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Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Period of escalations in the Middle East
This article is about the ongoing series of conflicts in the Middle East. For other uses, seeList of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

Middle Eastern crisis
Part of theArab–Israeli conflict,Israeli–Palestinian conflict,Gaza–Israel conflict,Iran–Israel proxy conflict,Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and theHezbollah–Israel conflict

Clockwise from top: Fires in Israel following theOctober 7 attacks, rising smoke after theassassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, two United Statescarrier strike groups in theMediterranean Sea, Israeli strike on theIRIB studio duringIran–Israel war, damage from theIsraeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
Date7 October 2023 – present
(2 years, 1 month, 2 weeks and 4 days)
Location
StatusOngoing
Belligerents
Iran
Syria(until2024)
Hamas
Hezbollah
Houthis
Islamic Resistance in Iraq
...other allies[a]		Israel
United States
United Kingdom[b]
France[10]
Popular Forces[c]
...other support[d]		Syria(from2024)[e]
Palestinian Authority[f]		Self-defense only:
Lebanon[g]
Jordan[h]
Egypt[25]
Qatar[i]
 Saudi Arabia[24]
Commanders and leaders
IranAli Khamenei
IranMasoud Pezeshkian (WIA)
IranEbrahim Raisi #
IranHossein Salami X
Ba'athist SyriaBashar al-Assad Surrendered
HamasIsmail Haniyeh X
HamasYahya Sinwar †
HezbollahNaim Qassem
HezbollahHassan Nasrallah X
HezbollahHashem Safieddine X
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
Ahmed al-Rahawi X
Muhammad al-Ghamari X		IsraelBenjamin Netanyahu
IsraelIsaac Herzog
United StatesDonald Trump
United StatesPete Hegseth
United StatesJoe Biden
United StatesLloyd Austin
United KingdomKeir Starmer
United KingdomRishi Sunak
FranceEmmanuel Macron
Yasser Abu Shabab		SyriaAhmed al-Sharaa
PalestineMahmoud Abbas		LebanonJoseph Aoun
LebanonNajib Mikati
JordanAbdullah II
EgyptAbdel Fattah el-Sisi
QatarTamim bin Hamad
Saudi ArabiaMohammed bin Salman
Strength
Hamas 20,000–40,000+[29]
Hezbollah 20,000–100,000[30]		Israel 40,000+[31]
USA (in Israel): 100[32]		UnknownLebanon 80,000[33]
Casualties and losses
Gaza Strip:
55,000+ killed[j]
Lebanon:
4,000+ killed
Iran:
1,000+ killed
West Bank:
1,000+ killed
Yemen:
500 killed
Syria:
415+ killed		Israel:
2,000+ killed
United States:
5 killed		Syria:
500+ killed
Timeline
Lebanon
Iran, Iraq and Syria
Yemen and the Red Sea
Deaths
Related topics

TheMiddle Eastern crisis, also known as theOctober 7 War,[34][35][36][37] is an ongoing regional conflict comprising a series of interrelated wars, conflicts, and heightened instability in theMiddle East during theGaza war andgenocide. The Gaza war began on 7 October 2023, whenHamas-led militants launched asurprise attack on Israel, breaching theblockade of the Gaza Strip, killing 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals—including 815 civilians—and taking251 hostages. Israel then launched an offensive withheavy bombardment and aground invasion of the Gaza Strip. Israel'sintensified blockade, bombardment, and invasion of the Gaza Striphas killed over 60,000 Palestinians, with some estimates suggesting more than 90,000 killed. On 10 October 2025, aceasefire went into effect.

Shortly after the Gaza war began, severalIran-backed militias in theAxis of Resistance joined the conflict against Israel. InLebanon,Hezbollah fired rockets into northern Israel, igniting afourteen-month conflict that escalated in October 2024 toan Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon and largely ended witha ceasefire at the end of November. In theRed Sea, theYemen-basedHouthisattacked shipping vessels in solidarity withHamas, drawinginternational rebuke—includinga series of airstrikes against Houthi positions carried out by theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom—which ended with theU.S.–Houthi ceasefire in May 2025.Iraqi militias led by theIslamic Resistance in Iraq also carried outattacks on U.S. bases inIraq,Syria, andJordan, but mostly halted in December 2024.

