320] In 2012,Minecraft XBLA was awarded aGolden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable Game category,[321] and aTIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category.[322] In 2013, it was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards.[323] During the16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, theAcademy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated the Xbox 360 version ofMinecraft for "Strategy/Simulation Game of the Year".[324]Minecraft Console Edition won the award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014.[325] In 2015, the game placed 6th onUSgamer's The 15 Best Games Since 2000 list.[326] In 2016,Minecraft placed 6th onTime's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time list.[327]
Minecraft has been subject to several notable controversies. In June 2014, Mojang announced that it would begin enforcing the portion ofMinecraft'send-user license agreement (EULA) which prohibits servers from giving in-game advantages to playersin exchange for donations or payments. Spokesperson Owen Hill stated that servers could still require players to pay a fee to access the server and could sell in-game cosmetic items. The change was supported by Persson, citing emails he received from parents of children who had spent hundreds of dollars on servers. TheMinecraft community and server owners protested, arguing that the EULA's terms were more broad than Mojang was claiming, that the crackdown would force smaller servers to shut down for financial reasons, and that Mojang was suppressing competition for its ownMinecraft Realms subscription service.[339][340] The controversy contributed to Notch's decision to sell Mojang.[341]
In 2020, Mojang announced an eventual change to theJava Edition to require a login from aMicrosoft account rather than a Mojang account, the latter of which would be sunsetted. This also requiredJava Edition players to createXbox network Gamertags. Mojang defended the move to Microsoft accounts by saying that improved security could be offered, includingtwo-factor authentication, blocking cyberbullies in chat, and improved parental controls. The community responded with intense backlash, citing various technical difficulties encountered in the process and how account migration would be mandatory, even for those who do not play on servers. As of 10 March 2022, Microsoft required that all players migrate in order to maintain access theJava Edition ofMinecraft.[342][343] Mojang announced a deadline of 19 September 2023 for account migration, after which all legacy Mojang accounts became inaccessible and unable to be migrated.[344]
In June 2022, Mojang added a player-reporting feature inJava Edition. Players could report other players on multiplayer servers for sending messages prohibited by the Xbox Live Code of Conduct; report categories included profane language,[k] substance abuse, hate speech, threats of violence, and nudity. If a player was found to be in violation of Xbox Community Standards, they would be banned from all servers for a specific period of time or permanently. The update containing the report feature (1.19.1) was released on 27 July 2022.[345] Mojang received substantial backlash and protest from community members, one of the most common complaints being that banned players would be forbidden from joining any server, even private ones. Others took issue to what they saw as Microsoft increasing control over its player base and exercising censorship,[346][347][348] leading some to start a hashtag #saveminecraft and dub the version "1.19.84", a reference to the dystopian novelNineteen Eighty-Four.[349][350]
Mob Vote
The "Mob Vote" was an online event organized by Mojang in which theMinecraft community voted between three original mob concepts; initially, the winning mob was to be implemented in a future update, while the losing mobs were scrapped, though after the first mob vote this was changed, and losing mobs would now have a chance to come to the game in the future. The first Mob Vote was held duringMinecon Earth 2017 and became an annual event starting withMinecraft Live 2020. The Mob Vote was often criticized for forcing players to choose one mob instead of implementing all three, causing divisions andflaming within the community, and potentially allowinginternet bots andMinecraft content creators with large fanbases to conductvote brigading.[351][352] The Mob Vote was also blamed for a perceived lack of new content added toMinecraft since Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang in 2014.[351]
The 2023 Mob Vote featured three passive mobs—the crab, the penguin, and the armadillo—with voting scheduled to start on 13 October.[353][354]In response, aChange.org petition was created on 6 October, demanding that Mojang eliminate the Mob Vote and instead implement all three mobs going forward. The petition received approximately 445,000 signatures by 13 October[355] and was joined by calls toboycott the Mob Vote, as well as a partially tongue-in-cheek "revolutionary"propaganda campaign in which sympathizers created anti-Mojang and pro-boycott posters in the vein of real 20th centurypropaganda posters.[351][356] Mojang did not release an official response to the boycott, and the Mob Vote otherwise proceeded normally, with the armadillo winning the vote.[357] In September 2024, as part of a blog post detailing their future plans forMinecraft's development, Mojang announced the Mob Vote would be retired.[358]
Cultural impact
In September 2019,The Guardian classifiedMinecraft as the best video game of the 21st century to date,[359] and in November 2019,Polygon called it the "most important game of the decade" in its 2010s "decade in review".[360] In June 2020,Minecraft was inducted into theWorld Video Game Hall of Fame.[361]Minecraft is recognized as one of the first successful games to use anearly access model to draw in sales prior to its full release version to help fund development.[280] AsMinecraft helped to bolster indie game development in the early 2010s, it also helped to popularize the use of the early access model in indie game development.[362]
Jordan Maron (known professionally as "CaptainSparklez") is known for his musicalMinecraft parodies of popular songs.
