| Midday Meal Scheme | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Students receiving mid-day meal at a school inWokha district ofNagaland state | |
| Type of project | Government of India |
| Country | India |
| Launched | 1995 |
| Status | Active |
| Website | https://pmposhan.education.gov.in/ |
TheMidday Meal Scheme, orPM-Poshan Shakti Nirman in Hindi,[1][2] is a mandatory but freeschool meal programme in India designed to enhance thenutritional status of school-age children nationwide.[3] The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in government primary and upper primary schools, government-aidedanganwadis (pre-school),madrasas andmaqtabs.[4] Serving 120 million children in over 1.27 million schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, the Midday Meal Scheme is the largest of its kind in the world.[5]
In 1920,A. Subbarayalu Reddiar, the first Chief Minister of theMadras Presidency, introduced the mid-day meal scheme in a Corporation school in the Thousand Lights area. The initiative was based on the idea proposed byP. Theagaraya Chetty, who was serving as the President of theJustice Party at the time.[6][7]
The Midday Meal Scheme has been implemented in the Union Territory ofPuducherry under the French Administration since 1930.[8] In post-independent India, the Midday Meal Scheme was first launched inTamil Nadu, pioneered by the formerChief MinisterK. Kamaraj in the early 1960s. By 2002, the scheme was implemented in all of the states under the orders of theSupreme Court of India.[9]
In 2021, theCentral Government announced that an additional 2.4 million students receiving pre-primary education at government and government-aided schools would also be included under the scheme by 2022.[10][needs update]
Under article 24, paragraph 2c[11] of theConvention on the Rights of the Child, to which India is a party,[12] India has committed to yielding "adequate nutritious food" for children. The programme has undergone many changes since its launch in 1995. The Midday Meal Scheme is covered by theNational Food Security Act, 2013. The legal backing for the Indian school meal programme is akin to the legal backing provided in the US through theNational School Lunch Act.
The Midday Meal Scheme refers to the government of India programme introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunches.Tamil Nadu was the first state in India to introduce this scheme. The first school which had the scheme was the Sourashtra Boys Higher Secondary School,Madurai, which implemented it in 1955. On 28 November 2001 theSupreme Court asked all state governments to begin this programme in their schools within 6 months.[9] The programme has shown many positive effects. Many parents who couldn't send their children to schools due to poverty, were eager to get their children free nutritious food and this incentivized them to send their children to school. The Midday Meal Scheme increased the number of school-going children.
The roots of the programme can be traced back to the pre-independence era, when a midday meal programme was introduced in 1925 in Tamil Nadu.[13] Initiatives by state governments began in the 1962–63 school year.[14]
The Indian stateTamil Nadu was a pioneer in introducing midday meal programmes in India to increase the number of children enrolling in school;K. Kamaraj, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu at the time, introduced it first in Chennai and later extended it to all districts of Tamil Nadu.[14] During 1982, 1 July onwards, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu,M. G. Ramachandran upgraded the existing midday meal scheme in the state to 'Nutritious noon-meal scheme'[15] keeping in mind that around 68 lakh children were malnourished.[16]Gujarat was the second state to introduce an MDM scheme in 1984, but it was later discontinued.[17]
A midday meal scheme was introduced inKerala in 1984, and was gradually expanded to include more schools and grades.[18] By 1990–91, twelve states were funding the scheme to all or most of the students in their area:Goa,Gujarat,Kerala,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Meghalaya,Mizoram,Nagaland,Sikkim,Tamil Nadu,Tripura andUttar Pradesh.Karnataka,Odisha andWest Bengal received international aid to help with the implementation of the programme, while inAP andRajasthan the programme was completely funded by foreign aid.[19]
InKarnataka, theChildren's LoveCastles Trust started providing midday meals in 1997. A total of eight schools were adopted and afood bank programme and an Angganwasi milk Programme were started. The food-bank programme was replaced by the State Government midday meal scheme.[20]
The government of India initiated the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15 August 1995.[5] The objective of the scheme is to help improve the effectiveness of primary education by improving the nutritional status of primary school children. Initially, the scheme was implemented in 2,408 blocks of the country to provide food to students in classes one through five of government, government-aided and local body run schools. By 1997–98, the scheme had been implemented across the country. Under this programme, a cooked midday meal with 300 calories and 12 grams of protein is provided to all children enrolled in classes one to five. In October 2007, the scheme included students in upper primary classes of six to eight in 3,479 educationally backward blocks,[21] and the name was changed from National Programme for Nutrition Support to Primary Education to National Programme of Mid Day Meals in Schools.[22] Though cooked food was to be provided, most states (apart from those already providing cooked food) chose to provide "dry rations" to students. "Dry rations" refers to the provision of uncooked 3 kg of wheat or rice to children with 80% attendance.