Three times during the crisis, Iran and Israel engaged in direct confrontations. The two exchanged attacks on each other's territory inApril and October 2024, beforean undeclared 12-day war occurred in June 2025. That conflict involvedU.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, prompting Iran to retaliate bytargeting a U.S. base in Qatar. In November 2024,Syrian opposition groups beganan offensive that reignited theSyrian civil war, culminating in thefall of the Assad regime on 8 December and the establishment ofa transitional government in the place ofthe former Ba'athist government. On the same day,Israeli forces invaded the area around theIsrael–Syria border.

The diplomatic and political impacts of the crisis have been wide-ranging. The scale of destruction in Gaza has led to the diplomatic isolation of Israel and the pause ofnormalization talks between Israel andSaudi Arabia. Conversely, the crisis has been said to have severely decreased the regional strength and influence of Iran and its allies. There is consensus among scholars that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. In addition,South Africa hasan ongoing case against Israel at theInternational Court of Justice, and theInternational Criminal Court hasissued arrest warrants for Israeli leaders—including Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu—forwar crimes.

Events by theater

Israel and the Gaza Strip

Main articles:Gaza war andGaza genocide
Further information:Background to the Gaza war andHamas–Popular Forces conflict
Map of control in and around theGaza Strip in theGaza war as of 25 November 2025

On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant groupHamas leda surprise attack into Israel from theGaza Strip that captured territory in southern Israel and killed approximately 1,200 people.[38][39][40][41] In addition, about 250 Israelis and foreigners weretaken into Gaza as hostages by Hamas andother Palestinian armed groups.[42] The attack began with a barrage ofover 4,000 rockets and paraglider incursions into Israel.[43] Hamas fighters also breached theGaza–Israel barrier and massacred civilians in several communities.[44] The attack marked the deadliest day in Israeli history.[45] In response, the Israeli government declared war for the first time since the 1973Yom Kippur War.[46]

After the 7 October Hamas attack, Israel begana bombardment andblockade of the Gaza Strip,[47] which escalated on 13 October into temporary raids into the northern Gaza Strip[47] and on 27 October toa full-scale invasion of Gaza[48] with the stated goals of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.[49] The initial phase of the invasion took place in the north of the Gaza Strip, including anIsraeli siege of Gaza City that began on 2 November.[50] Hamas and Israel agreed toa six-day truce from 24 November to 30 November that saw Hamas exchange Israeli hostages forPalestinian prisoners held by Israel.[51][52]

After the truce expired in December, Israeli troopshad reached the city ofKhan Yunis in central Gaza.[53] Israel began abombing campaign of the southern city ofRafah in February,[54] and Israel seized theRafah border crossing on 7 May 2024 as it beganan offensive in and around Rafah.[55] Israeli forces pushed deeper into Rafah on 14 May.[56] In July, Israel initiateda second battle in Khan Yunis.[57] On 16 October 2024,the Israeli military killed the leader of Hamas,Yahya Sinwar, hence achieving a major goal of Israel's invasion of Gaza.[58] On 15 January 2025, Israel and Hamas agreed toa ceasefire that would halt fighting in the Gaza Strip upon its ratification and lead to the release of 33 Israeli hostages in exchange for Palestinian prisoners.[59] It went into effect four days later, with Hamas retaining control over the Gaza Strip.[60][61] On 18 March,Israel launched surprise airstrikes on Gaza as Israeli Prime MinisterBinyamin Netanyahu said that Hamas had refused to release more hostages or accept a US proposal to extend the ceasefire.[62]

The war has caused widespread destruction, ahumanitarian crisis, and anongoing famine in the Gaza Strip.[63][64] Most of the population wasforcibly displaced.[63] More than 60,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed as of July 2025.[65] On 10 October 2025, aceasefire went into effect.[66]

West Bank

Main articles:Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war andPalestinian Authority–West Bank militias conflict

