Mihai Eminescu (Romanian pronunciation:[miˈhajemiˈnesku]ⓘ; bornMihail Eminovici; 15 January [O.S. 3 January] 1850 – 15 June [O.S. 3June] 1889) was aRomanianRomanticpoet,novelist, andjournalist fromMoldavia, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanianpoet. Eminescu was an active member of theJunimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaperTimpul ("The Time"), the official newspaper of theConservative Party (1880–1918).[2] His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went toVienna,Austria to study when he was 19. The poet'smanuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered byTitu Maiorescu as a gift to theRomanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902.[3] Notable works includeLuceafărul,Odă în metru antic (Ode in Ancient Meter), and the fiveLetters (Epistles/Satires). In his poems, he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects.
His father was Gheorghe Eminovici, an aristocrat fromBukovina, which was then part of theAustrian Empire (while his grandfather came fromBanat). He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling inIpotești, near the town ofBotoșani. He married Raluca Iurașcu, an heiress of an old noble family. In aJunimea register, Eminescu wrote down his birth date as 22 December 1849, while in the documents ofCernăuți Gymnasium, where Eminescu studied, his birth date is 15 January 1850. Nevertheless,Titu Maiorescu, in his workEminescu and His Poems (1889), quoted N. D. Giurescu's research and adopted his conclusion regarding the date and place of Mihai Eminescu's birth, as being 15 January 1850, inBotoșani. This date resulted from several sources, among which there was a file of notes on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia (Princely) Church of Botoșani; inside this file, the date of birth was "15 January 1850" and the date of christening was the 21st of the same month. The date of his birth was confirmed by the poet's elder sister, Aglae Drogli, who affirmed that the place of birth was the village of Ipotești,Botoșani County.[4]
The most accepted theory is that Mihail's paternal ancestors came from a Romanian family fromBanat. In 1675, a child was born with the name Iminul.[5] The son of Iminul was Iovul lui Iminul, born in 1705, who was ordained a priest under the Serbianized name of Iovul Iminovici, in accordance with the use ofChurch Slavonic of theMetropolitanate of Karlovci.[6][7]
The priest Iovul Iminovici left Banat forBlaj between 1738 and 1740, attracted by civil liberties, agricultural land for a fee and free education in theRomanian language for his children, but on the condition of becoming anEastern-Rite Catholic. Iovul Iminovici had two sons, Iosif and Petrea Iminovici. Petrea Eminovici, the poet's great-grandfather, was probably born in 1735 and from his marriage with Agafia Șerban (1736–1818), several descendants appeared, known with certainty being only the existence of their middle child, Vasile, the grandfather of the poet.[8] Vasile Iminovici (1778–1844) attended the normal school in Blaj and married Ioana Sărghei. After a while, the spouses Petrea and Agafia divorced. Petrea died in Blaj in 1811, and Agafia accompanied the family of her son, Vasile, toBukovina. Agafia died in 1818 in Călinești,Suceava.[9]
Vasile Iminovici, attracted by the economic and social conditions settled in Bukovina, moved with his family to Călinești in 1804, where he received a position as a church teacher as well as land. He had four daughters and three sons. Vasile Iminovici died in 1844. The eldest of his sons, Gheorghe, born in 1812 was the father of Mihai Eminescu.[10][11][12] Gheorghe Eminovici was in the service of the boyar Ioan Ienacaki Cârstea from Costâna, Suceava, then – writer for baron Jean Mustață from Bukovina, and later in the service of the boyar Alexandru Balș from Moldova. After the death of Alexandru Balș, his son, Costache, appointed Gheorghe Eminovici as administrator of the Dumbrăveni estate. Later, Gheorghe Eminovici obtained the title ofsluger from Costache Balș.[13]
Raluca, the poet's mother, was the fourth daughter of Vasile and Paraschiva Jurașcu.[15] The ancestors from his mother's side, the Jurăscești family, came fromHotin (part ofGreater Romania from 1918–1940, present-dayUkraine, near the border withRomania). Theboyar Vasile Jurașcu from Joldești,Botoșani County married Paraschiva, the daughter of Donțu, aCossack, who had settled on the banks of theSiret, not far from the village of Sarafinești, Botoșani County. Donțu married Catrina, the daughter of the Romanian peasant Ion Brehuescu.[16]
Gheorghe Eminovici married Raluca Jurașcu in 1840, receiving a substantial dowry,[17][18] and in 1841 he received the title of căminar (a type ofboyar) from the prince ruler ofMoldavia,Mihail Sturdza.[19]
Mihail (as he appears in baptismal records) or Mihai (the more common form of the name that he used) was born inBotoșani,Moldavia. Mihai Eminescu was the seventh of the eleven children of Gheorghe Eminovici and Raluca Jurașcu.[20] He spent his early childhood in Botoșani andIpotești, in his parents family home. From 1858 to 1866 he attended school inCernăuți. He finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students, after which he attended two years ofgymnasium.
