Panamanian Public Forces Fuerza Pública de Panamá
Flag of the Republic of Panama
Common name	Guardia, Policia, Fronterizo
Abbreviation	FPP
Motto	"Dios, Honor, y Patria" "God, Honor, and Country"
Agency overview
Formed	February 10, 1990
Employees	30,000 active (as of 2016)[1] 50,000 part-time & reserve agents
Annual budget	USD 481 million (2011)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction	PAN
General nature	Gendarmerie Civilian police
Operational structure
Headquarters	Panama City, Panama
Parent agency	Ministry of Public Security
Child agencies	National Border Service National Aeronaval Service Panamanian National Police Institutional Protection Service National Immigration Service
Website
Ministry of Public Security

ThePanamanian Public Forces (Spanish:Fuerza Pública de la República de Panamá) are the nationalsecurity forces ofPanama. Panama is the second country inLatin America (the other beingCosta Rica) toabolish its standing army, with Panama retaining a smallparamilitary security force. This came as a result of aU.S. invasion that overthrew amilitary dictatorship which ruled Panama from 1968 to 1989. The final military dictator,Manuel Noriega, had been belligerent toward the U.S. culminating in the killing of a U.S. Marine lieutenant andU.S. invasion ordered by U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush.

Panama maintains armed police andinternal security forces, and small air and maritime forces. They are tasked with law enforcement and can perform limited military actions. Since 2010 they have reported to the Ministry of Public Security.

Panama's first army was formed in 1903 when the commander of a brigade of theColombian armydefected to the pro-separation side duringPanama'sfight for separation from Colombia. His brigade became the Panamanian army.^[2]

In 1904, the army tried to overthrow the government, but failed. TheUnited States persuaded Panama that a standing army could threaten the security of thePanama Canal Zone. Instead, Panama set up a "National Police." For 48 years, this was the only armed force in Panama.^[3]

Starting in the late 1930s, the National Police attracted several new recruits who had attendedmilitary academies in other Latin American countries. Combined with increased spending on the police, this began a process of militarization. The process sped up underJosé Remón, who became the Police'scommandant (commanding officer) in 1947.^[3] He had graduated fromMexico's military academy. He began promoting fewer enlisted men to officer rank, giving the police a more military character.^[4]

After playing a role in overthrowing twopresidents, Remón resigned his commission and ran for president for a coalition that won the elections in 1952. One of his first acts as President was to reorganize the National Police along military lines with a new name, Guardia Nacional de Panamá (National Guard of Panamá). The new grouping retained police functions as well. With a new name came increased American funding.^[3]

In 1968, the Guard overthrew PresidentArnulfo Arias in aa coup d'état led by MajorBoris Martínez and others, including then MajorOmar Torrijos, after the newly elected Arias forced senior officers into retirement or assignments in distant provinces by presidential order. They completed the process of converting the Guard into a full-fledged army.^[3] In the process, they promoted themselves to full colonels. in 1969, Torrijos thrust Martínez aside , promoted himself to brigadier general, and was the de facto ruler of Panama until his deathin a 1981 plane crash.

After Torrijos' death, and two successive commanders with lesser political influence, the position was eventually assumed byManuel Noriega, who restructured all of the National Guard's military and police forces under his command, into the Fuerzas de Defensa de Panamá (Panama Defense Forces). He built the PDF into a structured force, and further consolidated his political power. Under Noriega, the PDF was more a tool of political control, than a force dedicated to national defense and law enforcement.^[3]

Besides consolidating his grasp on power by increasing military forces and spending, Noriega increased the power and influence of the PDF Military Intelligence Section (G-2 for its standard military designation), which he commanded prior his rise to power. It became a secret police, feared even inside the PDF ranks. He relied on several loyal military units, like the7th Inf Co. "Macho de Monte" (Mountain Men, a guerrilla warfare unit named after an aggressive wild boar), the 1st Public Order Co. "Doberman" (a riot police force), the UESAT (Unidades Especiales de Servicio Anti Terror), an Israeli trained counter-terrorism strike force.

That way, he was able to maintain an iron grip on day to day political affairs and survive attempted coups. The "Doberman" Co. was disbanded and replaced by the 2nd Public Order Co. "Centurions" after the "Dobermen" key role in the last coup attempt against Noriega.

Due to the political turmoil of the late 1980s, Noriega formed the civilian paramilitary unit called theDignity Battalions composed of regular sympathizers and the CODEPADI, formed of civil servants inside public institutions. Both were intended to bolster up forces to be used in case of foreign military action, but were mainly used as shock troops in acts of political repression.

As stated before, the PDF's main role as a tool of political control of the population by intimidation, coercion and direct aggression, instead of the legitimate role^[5] of armed forces in national defense, was proved when they showed to be largely ineffective as a combat force duringOperation Just Cause, when U.S. Forces invaded Panama and overthrew Noriega in 1989. Only some individuals, including last-minute civilian volunteers who despite opposing the regime considered it their duty to fight against foreign forces, small units, and in some cases the Dignity Battalions, presented more armed resistance.

In February 1990, the government of then PresidentGuillermo Endara abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus, creating the Panamanian Public Forces. In October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the establishment of a special temporary military to counter acts of "external aggression." The PDF was replaced with the Panamanian Public Forces.^[6]

By then, The PPF included the National Police, National Maritime Service, National Air Service, Judicial and Technical Police (PTJ) for investigatory activities, and an armed Institutional Protection Service or SPI which consist mainly on the Presidential Guard. The PPF is also capable of performing limited military duties.