During the Gaza war,Israeli forces have carried out near-daily incursions and airstrikes in Palestinian communities in theIsraeli-occupied territory of theWest Bank, some of which have led to clashes withregional Palestinian militias.[67][68] Even before the war, there was escalating violence between Israelis and Palestinians in the region.[69] 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank on record,[70] and in 2023 Israeli forces killed 234 Palestinians in the region even before the war began;[71] Hamas said its 7 October attack was in part a response to rising violence against Palestinians.[72] In the first weeks after Hamas's attack, Israel arrested 63 Hamas members inTulkarm,[73] and struck a mosque inJenin it said was used by Hamas andPalestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).[68][74][75] Simultaneously,attacks by Israeli settlers more than doubled in the war's first month,[76] part of an overall rise in settler violence[77] that has displaced over 1,500 Palestinians during the war.[78] On 28 August 2024, Israel beganan expansive military operation in the West Bank consisting of raids, airstrikes, and the blocking of entry points in Jenin and Tulkarm,[79][80][81] marking its largest offensive in the territory since theSecond Intifada.[67] On 21 January 2025, Israel launched its first major post-ceasefire raid,targeting Jenin, and announced that it intended to maintain a long-term military presence in the city, marking a shift in strategy.[82]

Additionally, there have been clashes between thePalestinian Authority (PA) and militant groups opposed to it in the West Bank.[83] The PA haspartial administrative authority in the region,[84][85] and is dominated byFatah,[86] whose collaborations with the Israeli military for security[84][87] have been criticized by militias including Hamas and PIJ.[83] Clashes between militants and the PAescalated in July 2024,[88] and in October the PA began acrackdown on militants in Tubas in response to Iranian efforts to undermine the PA in favor of local militias.[83][89] In December, it begana second offensive in Jenin targeting theJenin Brigades,[85][84] an umbrella group of local militias.[86]

Lebanon

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present).
Main articles:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
Smoke rises inBeirut,Lebanon followingthe Israeli air raid that killed the leader ofHezbollah,Hassan Nasrallah, on 27 September 2024

Aseries of border clashes between Israel and the Lebanese militant groupHezbollah along theIsrael–Lebanon border began 8 October 2023,[90][91][92] when Hezbollah attacked theShebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack on Israel the day prior, and Israel responded by attacking Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.[93][94][95] Skirmishes between Israel and Hezbollah then continued in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, including in the Israeli-occupiedGolan Heights.[96][97] Hezbollah initially said that it would attack Israel until the latter ended its attacks in Gaza,[98][99] and Hezbollah's attacks caused 96,000 Israelis to be displaced from northern Israel.[100]

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike in theDahieh suburb ofBeirut thatassassinated Hamas deputy leaderSaleh al-Arouri.[101] Hezbollah responded on 6 January by launching rockets at an Israeli base near Mount Meron;[102][103] two days later, Israel assassinatedthe Hezbollah commander it said carried out that attack.[104] On 27 July, 12 children in the Golan Heights were killed inan attack for which Israel accused Hezbollah;[105][106][107] in response,Israel killed Hezbollah commanderFuad Shukr in Beirut on 30 July.[108]

In September 2024, anIsraeli operation resulted in the simultaneous explosion of thousands of pagers used by Hezbollah on 17 September[109] and hundreds of walkie-talkies the next day,[110] killing 42 people.[111][112] The attacks marked the beginning of an intensive Israeli campaign against Hezbollah,[113] and in the ensuing days Israel continued attacks in Lebanon and conducteda massive aerial bombardment that killed more than 700 people,[114] includinga 20 September attack that killed HezbollahRedwan Force commanderIbrahim Aqil.[115] On 27 September 2024, Israel assassinatedHassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, inan attack on the group's headquarters in Beirut.[113][116]