In April 2001, thePeople's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) initiated thePublic Interest Litigation (Civil) No. 196/2001, People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Others[23] – popularly known as the "right to food" case. The PUCL argued thatarticle 21 – "right to life" of the Indian constitution when read together with articles39(a) and47, makes the right to food a derivedfundamental right which is enforceable by virtue of the constitutional remedy provided underarticle 32 of the constitution. The PUCL argued that excess food stocks with theFood Corporation of India should be fed to hungry citizens. This included providing midday meals in primary schools. The scheme came into force with the supreme court order dated 28 November 2001,[24] which requires all government and government-assisted primary schools to provide cooked midday meals.[25]
The Supreme Court occasionally issues interim orders regarding midday meals.[26] Some examples are:[25]
| Order regarding | Exact text | Order dated |
|---|---|---|
| Basic entitlement | "Every child in every place and Government assisted Primary Schools with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8–12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days" | 28 November 2001[27] |
| Charges on conversion cost | "The conversion costs for a cooked meal, under no circumstances, shall be recovered from the children or their parents" | 20 April 2004[28] |
| Central assistance | "The Central Government... shall also allocate funds to meet with the conversion costs of food-grains into cooked midday meals" | 20 April 2004[28] |
| Kitchen sheds | "The Central Government shall make provisions for construction of kitchen sheds" | 20 April 2004[28] |
| Priority to Dalit cooks | "In appointment of cooks and helpers, preference shall be given to Dalits, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes" | 20 April 2004[28] |
| Quality safeguards | "Attempts shall be made for better infrastructure, improved facilities (safe drinking water etc.), closer monitoring (regular inspection etc.) and other quality safeguards as also the improvement of the contents of the meal so as to provide nutritious meal to the children of the primary schools" | 20 April 2004[28] |
| Drought areas | "In drought affected areas, midday meals shall be supplied even during summer vacations" | 20 April 2004[28] |
The nutritional guidelines for the minimum amount of food and calorie content per child per day are:[4]
| Item | Primary (class one to five) | Upper primary ll (class six to eight) |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 450 | 700 |
| Protein (in grams) | 12 | 20 |
| Rice / wheat (in grams) | 100 | 150 |
| Dal (in grams) | 20 | 30 |
| Vegetables (in grams) | 50 | 75 |
| Oil and fat (in grams) | 5 | 7.5 |
In the case ofmicronutrients (vitamin A, iron, andfolate) tablets and de-worming medicines, the student is entitled to receive the amount provided for in the school health programme of theNational Rural Health Mission.[29]
The central and state governments share the cost of the Midday Meal Scheme, with the centre providing 60 percent and the states 40 percent.[30] The central government provides grains and financing for other food. Costs for facilities, transportation, and labour is shared by the federal and state governments.[31] The participating states/territories contribute different amounts of money, depending on whether they are Himalayan states, Northeastern Region (NER) states, union territories without legislature, or the residual (Non-NER states and union territories with legislature).[25][32] The share contributed by states is often larger than what is stipulated. While the eleventh five-year plan allocated₹384.9 billion (equivalent to₹450 billion or US$5.4 billion in 2023) for the scheme, the twelfth five-year plan has allocated₹901.55 billion (US$11 billion), a 134 percent rise.[33] The public expenditure for the Mid Day Meal Programme has gone up from₹73.24 billion (US$870 million) in 2007–08 to₹132.15 billion (US$1.6 billion) in 2013–14.[34] In 2020–21, the Midday Meal Scheme budget comprised 11% of the total budget for the Ministry of Education.[32] The per day cooking cost per child at the primary level has been fixed to₹4.13 (4.9¢ US) while at the upper primary level is₹6.18 (7.3¢ US).[35] As of FY24 - 25, the budget estimate of the PM Poshan Scheme stands at Rs. 12,467.39 crore (US$ 1.49 billion).[36]
This is the most widespread practice. In the decentralised model, meals are cooked on-site by local cooks and helpers orself-help groups. This system has the advantage of being able to serve local cuisine, providing jobs in the area, and minimising waste. It also allows for better monitoring (e.g., by parents and teachers). In total, the MDM Scheme employs over 2.5 million cooks/food preparers (referred to as cooks-cum-helpers), usually providing a small honorarium for their work (equal to approximately US$14 per month).[37]
In the absence of adequate infrastructure (such as kitchen sheds, utensils etc.), it can lead to accidents and maintaining hygiene can be difficult.[38] In 2004, 87 children died when the thatched roof of a classroom was ignited by sparks from a cooking fire.[39] In 2011, a child died after succumbing to burn injuries she sustained after accidentally falling into a cooking vessel.[40]
In the centralised model, an external organisation cooks and delivers the meal to schools, mostly throughpublic-private partnerships. Centralised kitchens are seen more in urban areas, where density of schools is high so that transporting food is a financially viable option. Advantages of centralised kitchens include ensuring better hygienic as large scale cooking is done through largely automated processes. VariousNGOs such as the Nalabothu Foundation, Akshaya Patra Foundation, Ekta Shakti Foundation, Naandi Foundation, and Jay Gee Humanitarian Society provide midday meals.[30]
A study of centralised kitchens in Delhi in 2007 found that even with centralised kitchens, the quality of food needed to be improved.[41] The study also found that when the food arrives and is of inadequate quality, even teachers feel helpless and do not know whom to complain to.