In contrast to the former PDF, the Panamanian Public Forces is on public record and under control of the elected government.

In 2007, the Judicial and Technical Police (PTJ) was split into the Judicial Investigation Directorate (DIJ), which was merged back into the National Police, and a group of minor technical services that were to remain under the General Attorney's control.^[6]

In November 2008, theServicio Aéreo Nacional (National Air Service) merged with its maritime counterpart, theServicio Maritimo Nacional (National Maritime Service) to become theServicio Nacional Aeronaval (National Aeronaval Service). The newServicio Nacional de Fronteras, the National Borders Service, at the time a special branch of the National Police, was created as an independent force from the National Police, for the defense of the national borders.^[6]

The following three years were formative for the Panamanian Public Forces. As these institutions endeavored to understand their roles within the greater Government of Panama's strategy and goals, the services struggled for funding, manning, and training to counter Panama's burgeoning threats. While the separate services within the Panamanian Public Forces received varying levels of government support, the Forces writ large respected human rights.^[7]

In February 2010, the new administration led by PresidentRicardo Martinelli proposed the Ministry of Government and Justice to be divided in two new Ministries:

• The Ministry of Public Security, in charge of security policies and affairs, also oversight of security forces and intelligence agencies including the National Police, National Borders Service, National Aeronaval Service and the National Immigration Service.
• The Government Ministry, an Executive branch in charge of themes related with public governance and internal security.

The Ministry of Public Security was created in April 2010. The Institutional Protection Service reports directly to the Ministry of the Presidency.

In 2012, the National Customs Authority, the National Immigration Service (SNM), and the National Passport Service, following advice from the government of the United States of America would merge and form other security sectors autonomous or entity of the Republic of Panama, the Government Executive issued Decree 871 of November 14, 2012 that creates an interagency commission to first handle structuring, coordination, and technical processes for the merger of the first customs and immigration agencies to subsequently merge passports.

The relevant decree for the merger was published in the Official Gazette 27165 of 16 November 2012 as the first step towards that goal. This process never materialized, and all institutions were allowed to follow their path in the same way.

Although not a part of the Public Forces, the new National Immigration Service reports to the Public Security Ministry directly and is regarded as ade facto 5th branch.

In 2012, the National Police Force's maneuver units comprised:

• One presidential guard battalion (under-strength).^[8]
• One military police battalion.^[8]
• Eight paramilitary companies.^[8]
• 18 police companies.^[8]

In 2012, the IISS noted that there were reports of a special forces unit having been formed.^[8]

In 2012, the National Public Forces had a total strength of 11,000 personnel and were equipped with small arms.^[2] Today^[when?], the National Police has a total of 25,000 active sworn personnel.

TheNational Border Service has division of 2 brigades, all at theColombia–Panama border, plus a special forces brigade, an independent brigade patrolling the border withCosta Rica and a infantry brigade responsible for central Panama.

The National Aeronaval Service has a Marine battalion, an aviation security police group, an air group, a naval squadron and SAR unit. The IPS has a full Presidential Guard battalion plus, starting from 2015, a Pikemen and Musketeers' Company and Cavalry Squad wearing historical uniforms from the 16th to 17th centuries, at the start of Spanish rule in Panama, in the tradition of theHonourable Artillery Company.

Officer training for the PFF is done at the National Police Academy, "Doctor Justo Arosemena" in Panama City. All officers graduate with a bachelor's degree and are commissioned Second Lieutenants. Many officers of the PPF are also graduates of foreign exchange programs in Latin American military and police academies. Training for other ranks is per their respective training commands.

NCOs and basic level constables are trained in the National Police Institute Belisario Porras.

Commissioned officer ranks

Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers
Panamanian National Police[9] v t e
							Comisionado Mayor		Subcomisionado Mayor		Comisionado		Subcomisionado		Mayor		Capitán		Teniente			Subteniente
National Aeronaval Service[10] v t e
							Director General		Subdirector General		Comisionado		Subcomisionado		Mayor		Capitán		Teniente			Subteniente
National Border Service[11] v t e
							Director General		Subdirector General		Comisionado		Subcomisionado		Mayor		Capitán		Teniente			Subteniente

Other ranks

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Panamanian National Police[9] v t e																																			No insignia
									Sargento primero								Sargento segundo						Cabo primero				Cabo segundo								Agente
National Aeronaval Service[10] v t e																																			No insignia
									Sargento primero								Sargento segundo						Cabo primero				Cabo segundo								Agente
National Border Service[11] v t e																																			No insignia
									Sargento primero								Sargento segundo						Cabo primero				Cabo segundo								Agente

Notes

Works cited

• International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2012).The Military Balance 2012. London: IISS.ISSN 0459-7222.
• Leonard, Thomas M. (2014).Historical Dictionary of Panama. Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 9780810878358.
• Pérez, Orlando J. (2010).Political Culture in Panama: Democracy after Invasion. Springer.ISBN 9780230116351.

• Robert C. Harding,Military Foundations of Panamanian Politics, Transaction Publishing, 2001.
• Robert C. Harding,The History of Panama, Greenwood Publishing, 2006.

• Military of Panama

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• Vague or ambiguous time from May 2020