On 1 October 2024, Israel beganan invasion of southern Lebanon that it said was to eliminate the threat posed by Hezbollah and allow the 63,000 Israelis still displaced to return to their homes.[117][118][119] By 15 October, over 25 percent of Lebanon was under Israeli evacuation orders,[120] and during the invasion Israel captured and destroyed several villages and towns in southern Lebanon while it continued airstrikes across the country.[118] During the conflict, more than 3,700 people in Lebanon were killed and about 1.3 million were displaced.[121][122][123] On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah agreed toa 60-day ceasefire intended to lead to a lasting end to the conflict.[124][125] Despite both Israel and Hezbollah continuing to exchange attacks and accusing the other of violating the ceasefire, the agreement has largely held.[123] In July 2025 a new report claimed that Hezbollah lost 10,000 of its fighters and many of its military capabilities have also deteriorated significantly.[126] On 7 August 2025, in a government meeting specifically addressing thedisarmament of Hezbollah, the majority of the government voted to approve the decision. The Lebanese Army was tasked to create a plan ensuring that only the state has control over weapons in Lebanon. The decision is based on a U.S. plan to disarm Hezbollah.[127]

Yemen and the Red Sea

Main article:Red Sea crisis
TheUSSCarney shoots down Houthi missiles targeting Israel over the Red Sea on 19 October 2023

Shortly after the Gaza war began in October 2023,Houthi militants based inYemen begantargeting civilian merchant and naval vessels passing through theRed Sea.[128] The Houthis said that their attacks would continue until Israel ended its "crimes in Gaza."[129] The group said it would target vessels linked to Israel, but has primarily indiscriminately attacked many vessels with no relation to the country.[130] By May 2024, Houthis had conducted over 50 attacks;[131] Houthi leaderAbdul-Malik al-Houthi said his forces had launched 606 ballistic missiles and drones against 107 ships affiliated with Israel and its allies across the Red Sea,Bab-el-Mandeb strait,Gulf of Aden, andIndian Ocean.[132] Houthis killed three sailors, seized one vessel, and sank another.[131] To avoid attack, many vessels avoided theSuez Canal and Red Sea altogether by sailing around theCape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, which caused increases in shipping costs.[133]

The first confrontation was on 19 October 2023, when aUnited States Navy guided missile destroyer in the Red Sea shot down Houthi missiles and drones aimed at Israel.[134] The next month, Houthis hijacked theGalaxy Leader and took all 25 of its passengers hostage.[135] In December, the United States createdOperation Prosperity Guardian, a multinational naval coalition aimed at combatting attacks in the Red Sea.[136] The coalition includes the U.S., the United Kingdom, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain.[137][138] In February 2024, theEuropean Union establishedOperation Aspides, including Greece, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, and other EU members; unlike Prosperity Guardian, Aspides is a purely defensive coalition.[16] On 3 January 2024, the U.S. and 12 other nations issued an ultimatum to the Houthis warning them to stop their attacks or face military action.[138] On 12 January, the U.S. and U.K. beganairstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen[139] following aUnited Nations Security Council resolution that condemned the Houthi attacks.[140][141] The strikes were ordered by U.S. presidentJoe Biden and U.K. prime ministerRishi Sunak authorized British participation.[142][143] The two countries had launched 452 attacks on Houthi territory by May 2024,[132] though the Houthis did not entirely cease their attacks.[16]

Aftera Houthi drone attack in July 2024 killed one person and injured 10 others nearthe U.S. embassy office inTel Aviv,[144] Israelresponded by attacking military facilities and oil depots inal-Hudaydah, Yemen, killing at least six and wounding at least 83.[145] Israel attacked Yemenagain in September, killing six and injuring 57 others.[146] After Houthi attacks in December 2024, Israel launchedtwo waves of strikes against Houthi territory in al-Hudaydah andSanaa, killing a total of 13 people.[147] Israeli attacks on the Houthis in Yemen continued into 2025.[148]

On 15 March 2025, the U.S. said that it hadbegun aerial and naval strikes on dozens of Houthi targets in Yemen after PresidentDonald Trump ordered an escalated military campaign against the Houthis.[149] After theMarch 2025 Israeli strikes on Gaza, the Houthis pledged escalation on 18 March.[150] In April, Iranian forces withdrew from Yemen,[151] and U.S. strikestargeted the Ras Isa oil terminal in western Yemen andhit a detention center in Yemen'sSaada Governorate.[152][153][154] On 4 May,a Houthi attack hit theBen Gurion Airport in Israel;[155] in response, Israelcarried out retaliatory attacks on Yemen,[156] including an attack onSanaa International Airport.[157] On 6 May, aUnited States–Houthi ceasefire agreement mediated by Oman came into effect, ending the American and British attacks on Yemen.[158] The Houthis agreed to end their attacks in the Red Sea but said the agreement did not apply to attacks on Israel.[159]