Social media sites such asYouTube,Facebook, andReddit have played a significant role in popularizingMinecraft.[363] Research conducted by theAnnenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania showed that one-third ofMinecraft players learned about the game via Internet videos.[364] In 2010,Minecraft-related videos began to gain influence on YouTube, often made by commentators. The videos usually contain screen-capture footage of the game and voice-overs.[365] Common coverage in the videos includes creations made by players,walkthroughs of various tasks, andparodies of works in popular culture. By May 2012, over four millionMinecraft-related YouTube videos had been uploaded.[366] The game would go on to be a prominent fixture within YouTube's gaming scene during the entire 2010s; in 2014, it was the second-most searched term on the entire platform.[367] By 2018, it was still YouTube's biggest game globally.[368]
Some popular commentators have received employment atMachinima, a now-defunct gaming video company that owned a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube.[365]The Yogscast is a British company that regularly producesMinecraft videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views, and their panel atMinecon 2011 had the highest attendance.[365][369] Another well-known YouTube personality isJordan Maron, known online as CaptainSparklez, who has also created manyMinecraft music parodies, including "Revenge", a parody ofUsher's "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love".Minecraft's popularity on YouTube was described byPolygon as quietly dominant, although in 2019, thanks in part toPewDiePie's playthroughs of the game,Minecraft experienced a visible uptick in popularity on the platform.[367][370] Longer-running series includeFar Lands or Bust, dedicated to reaching the obsolete "Far Lands" glitch by foot on an older version of the game.[371] YouTube announced that on 14 December 2021 that the total amount ofMinecraft-related views on the website had exceeded one trillion.[372]
The possible applications ofMinecraft have been discussed extensively, especially in the fields ofcomputer-aided design (CAD) and education. In a panel at Minecon 2011, a Swedish developer discussed the possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks, stating that rendering usingMinecraft was much more user-friendly for the community, making it easier to envision the functionality of new buildings and parks.[365] In 2012, a member of theHuman Dynamics group at theMIT Media Lab, Cody Sumter, said: "Notch hasn't just built a game. He's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD program." Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional3D printers or personal printers such asMakerBot andRepRap.[382]
In September 2012, Mojang began theBlock by Block project in cooperation withUN Habitat to create real-world environments inMinecraft.[383][384] The project allows young people who live in those environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see. UsingMinecraft, the community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern, and citizens are invited to enter theMinecraft servers and modify their own neighborhood. Carl Manneh, Mojang's managing director, called the game "the perfect tool to facilitate this process", adding "The three-year partnership will support UN-Habitat's Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016." Mojang signedMinecraft building community,FyreUK, to help render the environments intoMinecraft. The first pilot project began inKibera, one ofNairobi's informal settlements and is in the planning phase. TheBlock by Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011,Mina Kvarter (My Block), which gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualize how they wanted to change their part of town. According to Manneh, the project was a helpful way to visualize urban planning ideas without necessarily having a training in architecture. The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political decisions.[385][386]
In April 2014, theDanish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale inMinecraft based on their owngeodata.[387] This is possible because Denmark isone of the flattest countries with the highest point at 171 meters (ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span), where the limit in defaultMinecraft was around 192 meters above in-game sea level when the project was completed.[388][389]