The first evidence of Eminescu as a writer is in 1866. In January of that yearRomanian teacherAron Pumnul died and his students inCernăuți published a pamphlet,Lăcrămioarele învățăceilor gimnaziaști (The Tears of the Gymnasium Students) in which a poem entitledLa mormântul lui Aron Pumnul (At the Grave of Aron Pumnul) appears, signed "M. Eminovici". On 25 February his poemDe-aș avea (If I Had) was published inIosif Vulcan's literary magazineFamilia inPest. This began a steady series of published poems (and the occasional translation from German). Also, it was Iosif Vulcan, who disliked the Slavic source suffix "-ici" of the young poet's last name, that chose for him the more apparent Romanian "nom de plume"Mihai Eminescu.
In 1867, he joinedIorgu Caragiale's troupe as a clerk and prompter; the next year he transferred toMihai Pascaly's troupe. Both of these were among the leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter includingMatei Millo andFanny Tardini-Vlădicescu [ro]. He soon settled inBucharest, where at the end of November he became a clerk and copyist for theNational Theater. Throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also paid his rent by translating hundreds of pages of a book byHeinrich Theodor Rötscher, although this never resulted in a completed work. Also at this time he began his novelGeniu pustiu (Wasted Genius), published posthumously in 1904 in an unfinished form.
On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the "Orient" literary circle, whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore and documents relating to Romanian literary history. On 29 June, various members of the "Orient" group were commissioned to go to different provinces. Eminescu was assignedMoldavia. That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother Iorgu, a military officer, inCișmigiu Gardens, but firmly rebuffed Iorgu's attempt to get him to renew his ties to his family.
Still in the summer of 1869, he left Pascaly's troupe and traveled to Cernăuţi andIaşi. He renewed ties to his family; his father promised him a regular allowance to pursue studies inVienna in the fall. As always, he continued to write and publish poetry; notably, on the occasion of the death of the former ruler ofWallachia,Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, he published a leaflet,La moartea principelui Știrbei ("On the Death of Prince Știrbei").
From October 1869 to 1872 Eminescu studied at theUniversity of Vienna. Not fulfilling the requirements to become a university student (as he did not have a baccalaureate degree), he attended lectures as a so-called "extraordinary auditor" at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law. He was active in student life, befriendedIoan Slavici, and came to know Vienna throughVeronica Micle; he became a contributor toConvorbiri Literare (Literary Conversations), edited byJunimea (The Youth). The leaders of this cultural organisation,Petre P. Carp,Vasile Pogor,Theodor Rosetti,Iacob Negruzzi, andTitu Maiorescu, exercised their political and cultural influence over Eminescu for the rest of his life. Impressed by one of Eminescu's poems,Venere și Madonă (Venus and Madonna),Iacob Negruzzi, the editor ofConvorbiri Literare, traveled to Vienna to meet him. Negruzzi would later write how he could pick Eminescu out of a crowd of young people in a Viennese café by his "romantic" appearance: long hair and gaze lost in thoughts.