Iraq and Jordan

Main article:Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
Further information:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

Beginning on 17 October 2023,[139] theIslamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) and other militias in the Iran-ledAxis of Resistance begana series of attacks against United States military bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria[160] in response toU.S. support for Israel in the Gaza war.[161] The attacks began with an IRI attack on the U.S.'sal-Asad Airbase in northern Iraq that the U.S. intercepted.[162] Regional militias had conducted over 170 attacks against U.S. forces in the region by January 2024, aimed at pressuring the U.S. into withdrawing its troops in the region[160] that it had deployed during thewar against the Islamic State.[161] On 28 January 2024,an IRI attack on a U.S. base in Jordan killed three American service members; the U.S. responded on February 2 byattacking seven sites across Iraq and Syria.[163] The IRI also conducted attacks against Israel beginning in October 2023,[164] and in January 2024 it attacked the Israeli city ofAshdod in what it described as the "second phase of operations" in its support for Palestinians in Gaza;[165] two Israeli soldiers have been killed by drone strikes from Iraq.[97] Attacks on U.S. bases largely ended on 4 February 2024 at the request of Iran[166]—though some resumed that April[167]—and Iraqi militias agreed with the Iraqi government to stop attacking Israel in December 2024.[164]

After the January 2024Kerman bombings in Iran in which theIslamic State killed nearly 100 people, Iran conducteda series of strikes in Iraq and Syria that it said targeted an Israeli spy headquarters inIraqi Kurdistan and Islamic State forces in Syria.[168] Shortly after, Iranconducted strikes in Pakistan targetingJaish ul-Adl, aSunni Islamic militant group, to whichPakistanresponded with retaliatory strikes against Iran.[169]

Syria

Initial Israeli attacks

Main article:Spillover of the Gaza war in Syria

From the beginning of the Gaza war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but theSyrian government under PresidentBashar al-Assad largely stayed out of the regional conflict.[170]

During the first month of the war, Israel launched attacks on Syrian airports[171][172] and across southwestern Syria.[173] It continued strikes in Syria in 2024, including inDamascus[174] andAleppo.[175] In January, Israel killedan Iranian general of theIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)Quds Force alongside 12 others.[176] On 1 April,it bombed the consulate annex of Iran's embassy in Damascus, killing 16, includingMohammad Reza Zahedi, the Quds Force commander in Syria and Lebanon.[177][178] In September,Israel raided and struckMasyaf, killing at least 18 people,[179][180][181] and in October, Israeli strikes killed 13 people in Damascus[170] and 10 inal-Quasyr.[182] In November, Israeli killed 23 people in Syria in strikes targetingPalestinian Islamic Jihad,[183][184][185] and killed 92 Iran-backed fighters from various groups later that month inPalmyra.[186][187]

Opposition offensives and end of the Assad regime

Main articles:2024 Syrian opposition offensives andFall of the Assad regime
A map of rebel advances during theSyrian opposition offensives that resulted in thefall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024

On 27 November 2024, a coalition ofSyrian opposition groups launcheda surprise offensive against the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad in the country's northwest.[188] The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government—Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah—were weakened by other conflicts.[189][190] Led byHay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported by Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in theSyrian civil war, which began in 2011.[191]

By 30 November, HTShad taken control of most of Aleppo,[192] after which Russia intervened to conduct airstrikes on rebel positions there.[193] By 1 December, the rebels had gained control of significant amounts of land in the governorates ofHama,Idlib, andAleppo, and were beginningan offensive into thecity of Hama.[188][194] Hama fell to the HTS on 5 December,[195] and on 7 December they hadmoved south to capture the city ofHoms, effectively separating the government in Damascus from Syria's coast.[196] Meanwhile, theSouthern Operations Room beganan assault on the government inDaraa and began pushing into the southern suburbs of Damascus, while theSyrian Free Army, whichhad captured Palmyra, approached Damascus from the east.[197]

