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Middle Triassic

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Second epoch of the Triassic period

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Middle Triassic

246.7 – ~237Ma

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A map of Earth as it appeared 240 million years ago during the Middle Triassic Epoch, Ladinian Age

Middle Triassic agedMuschelkalk (Schaumkalk) inBaden-Württemberg,Germany

Chronology

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Mesozoic

Triassic

←

Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

←

Scleractinian
corals & calcified sponges^[1]

←

Carnian pluvial episode

←

Manicouagan impact

←

Coals return^[2]

←

Full recovery of woody trees^[3]

←

Smithian–Spathian boundary event^[4]

←

Permian-Triassic extinction event

Subdivision of the Triassic according to theICS, as of 2024.^[5]
Vertical axis scale:Millions of years ago

Etymology

Name formality

Formal

Usage information

Celestial body

Earth

Regional usage

Global (ICS)

Time scale(s) used

ICS Time Scale

Definition

Chronological unit

Epoch

Stratigraphic unit

Series

Time span formality

Formal

Lower boundary definition

Not formally defined

Lower boundary definition candidates

FAD of theConodontChiosella timorensis
Base ofmagnetic zone MT1n

Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)

Upper boundary definition

FAD of theAmmoniteDaxatina canadensis

Upper boundary GSSP

Prati di Stuores,Dolomites,Italy
46°31′37″N11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E /46.5269; 11.9303

Upper GSSP ratified

2008^[6]

In thegeologic timescale, theMiddle Triassic is the second of threeepochs of theTriassic period or the middle of threeseries in which the Triassicsystem is divided inchronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between 246.7Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by theEarly Triassic Epoch and followed by theLate Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into theAnisian andLadinian ages orstages.^[7]

Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known asMuschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit ofrock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Middle Triassic life

[edit]

Main page:Category:Middle Triassic life

Following thePermian–Triassic extinction event, the most devastating of all mass-extinctions, life recovered slowly. In the Middle Triassic, many groups of organisms reached higher diversity again, such as themarine reptiles (e.g.ichthyosaurs,sauropterygians,thallatosaurs),ray-finned fish and manyinvertebrate groups likemolluscs (ammonoids,bivalves,gastropods).^{[citation needed]}

During the Middle Triassic, there were not yet anyflowering plants, but instead there wereseed ferns andgymnosperms. Small dinosauriforms began to appear, likeNyasasaurus and the ichnogenusIranosauripus.^{[citation needed]}

Mixosaurus cornalianus restoration, a Middle Triassic ichthyosaur

References

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^Payne, Johnathan L.; Lehrmann, Daniel J.; Wei, Jiayong; Orchard, Michael J.;Schrag, Daniel P.;Knoll, Andrew H. (July 23, 2004)."Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction".Science.305 (5683):506–509.Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P.doi:10.1126/science.1097023.PMID 15273391.S2CID 35498132.
^Retallack, Gregory J.;Veevers, John J.; Morante, Ric (February 1996)."Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants".Geological Society of America Bulletin.108 (2):195–207.Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R.doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. RetrievedSeptember 29, 2007.
^McElwain, Jennifer C.; Punyasena, Surangi W. (October 2007)."Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record".Trends in Ecology & Evolution.22 (10):548–557.doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003.PMID 17919771. RetrievedOctober 4, 2025.
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020)."Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery".Frontiers in Earth Science.8 (196): 196.Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W.doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"(PDF).International Commission on Stratigraphy. December 2024. RetrievedOctober 23, 2025.
^Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012)."The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)"(PDF).Episodes.35 (3):414–430.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003. Retrieved13 December 2020.
^"ICS - Chart/Time Scale"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2025-01-01. Retrieved2025-01-14.

GeoWhen Database - Middle Triassic

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)