Taking advantage of the game's accessibility where other websites are censored, the non-governmental organizationReporters Without Borders has used an openMinecraft server to createthe Uncensored Library, a repository within the game of journalism by authors from countries (including Egypt, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam) who have been censored and arrested, such asJamal Khashoggi.[390] The neoclassical virtual building was created over about 250 hours by an international team of 24 people.[391]
Despite its unpredictable nature,Minecraft speedrunning, where players time themselves from spawning into a new world to reaching The End and defeating the Ender Dragon boss, is popular. Some speedrunners use a combination of mods, external programs, and debug menus, while other runners play the game in a more vanilla or more consistency-oriented way.[392][393]
Education
Minecraft being played in an educational setting
Minecraft has been used in educational settings[9] through initiatives such as MinecraftEdu, founded in 2011 to make the game affordable and accessible for schools in collaboration with Mojang. MinecraftEdu provided features allowing teachers to monitor student progress, including screenshot submissions as evidence of lesson completion,[394] and by 2012 reported that approximately 250,000 students worldwide had access to the platform.[395] Mojang also developedMinecraft: Education Edition with pre-built lesson plans for up to 30 students in a closed environment.[396]
Educators have usedMinecraft to teach subjects such as history, language arts, and science through custom-built environments, including reconstructions of historical landmarks[395] and large-scale models of biological structures such as animal cells.[394] The introduction of redstone blocks enabled the construction of functional virtual machines[397] such as ahard drive and an 8-bit computer.[398][399] Mods have been created to use these mechanics for teaching programming.[400] In 2014, theBritish Museum announced a project to reproduce its building and exhibits inMinecraft in collaboration with the public.[401] Microsoft andCode.org have offeredMinecraft-based tutorials and activities designed to teach programming, reporting by 2018 that more than 85 million children had used their resources.[402] In 2025, theMusée de Minéralogie in Paris held a temporary exhibition titled "Minerals in Minecraft."[403]
Clones
Following the initial surge in popularity ofMinecraft in 2010, other video games were criticised for having various similarities toMinecraft, and some were described as being "clones", often due to a direct inspiration fromMinecraft, or a superficial similarity. Examples includeAce of Spades,CastleMiner,CraftWorld,FortressCraft,Terraria,BlockWorld 3D,Total Miner,[404] andLuanti (formerlyMinetest).[405] David Frampton, designer ofThe Blockheads, reported that one failure of his 2D game was the "low resolution pixel art" that too closely resembled the art inMinecraft, which resulted in "some resistance" from fans.[406] Ahomebrew adaptation of the alpha version ofMinecraft for theNintendo DS, titledDScraft, has been released; it has been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system.[407] In response to Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and theirMinecraft IP, various developers announced further clone titles developed specifically for Nintendo's consoles, as they were the only major platforms not to officially receiveMinecraft at the time.[408] These clone titles includeUCraft (Nexis Games),[409]Cube Life: Island Survival (Cypronia),[410]Discovery (Noowanda),[411]Battleminer (Wobbly Tooth Games),[412]Cube Creator 3D (Big John Games),[413] andStone Shire (Finger Gun Games).[414] Despite this, the fears of fans were unfounded, with officialMinecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually resuming.[415][416][417]
Markus Persson made another similar game,Minicraft, for aLudum Dare competition in 2011.[418] In 2025, Persson announced through a poll on hisX account that he was considering developing aspiritual successor toMinecraft. He later clarified that he was "100% serious", and that he had "basically announcedMinecraft 2".[419][420][421] Within days, however, Persson cancelled the plans after speaking to his team.[422][423]
In November 2024, artificial intelligence companies Decart and Etched releasedOasis, anartificially generated version ofMinecraft, as aproof of concept. Every in-game element is completelyAI-generated in real time and the model does not store world data, leading to "hallucinations" such as items and blocks appearing that were not there before.[424]
The logo of Allumeria.
