Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov | |
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 January 1962 | |
| Born | (1909-11-14)14 November 1909 |
| Died | 11 June 1993(1993-06-11) (aged 83) |
| Alma mater | Moscow State University |
| Known for | Discovery ofTick-borne encephalitis virus Clinical trial of OralPolio Vaccine |
| Awards | Stalin Prize of First Degree in Science and Technology(1941) Lenin Prize in Science and Technology (1963) Hero of Socialist Labour (1983) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Microbiology,Virology |
| Institutions | D.I.Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Moscow, USSR M.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and VIral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences |
Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov (Russian:Михаи́л Петро́вич Чумако́в; 14 November 1909 – 11 June 1993) was aSoviet Russian microbiologist and virologist most famous for conducting pivotal large-scale clinical trials that led to licensing of the OralPolio Vaccine (OPV) developed byAlbert B. Sabin.[1]
Chumakov graduated in 1931 fromMoscow State University Medical School that was later transformed into I.M. SechenovMoscow Medical Academy. In 1937 Chumakov participated in a scientific expedition to Khabarovsk region of Soviet Far East that was led by ProfessorLev A. Zilber. Together with his colleagues he discovered the etiology of a new transmissible neurological disease calledtick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and isolated the virus that causes it. He was accidentally infected with the virus and developed encephalitis that led to a permanent loss of hearing and paralysis of the right arm. For this discovery he was awardedStalin Prize of First Degree in Science and Technology in 1941. In 1948 Chumakov became a corresponding member, and in 1960 a full member ofAcademy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Beginning in the 1940s Chumakov organized multiple medical expeditions to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union to investigate outbreaks caused by new viruses. Among viruses discovered and studied by Chumakov areOmsk hemorrhagic fever and Kemerovo fever viruses,[2]hantavirus causing renal syndrome,Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus, and many others. From 1950 he was the Director of the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology in Moscow. In 1952 as a part of the anti-Semitic campaign in the Soviet Union known asDoctors' plot he was removed from the Ivanovsky Institute for refusal to fire Jewish associates. In 1955 he organized a new research institute near Moscow to work on vaccines againstpoliomyelitis. His work on vaccines against poliomyelitis was done in close collaboration with American scientists includingJonas Salk andAlbert Sabin.[3] In 1958-1959 he and his wifeMarina Voroshilova organized the first mass production and clinical trials of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV)[4] made from live attenuated strains developed by Albert Sabin.[5][6] This made the Soviet Union the first country to develop, produce, license and widely use this highly effective vaccine that practically eliminated poliomyelitis from the country in the first few years of its use. The vaccine produced by Chumakov's Institute was exported into more than 60 countries, and was instrumental in stopping large outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Eastern Europe and Japan. The success of the Russian clinical trials was critical to OPV licensing in the United States in 1962, and the vaccine becoming the main tool used in globalpoliomyelitis eradication campaign. Chumakov also created a number of other human and veterinarian vaccines, including inactivated vaccine against TBE, measles, influenza and vaccine againstCanine distemper virus that is widely used to protect farmed fur animals. Chumakov published more than 960 research papers, scholarly articles and books.
Chumakov held anHonoris Causa degree fromAcademia Leopoldina in Germany and was an Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He also was an honorary member of Medical Societies and Academies of several other countries. After Chumakov's death, the Institute that he founded was renamed in his honor asM.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. In 2016 the Institute and its vaccine manufacturing facility were reorganized into M.P. Chumakov Center for Research and Development of Biological Products of theRussian Academy of Sciences. A main-belt asteroid5465 Chumakov discovered byLyudmila Georgievna Karachkina was also named in his honor.
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Named forNikolay Gamaleya and founded byFelix Blyumental | ||
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