In 1870 Eminescu wrote three articles under the pseudonym "Varro" inFederațiunea inPest, on the situation of Romanians and other minorities in theAustro-Hungarian Empire. He then became a journalist for the newspaperAlbina (The Bee) in Pest. From 1872 to 1874 he continued as a student inBerlin, thanks to a stipend offered byJunimea.
From 1874 to 1877, he worked as director of theCentral Library inIași, substitute teacher, school inspector for the counties of Iași andVaslui, and editor of the newspaperCurierul de Iași (The Courier of Iași), all thanks to his friendship withTitu Maiorescu, the leader ofJunimea and rector of theUniversity of Iași. He continued to publish inConvorbiri Literare. He also was a good friend ofIon Creangă, a writer, whom he convinced to become a writer and introduced to theJunimea literary club.
In 1877 he moved toBucharest, where until 1883 he was first journalist, then (1880) editor-in-chief of the newspaperTimpul (The Time). During this time he wroteScrisorile,Luceafărul,Odă în metru antic, etc. Most of his notable editorial pieces belong to this period, when Romania was fighting theOttoman Empire in theRusso-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and throughout the diplomatic race that eventually brought about the international recognition of Romanian independence, but under the condition of bestowing Romanian citizenship to all subjects of Jewish faith. Eminescu opposed this and another clause of theTreaty of Berlin: Romania's having to give southernBessarabia to Russia in exchange forNorthern Dobruja, a former Ottoman province on theBlack Sea.
Last photo of Eminescu taken by Jean Bieling in 1887–1888
The 1880s were a time of crisis and deterioration in the poet's life, culminating with his death in 1889. The details of this are still debated.
From 1883 – when Eminescu's personal crisis and his more problematic health issues became evident – until 1886, the poet was treated in Austria and Italy, by specialists who managed to get him on his feet, as testified by his good friend, writerIoan Slavici.[21] In 1886, Eminescu suffered anervous breakdown and was treated by Romanian doctors, in particular Julian Bogdan and Panait Zosin. Immediately diagnosed with syphilis, after being hospitalized in a nervous diseases hospice within theNeamț Monastery,[22] the poet was treated withmercury. Firstly, massages inBotoșani, applied by Dr. Itszak, and then in Bucharest at Dr.Alexandru A. Suțu's sanatorium, where between February–June 1889 he was injected withmercuric chloride.[23]Irinel Popescu, corresponding member of theRomanian Academy and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, states that Eminescu died because of mercury poisoning. He also says that the poet was "treated" by a group of incompetent doctors and held in misery, which also shortened his life.[24] Mercury was prohibited as treatment of syphilis in Western Europe in the 19th century, because of its adverse effects.
Mihai Eminescu died at 4 am, on 15 June 1889 at the Caritas Institute, asanatorium run by Dr. Suțu and located on Plantelor StreetSector 2, Bucharest.[23] Eminescu's last wish was a glass of milk, which the attending doctor slipped through the metallic peephole of the "cell" where he spent the last hours of his life. In response to this favour he was said to have whispered, "I'm crumbled". The next day, on 16 June 1889 he was officially declared deceased and legal papers to that effect were prepared by doctors Suțu and Petrescu, who submitted the official report. This paperwork is seen as ambiguous, because the poet'scause of death is not clearly stated and there was no indication of any other underlying condition that may have so suddenly resulted in his death.[25] In fact both the poet's medical file and autopsy report indicate symptoms of a mental and not physical disorder. Moreover, at theautopsy performed by Dr. Tomescu and then by Dr. Marinescu from the laboratory atBabeș-Bolyai University, the brain could not be studied, because a nurse inadvertently forgot it on an open window, where it quickly decomposed.[25]
One of the first hypotheses that disagreed with thepost mortem findings for Eminescu's cause of death was printed on 28 June 1926 in an article from the newspaperUniversul. This article forwards the hypothesis that Eminescu died after another patient, Petre Poenaru, former headmaster inCraiova,[23] hit him in the head with a board.[26]
edition of 20 June 1889 ofCurierul Român announcing Eminescu's deathEminescu's grave on Artists' Alley inBellu Cemetery