Damascus fell to the rebels in the early morning of 8 December, 11 days after the offensive began, and HTS proclaimed theend of the Assad regime as Assad fled the country forMoscow.[198][199] HTS leaderAhmed al-Sharaa became thede facto leader of Syria[200] and establisheda transitional government led byMohammed al-Bashir as the country's caretakerprime minister until March 2025.[201]

Israeli invasion

Main article:Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)

After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that the1974 Israel–Syria border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to beginan invasion ofthe buffer zone in Syria along theGolan Heights.[202] Israel seized Syria's side ofMount Hermon,[203] occupied border villages in Syrian-controlled parts of the Golan Heights,[204] and bombed targets across Damascus and southern Syria in addition to abandonedSyrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) weapons stockpiles and airbases.[205][206] On 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes across Syria,[207] including a strike on thePort of Latakia.[208] Israel justified its attacks, which destroyed much of the former SAAF's naval and air assets and its air defenses,[209][210][86] as necessary to prevent extremists from capturing abandoned weapons;[211] al-Sharaa condemned Israel's actions but said Syria would not enter a new conflict.[86]

Iran

Main article:2024 Iran–Israel conflict

On 13 April 2024,Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.[212] The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen[213] and came after the 1 AprilIsraeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.[214][215] Ballistic missiles from the attack damagedan air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.[213][216] The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan.[217] According to theWall Street Journal, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates shared intelligence.[218] In response, on 19 AprilIsrael launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.[219]

Missile interceptions inLower Galilee during the1 October 2024 Iranian attack on Israel

On 1 October 2024, in retaliation for several Israeli assassinations—theJuly killing ofIsmail Haniyeh in Tehran, and the27 September Beirut strike that killedHassan Nasrallah andAbbas Nilforoushan—Iran launched a second direct attack on Israel that consisted of roughly 200 ballistic missiles.[220][221] The U.S., U.K., France, and Jordan again helped Israel repel most of the Iranian attack.[222][223] Shrapnel from the attack killed one Palestinian civilian in the West Bank.[224]Israel retaliated on 26 October, in the largest attack on Iran since theIran–Iraq War,[225] with over 100 Israeli aircraft targeting Iran's radar and air defense systems.[226] Israel said the attack severely damaged Iran's air defense and missile production capabilities.[227]

Iranian nuclear program

After theTrump's letter to Iran,IRGC Navy seized two oil tankers inPersian Gulf belonging to Saudis in March 2025.[228] The following month,French minister of foreign affairs stated if Iran were to make nuclear weapon war would be inevitable almost,[229] US President Trump stated that Iran wants direct negotiations, and IRGC GeneralHossein Salami declared Iranians are ready for war though should the US attack first.[230][231]Iranian Foreign Minister also announced Iran and US would start high level indirect negotiations in Oman.[232]

Iran–Israel war

Main articles:Iran–Israel war andUnited States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites
Aerial view ofTehran following Israeli airstrikes, 13 June 2025
Residential building inRamat Gan damaged by an Iranian strike

On 13 June 2025,Israel launched large-scale attacks against targets in several areas in Iran. Israel targeted nuclear facilities, military installations, and the private residences of senior officials,[233] causing damage to key nuclear sites[234] and killing Iran's top military leadership.[235]Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) commanderHossein Salami,[236][237][238] Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major GeneralMohammad Bagheri,[239] and nuclear scientistsFereydoon Abbasi andMohammad Mehdi Tehranchi were killed in the attacks, according to Iranian state media.[240] The attacks killed both Iranian military members and Iranian civilians.[241]

On 21 June, US President Trump announced the US had attacked multiple nuclear sites in Iran, includingFordow Fuel Enrichment Plant,Natanz Nuclear Facility, and a third site inIsfahan in support of Israel and to attempt to completely destroy the Iranian nuclear program. The international community reacted with alarm at the escalation.[242]

Qatar

Main article:Israeli attack on Doha

On 9 September 2025,Israel bombed the Hamas headquarters in Qatar, reportedly targeting several members of theHamas temporary committee, includingKhalil al-Hayya,Khaled Mashal,Muhammad Ismail Darwish,Musa Abu Marzouk, andZaher Jabarin.[243][244] Hamas confirmed that its top leadership survived the attack, although six people had been killed, including al-Hayya's son Humam, his aide, three bodyguards, and a Qatari security officer.[245][246]

