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Miji languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Language cluster
Not to be confused withMiju language.
Miji
Sajolang
Dhammai
Native toIndia
RegionArunachal Pradesh,India andShannan Prefecture,China
EthnicityMiji people
Native speakers
28,000 (2007)[1]
Dialects
  • East Miji (Namrai)
  • West Miji (Sajolang)
Language codes
ISO 639-3sjl
Glottologsaja1240
ELPSajalong

Miji, also given the dialect namesSajolang andDhammai, is a dialect cluster traditionally counted as one of theSino-Tibetan languages that is spoken inArunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. The varieties are not particularly close, with only half of the vocabulary in common between the languages ofEast Kameng District andWest Kameng District. Previously classified as Sino-Tibetan languages, Miji and the recently discoveredBangru language may instead form a small independent language family.[2]

Varieties

[edit]

There are two divergent varieties of Miji:[2]

  • Western Miji: spoken in and around Nafra and Thrizino circles,West Kameng District. Western Miji speakers refer to themselves as theSajalang (sadʑalaŋ) orDhəmmai (ðəmmai) (Bodt & Lieberherr 2015:70).[3]
  • Eastern Miji: spoken in Lada Circle,[4]East Kameng District. Eastern Miji speakers refer to themselves as theNəmrai (nəmrai) (Bodt & Lieberherr 2015:70).[3]

Bangru (treated in a separate article), sometimes called "Northern Miji", is more divergent.

Distribution

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According toEthnologue, Miji is spoken in the following areas ofArunachal Pradesh.

  • West Kameng District, Nafra circle, Bichom and Pakesa river valley – 25 villages including Debbing, Ditchik, Rurang, Nachinghom, Upper Dzang, Naku, Khellong, Dibrick, Nizong, Najang, Zangnaching, Chalang, Nafra, and Lower Dzang
  • East Kameng District: Bameng and Lada circles – Wakke, Nabolong, Kojo, Rojo, Sekong, Panker, Zarkam, Drackchi, Besai, Naschgzang, Sachung, Gerangzing, Kampaa, Salang, Pego, and Dongko villages

I.M. Simon (1979:iii)[5] lists the following Miji villages from the Census of 1971.

  • 1. Chalang [Cinlang]
  • 2. Díbín [Díbín]
  • 3. Ditchik [Dícik]
  • 4. Dzang [Dzang]
  • 5. Jangnachin [Zanachin]
  • 6. Khazolang
  • 7. Khelong
  • 8. Laphozu
  • 9. Mathow
  • 10. Nakhu
  • 11. Nachibun
  • 12. Nizung
  • 13. Rurang

Smaller hamlets include Dishin [Dícin], Devrik [Dívih], Diyung [Diyong], Nazang [Natsang], Nanthalang, and Otung [Uthung]. Some Mijis have also live in Aka villages such as Dijungania, Buragaon, Tulu, Sarkingonia, and Yayung.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

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In all Miji varieties the "p" "t" and "k" sounds are always aspirated.[4][6]

Consonant phonemes
LabialDentalAlveolarPalato-
alveolar
RetroflexPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasalmnɳɲŋ
Plosivevoicelessʈʰʔ
voicedbdɖɡ
Affricatevoicelessts
voiceddz
Fricativevoicelessfθsʃʂxh
voicedvðzʒʐʑɦ
Lateral
fricative
voicelessɬ
voicedɮ
Rhoticrɽ
Approximantʋl,ɫɭjw

Vowels

[edit]
Monophthong phonemes
 FrontCentralBack
Closeiə~ɨu
Close-mideo
Open-midɛ ʌɔ
Open a~ɑ

Tones

[edit]

The Miji languages have a relatively simple tonal system with only two tones: high and low. There is a third rising tone but it is so scarcely used that in some of the languages it is disregarded completely.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Miji atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^abBlench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011),(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence(PDF), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-05-26
  3. ^abBodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015)."First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India".Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.38 (1):66–123.doi:10.1075/ltba.38.1.03bod.
  4. ^abcBlench, Roger. 2015.The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification. m.s.
  5. ^Simon, I. M. 1979.Miji Language Guide. Shillong: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
  6. ^Weedall, Christopher S. (2021).A grammar of West Kameng Sajolang (Miji) (Upper Dzang and Khellong villages). Australian National University.
Sino-Tibetan branches
WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)
Greater Magaric
Map of Sino-Tibetan languages
EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)
Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border
Naga
Sal
East andSoutheast Asia
Burmo-Qiangic
Dubious (possible
isolates,Arunachal)
Greater Siangic
Proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
Greater Siangic
Northern Mishmi
Siangic
Hrusish
Mijiic
Kho-Bwa
Puroik
Bugun
Western
Southern Mishmi
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