Dr. Vineș, the physician assigned to Eminescu at Caritas argued at that time that the poet's death was the result of an infection secondary to his head injury. Specifically, he says that the head wound was infected, turning into anerysipelas, which then spread to the face,neck,upper limbs,thorax, andabdomen.[25] In the same report, cited by Nicolae Georgescu in his work, Eminescu târziu, Vineș states that "Eminescu's death was not due to head trauma occurred 25 days earlier and which had healed completely, but was the consequence of an olderendocarditis (diagnosed by late professor N. Tomescu)".[27]
Contemporary specialists, primarily physicians who have dealt with the Eminescu case, reject both hypotheses on the cause of death of the poet. According to them, the poet died ofcardio-respiratory arrest caused bymercury poisoning.[28] Eminescu was wrongly diagnosed and treated, aiming his removal from public life, as some eminescologists claim.[22] Eminescu was diagnosed since 1886 by Dr. Julian Bogdan fromIași as syphilitic, paralytic and on the verge ofdementia due toalcohol abuse and syphiliticgummas emerged on the brain. The same diagnosis is given by Dr. Panait Zosin, who consulted Eminescu on 6 November 1886 and wrote that patient Eminescu suffered from a "mental alienation", caused by the emergence ofsyphilis and worsened by alcoholism. Further research showed that the poet was not suffering from syphilis.[21]
Nicolae Iorga, the Romanian historian, considers Eminescu the godfather of the modern Romanian language, in the same way that Shakespeare is seen to have directly influenced the English language. He is unanimously celebrated as the greatest and most representative Romanian poet.
Poems and Prose of Mihai Eminescu (editor:Kurt W. Treptow [ro], publisher: The Center for Romanian Studies, Iași, Oxford, and Portland, 2000,ISBN973-9432-10-7) contains a selection of English-language renditions of Eminescu's poems and prose.
His poems span a large range of themes, from nature and love to hate and social commentary. His childhood years were evoked in his later poetry with deep nostalgia.
Eminescu's poems have been translated in over 60 languages. His life, work and poetry strongly influenced theRomanian culture and his poems are widely studied in Romanian public schools.
Testament – Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse / Testament – Antologie de Poezie Română Modernă – Bilingual Edition English & Romanian –Daniel Ioniță (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud –Minerva Publishing 2012 and 2015 (second edition) –ISBN978-973-21-1006-5
Testament – Anthology of Romanian Verse – American Edition - monolingual English language edition –Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews – Australian-Romanian Academy for Culture – 2017 –ISBN978-0-9953502-0-5
The Bessarabia of My Soul / Basarabia Sufletului Meu– a collection of poetry from the Republic of Moldova – bilingual English/Romanian –Daniel Ioniță and Maria Tonu (editors), with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews – MediaTon, Toronto, Canada – 2018 –ISBN978-1-7751837-9-2
Testament – 400 Years of Romanian Poetry – 400 de ani de poezie românească – bilingual edition –Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) withDaniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul & Eva Foster – Editura Minerva, 2019 –ISBN978-973-21-1070-6
Romanian Poetry from its Origins to the Present – bilingual edition English/Romanian –Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) withDaniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul and Eva Foster – Australian-Romanian Academy Publishing – 2020 –ISBN978-0-9953502-8-1 ;LCCN2020-907831
Eminescu was only 20 whenTitu Maiorescu, the top literary critic in Romania, dubbed him "a real poet", in an essay where only a handful of the Romanian poets of the time were spared Maiorescu's harsh criticism. In the following decade, Eminescu's notability as a poet grew continually thanks to (1) the way he managed to enrich the literary language with words and phrases from all Romanian regions, from old texts, and with new words that he coined from his wide philosophical readings; (2) the use of bold metaphors, much too rare in earlier Romanian poetry; (3) last but not least, he was arguably the first Romanian writer who published in all Romanian provinces and was constantly interested in the problems of Romanians everywhere. He defined himself as aRomantic, in a poem addressedTo My Critics (Criticilor mei), and this designation, his untimely death as well as his bohemian lifestyle (he never pursued a degree, a position, a wife or fortune) had him associated with the Romantic figure of thegenius. As early as the late 1880s, Eminescu had a group of faithful followers. His 1883 poemLuceafărul was so notable that a new literary review took its name after it.