Casualties

Further information:Casualties of the Gaza war

According to theGaza Health Ministry (GHM), since the start of theIsraeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, over 60,000 Palestinians in Gazahave been killed as of July 2025.[247][248][65] A study inThe Lancet estimated 64,260 deaths in Gaza fromtraumatic injuries by June 2024, while noting a potentially larger death toll when "indirect" deaths are included.[249][250][251][252] As of May 2025, a comparable figure for traumatic injury deaths would be 93,000.[253] More than 146,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been injured in the war.[65]

The GHM does not distinguish between civilians and combatants;[254] the IsraeliInstitute for National Security Studies says Israel has killed more than 17,000 militants,[255] while Hamas said in April 2024 that it had lost no more than 20 percent, or about 6,000, of its fighters.[256] AnAssociated Press analysis of GHM data up to April 2024 found thatwomen andchildren comprised 54 percent of all identified dead, a statistic often used as a proxy for civilian casualties.[256] Several human rights organizations such asAmnesty International andB'Tselem, variousgenocide studies andinternational law scholars, and other experts say thata genocide is taking place in Gaza, though some dispute this.[257][258]

In Israel, the 7 October Hamas-led attack resulted in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 816 civilians and 379 members of thesecurity forces.[259][260][261] Of the 251 people from Israel taken back to Gaza as hostages, 136 have been returned to Israel alive, 39 have been returned dead,three were killed by friendly fire, and 73 remain in captivity.[262][263][264] At least 405 Israeli soldiers and one officer were killed during the Israeli invasion of Gaza.[97] Eighty Israeli soldiers and 46 civilians have been killed in the conflict with Hezbollah;[97][265] violence in the West Bank has killed 25 Israelis,[78] including six soldiers and police.[97] TheUnited Nations Human Rights Council said there was"clear evidence" of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas during the war,[266] and human-rights organizations have accused Hamas and other militias of committingcrimes against humanity in the 7 October attack.[259]

In Lebanon, Israeli attacks killed 4,047 people and wounded 16,638 others.[267] Hezbollah has confirmed the death of 521 of its members,[268] and theSyrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 67 Hezbollah members have been killed in Syria since the outbreak of the Gaza war.[269][270] The Israeli military estimated that that around 3,800 Hezbollah members died in the conflict,[271] while media reports claimed Hezbollah believes its number of dead could be as high as 4,000.[272] Initial clashes in southern Lebanon also killed at least 20 members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[273] According toLebanon's ministry of public health, fourteen journalists have been killed byIsraeli attacks while reporting on the conflict.[274]

In the West Bank, 607 Palestinians were killed by August 2024, primarily due to Israeli military raids.[78] Additionally, the Palestinian Authority's offensive in Jenin resulted in the death of six PA soldiers, four Palestinian militants, and three civilians.[275] During the Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have killed four sailors in the Red Sea,[274][276] while in December 2023 U.S. strikes on Houthi boats in the Red Sea killed at least 10 Houthi members,[277] and by the end of May 2024 the U.S. and U.K. airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen had killed 56 people and injured 77 others.[274][132] Five U.S. soldiers died in January 2024: two were lost at sea on a mission to seize Iranian weapons[278] and three were killed in an IRI attack in Jordan that injured 47 others.[279]

Political and legal impact

Prior to the outbreak of war, the United States had aimed to expand the 2020Abraham Accords into adiplomatic normalization agreementbetween Israel and Saudi Arabia that would likely include a defense agreement between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. had scheduled a negotiation between Netanyahu and a Saudi ambassador to take place in Tel Aviv in November 2023. However, the Hamas attack on 7 October and ensuing Israeli invasion of Gaza meant that the meeting could not take place.[280] Later in 2024, Saudi Crown PrinceMohamed bin Salman said that any Saudi–Israeli normalization agreement would requirePalestinian statehood as part of atwo-state solution.[281][282]