In January 2026, indie game developer Unomelon announced that theirvoxelsandbox gameAllumeria would be playable inSteam Next Fest that year. On 10 February, Mojang issued aDMCA takedown ofAllumeria on Steam throughValve, alleging the game was infringing on Minecraft'scopyright. Some reports suggested that the takedown may have used an automaticAI copyright claiming service. The DMCA was later withdrawn.[425][426][427]
Minecon was an annual officialfan convention dedicated toMinecraft. The first full Minecon was held in November 2011 at theMandalay Bay Hotel and Casino inLas Vegas.[428] The event included the official launch ofMinecraft; keynote speeches, including one by Persson; building and costume contests;Minecraft-themed breakout classes; exhibits by leading gaming andMinecraft-related companies; commemorative merchandise; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well-known contributors from theMinecraft community.[429] In 2016, Minecon was held in-person for the last time, with the following years featuring annual "Minecon Earth" livestreams on minecraft.net and YouTube instead. These livestreams, later rebranded to "Minecraft Live", included the mob/biome votes, and announcements of new game updates. In 2025, "Minecraft Live" became a biannual event as part ofMinecraft's changing update schedule.[citation needed]
Notes
^Minecraft was first publicly available on 17 May 2009,[1] and, following many developmental phases over the next two years, was fully released on 18 November 2011.[2]
^Minecraft's Pocket Edition was released in Alpha on 7 October 2011. Its full release with version 1.0.0 was on 19 December 2016.[3][4]
^Minecraft's Windows 10 Edition, based on the mobile Pocket Edition, was released in Alpha on 29 July 2015. Its full release with version 1.0.0 was on 19 December 2016.[3][4]
^A native version for PlayStation 5 was released as part of a game update on 22 October 2024. The game previously used the PlayStation 4's native version.
^A native version for Xbox Series X/S was released as part of a game update on 17 June 2025. The game previously used the Xbox One's native version.
^The original versions of the game for consoles (known as "legacy console" editions) were developed by4J Studios. Additional studios responsible for helping develop specific versions of the game includeXbox Game Studios Advanced Technology Group andSkyBox Labs for theBedrock Edition,Other Ocean Interactive for the version onNew Nintendo 3DS, andNetEase for the localized version released in mainland China.
^Gutierrez, Luis Joshua; Hammill, Dan; Heaney, Samuel; +39.9k (26 August 2011)."All Minecraft Mobs - Minecraft Guide".IGN.Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved2 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Minecraft ray tracing is now live on PC—and it's a must-play, if you can".Ars Technica. 19 April 2020.Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved19 April 2020.'Currently, that limits interested players to Nvidia's "RTX" line of GPUs, since AMD has not yet released its own compatible line. Strangely, a Mojang representative told Ars last week that this week's beta would function on non-RTX graphics cards, albeit at an abysmal frame rate.'
^Minuz, Allesandra (24 December 2015)."Minecraft – Review".Imagine Games Network Italy.Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved18 June 2022.
^国内PS版の「マインクラフト」が50万DLを突破、PS Vita版が牽引し小学生のあいだでブームの兆し [Domestic PlayStation version of Minecraft tops 500,000 downloads, signs of the PS Vita version booming amongst elementary school students].Famitsu (in Japanese). 25 February 2015.Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved25 February 2015.
^"Geodatastyrelsen giver de unge hele Danmark i 3D" [The Geodata Agency gives the youth whole Denmark in 3D] (Press release) (in Danish). The Danish Geodata Agency. 24 April 2014.Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved25 April 2014.
Gallagher, Colin (2014).Minecraft in the Classroom: Ideas, Inspiration, and Student Projects for Teachers. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press.ISBN978-0-13-385801-3.
Garrelts, Nate (2014).Understanding Minecraft: Essays on Play, Community and Possibilities. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.ISBN978-0-7864-7974-0.
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