The most realistic psychological analysis of Eminescu was written byIon Luca Caragiale, who, after the poet's death published three short articles on this subject:In Nirvana,Irony andTwo notes. Caragiale stated that Eminescu's characteristic feature was that "he had an excessively unique nature".[30]: 148 Eminescu's life was a continuous oscillation betweenintrovert andextrovert attitudes.[30]: 147
That's how I knew him back then, and that is how he remained until his last moments of well-being: cheerful and sad; sociable and crabbed; gentle and abrupt; he was thankful for everything and unhappy about some things; here he was as abstemious as a hermit, there he was ambitious to the pleasures of life; sometimes he ran away from people and then he looked for them; he was carefree as a Stoic and choleric as an edgy girl. Strange medley! – happy for an artist, unhappy for a man!
The portrait thatTitu Maiorescu made in the studyEminescu and poems emphasizes Eminescu'sintrovert dominant traits.Titu Maiorescu promoted the image of a dreamer who was far away from reality, who did not suffer because of the material conditions that he lived in, regardless of all the ironies and eulogies of his neighbour, his main characteristic was "abstract serenity".[31]
In reality, just as one can discover from his poems and letters and just asCaragiale remembered, Eminescu was seldom influenced by boisteroussubconscious motivations. Eminescu's life was but an overlap of different-sized cycles, made of sudden bursts that were nurtured by dreams and crises due to the impact with reality. The cycles could last from a few hours or days to weeks or months, depending on the importance of events, or could even last longer, when they were linked to the events that significantly marked his life, such as his relation withVeronica, his political activity during his years as a student, or the fact that he attended the gatherings at theJunimea society or the articles he published in the newspaperTimpul. He used to have a unique manner of describing his own crisis of jealousy.[32]
You must know,Veronica, that as much as I love you, I sometimes hate you; I hate you without a reason, without a word, only because I imagine you laughing with someone else, and your laughter doesn't mean to him what it means to me and I feel I grow mad at the thought of somebody else touching you, when your body is exclusively and without impartasion to anyone. I sometimes hate you because I know you own all these allures that you charmed me with, I hate you when I suspect you might give away my fortune, my only fortune. I could only be happy beside you if we were far away from all the other people, somewhere, so that I didn't have to show you to anybody and I could be relaxed only if I could keep you locked up in a bird house in which only I could enter.
Eminescu was soon proclaimed Romania'snational poet, not because he wrote in an age of national revival, but rather because he was received as an author of paramount significance by Romanians in all provinces. Even today, he is considered the national poet of Romania, Moldova, and of the Romanians who live inBukovina (Romanian:Bucovina).[citation needed]
During a meeting withSoviet leaderLeonid Brezhnev in 1976, Romanian leaderNicolae Ceaușescu claimed that Eminescu was proof that aMoldovan nation norlanguage does not exist, as Eminescu supported the unification ofMuntenia and Moldova, always considered himself Romanian, was the founder of Romanian poetry and did very much for the development of Romanian language and literature, yet Moldavians attempt to claim him as a Moldavian.[33]
Eminescu is omnipresent in today's Romania. His statues are everywhere;[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] his face was on the 1000-leibanknotes issued in 1991, 1992, and 1998, and is on the 500-lei banknote issued in 2005 as the highest-denominated Romanian banknote (seeRomanian leu);Eminescu's Linden Tree is one of the country's most famous natural landmarks, while many schools and other institutions are named after him. The anniversaries of his birth and death are celebrated each year in many Romanian cities, and they became national celebrations in 1989 (the centennial of his death) and 2000 (150 years after his birth, proclaimed Eminescu's Year in Romania).