United Nations

Further information:South Africa's genocide case against Israel

On 29 December 2023, South Africa broughta case against Israel before theInternational Court of Justice accusing Israel ofcommitting genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war, in violation of theGenocide Convention.[283] South Africa requested that the ICJ order an immediate halt to Israel's military operations in Gaza among otherprovisional measures of protection.[284] Israel has contended that its actions in Gaza are targeted only at Hamas and are in legitimateself-defense in accordance with international law.[285] On 26 January 2024, the ICJ said in a preliminary ruling that some of the acts claimed by South Africa in its allegations could be covered by the Genocide Convention and that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide in Gaza.[286]

Prior to the January 2025 ceasefire that halted the Gaza war, theUnited Nations Security Council made numerous attempts to negotiate aceasefire. The United Statesvetoed a February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,[287] and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution calling for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.[288][289] On 25 March, the UNSC passedResolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.[290][291][292] The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.[293]

See also

Portals:

Notes

  1. ^TheAxis of Resistance is an informal coalition of Middle Eastern militias aligned with Iran.[1] Alongside Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and Ba'athist Syria, major participants in the conflict includePalestinian Islamic Jihad[2] and theIslamic Resistance in Iraq,[3] as well as smallerPalestinian militant groups in theJoint Operations Room[4] and several Lebanese militias.[5] The Bahrain-basedAl-Ashtar Brigades[6] and theMuslim Brotherhood have also engaged in conflict with Israel during the crisis.[7]Russia has provided military assistance to the Houthis and conducted several airstrikes on the side of Ba'athist Syria during the2024 Syrian opposition offensives.[8][9]
  2. ^Operation Poseidon Archer andOperation Iron Shield
  3. ^From May 2024[11][12]
  4. ^Over the course of the conflict, Israel hasreceived weaponry from various foreign governments.[13] According toThe Wall Street Journal, the country was allegedly aided by intelligence fromSaudi Arabia and theUnited Arab Emirates in its defense against Iranian attacks in 2024,[14] and two multinational coalitions have responded to Houthi attacks in the Red Sea crisis — the United States-ledOperation Prosperity Guardian[15] and theEuropean Union-ledOperation Aspides.[16]
  5. ^Syria is currently governed bya transitional government that was formed byrebels and opposition groups whooverthrew the Iran-allied Assad regime in 2024.[17] Israelinvaded part of Syria after Assad's fall and has conducted airstrikes against Syrian bases;[18] while Syrian transitional leaders have condemned Israel's invasion, they have not engaged in direct conflict with Israel and have instead pushed for cordial relations with the country.[19]
  6. ^ThePalestinian Authority (PA) hasbeen in conflict with Iran-allied groups opposed to both the Palestinian Authority and Israel. It is not an ally of Israel, though it cooperates with the Israeli military inPalestinian-controlled areas of the West Bank.[20]
  7. ^The Lebanese government said it would stay out of the2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, but responded militarily to Israeli attacks on its positions.[21]
  8. ^Jordan shot down Iranian missiles that entered its airspace during attacks on Israel inApril 2024,[22]October 2024,[23] andJune 2025.[24]
  9. ^Qatar shot down Iranian missiles that entered its airspace on 23 June 2025, when Irantargeted US forces at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar, as retaliation forUnited States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites.[26] On 9 September 2025,Israel struck the Hamas headquarters in Qatar, reportedly targeting several Hamas officials.[27]
  10. ^About 64,000 reportedly killed, with over 14,000 presumed dead as missing added.

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    • Dumper & Badran 2024, p. 2: "In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip"
    • Speri 2024
    • Narea 2024
    • Albanese 2024, p. 1: "By analysing the patterns of violence and Israeli policies in its onslaught on Gaza, the present report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating that Israel has committed genocide has been met"
    • Amnesty International 2024, p. 13: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."
    • Traverso 2024, p. 8: "The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today"
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    • B'Tselem 2025, p. 86: "The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip."
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Sources

Overview
General
Historical
context
Hamas-led attack on Israel
Attacks on
civilians
Battles
General
topics
Israeli invasion of Gaza
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refugee camps
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2020
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Nov–present
2025
Nov 2024
–present
Spillover
Israel and Golan Heights:
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Turkey:
Elsewhere:
Belligerents
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