Several young Romanian writers provoked a huge scandal when they wrote abouttheir demystified idea of Eminescu and went so far as to reject the "official" interpretation of his work.[42]
A monument jointly dedicated to Eminescu andAllama Iqbal was erected inIslamabad, Pakistan on 15 January 2004, commemorating Pakistani-Romanian ties, as well as the dialogue between civilizations which is possible through the cross-cultural appreciation of their poetic legacies.
ComposerRodica Sutzu used Eminescu's text for her song “Gazel, opus 15.”
On 8 April 2008, a crater on the planet Mercury was named for him.[45]
A boulevard passing by the Romanian embassy inSofia, Bulgaria is named after Eminescu.[citation needed]
Academia Internationala presents "Mihai Eminescu" Academy Awards. In 2012, one of the winners, the Japanese artist Shogoro Shogoro hosted a tea ceremony to honor Mihai.[46]
In 2021, the Dutch artist Kasper Peters performs a theater show entitled "Eminescu", dedicated to the poet.[citation needed]
In May 2024, the first sculpture of Eminescu was inaugurated inAshgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan.[47][48]
In Romania, there are at least 133 monuments (statues and busts) dedicated to Mihai Eminescu. Most of these are located in the region of Moldova (42), followed by Transylvania (32). In Muntenia, there are 21 such monuments, while in Oltenia Eminescu is commemorated through 11 busts. The remaining monuments are placed in Crișana (8), Maramureș (7), and Dobrogea (3).[49]
Due to his conservativenationalistic views, Eminescu was easily adopted as an icon by the Romanian right.
After a decade when Eminescu's works were criticized as "mystic" and "bourgeois", Romanian Communists ended by adopting Eminescu asthe major Romanian poet. What opened the door for this thaw was the poemÎmpărat și proletar (Emperor andproletarian) that Eminescu wrote under the influence of the1870–1871 events in France, and which ended in aSchopenhauerian critique of human life. An expurgated version only showed the stanzas that could present Eminescu as a poet interested in the fate of proletarians.
It has also been revealed that Eminescu demanded strong anti-Jewish legislation on the German model, saying, among other things, that "the Jew does not deserve any rights anywhere in Europe because he is not working".[50] This was a fairly usual stance in the cultural and literary milieu of his age.[51]
^Călinescu, George (1989).Viaţa lui Mihai Eminescu [The Life of Mihai Eminescu] (in Romanian). Literatura Artistică. pp. 5–6.ISBN978-973-21-0096-7.După unii, deci, Eminescu este, prin origine, suedez. El ar fi fost nepot de fiu al unui ofiţer de cavalerie invalid din oastea lui Carol al XII lea, stabilit după bătălia de la Poltava la Suceava, pe lângă familia baronului Mustaţă [...] După mamă, Eminescu pare, însă, indiscutabil, rus.
^abConstantinescu, Nicolae M. (September 2014).Bolile lui Eminescu – adevăr şi mistificare [Eminescu's illnesses – between truth and mystification] (in Romanian). Vol. 3. Science Policy and Scientometry Magazine.
^abcSimion, Eugen; Popescu, Irinel; Pop, Ioan-Aurel (15 January 2015).Maladia lui Eminescu și maladiile imaginare ale eminescologilor (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Foundation for Science and Art.
^Neghina, R.; Neghina, A. M. (26 March 2011). "Medical controversies and dilemmas in discussion about the illness and death of Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), Romania's National Poet".Med. Probl. Performing Artists.26 (1):44–50.doi:10.21091/mppa.2011.1007.PMID21442137.
^Dietrich, D.J. (1988). "National renewal, anti-Semitism, and political continuity: A psychological assessment".Political Psychology.9 (3):385–411.doi:10.2307/3791721.JSTOR3791721.