The Ministry of Human Resource Development reported that 95% of tested meal samples prepared by NGOs in Delhi did not meet nutritional standards in 2010–12. In response, the ministry withheld 50% of the payment for the deficient meals.[42]
International voluntary and charity organisations have assisted.Church World Service has provided milk powder to Delhi and Madras Municipal Corporation;CARE has provided corn soya meal, Bulgar wheat, and vegetable oils; andUNICEF has provided high proteins foods and educational support.[43] In 1982, 'Food for Learning' was launched with assistance from theFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Initially the programme was aimed at scheduled caste and scheduled tribe girls.[43] In 1983, the federal Department of Education prepared a scheme under the auspices of theWorld Food Programme to supply meals to 13.6 million scheduled caste girls and 10.09 million scheduled tribe girls in classes one to five in 15 states and three union territories. The value of the food itself was $163.27 million per year.[43] Labour, facilities, and transportation costs were to be paid by the state governments. The reaction among the states and union territories was mixed. Many states were interested, but some were concerned about their ability to afford it if the FAO support were to be withdrawn.[3]
Tithi Bhojan is a concept designed to ensure greater public participation under the Midday Meal Programme, that started out in the state ofGujarat. In order to generate greater community participation, local members were encouraged to celebrate social events like birth of a child and homewarming by donating to the midday meals served in the local schools. It is voluntarily served by the community/family among school children in several forms such as sweets and savoury snacks, along with regular MDM, full meals, supplementary nutritive items like sprouted beans, and contributions in kind such as cookware, utensils, dinner sets or glasses for drinking water. The concept has been adopted by 10 other states, some with local nomenclatures like "Sampriti Bhojan" inAssam, "Dham" inHimachal Pradesh, "Sneh Bhojan" inMaharashtra, "Shalegagi Naavu Neevu" inKarnataka, "Anna Dhanam" inPuducherry, "Priti Bhoj" inPunjab and "Utsav Bhoj" inRajasthan. In the North Indian states ofUttarakhand,Haryana and theUnion territory ofChandigarh, the scheme retains its original name of Tithi Bhojan.[44]
| Level | Committee | Frequency of meeting |
|---|---|---|
| National | The national level steering / monitoring committee Programme Approval Board (PAB) | Quarterly |
| State | The state level steering / monitoring committee | Quarterly |
| District | The district level committee | Monthly |
| Municipal | The municipal committee | Monthly |
| Block | The Mandal level committee | Fortnightly |
| Village | Panchayat level sub-committee | Day-to-day functioning of the implementation of the scheme |
| School | School management and development committee or Parent Teacher Association. | Monthly and as when it is required |
The government of India Review Missions on Mid Day Meal Scheme, comprising members from the central government, state governments, UNICEF, and the office of the supreme court commissioner was created in 2010 to review the programme and offer suggestions for improvement.[45] The scheme is independently monitored twice a year.[46]
The MDM Scheme has many potential benefits: attracting children from disadvantaged sections (especially girls,Dalits andAdivasis) to school, improving regularity, nutritional benefits, socialisation benefits and benefits to women are some that have been highlighted.[47]
Studies by economists show that some of these benefits have indeed been realised. The positive effect on enrollment of disadvantaged children (Dreze and Kingdon), on attendance (by Chakraborty, Jayaraman, Pande),[48] on learning effort (by Booruah, Afridi and Somanathan), on improving nutritional inputs (Afridi), and on improving nutritional outcomes (by Singh, Dercon and Parker). However, policy inputs byDr Edmond Fernandes suggested that it would be wise to address the problem through a cross sectoral perspective as cascading risks globally is affecting food security & healthy nutrition.[49]
Caste based discrimination continues to occur in the serving of food, though the government seems unwilling to acknowledge this.[50]
Sukhdeo Thorat and Joel Lee found in their 2005 study that caste discrimination was occurring in conjunction with the Mid Day Meals programme.[51]
Media reports also document the positive effect of the programme for women, especially working women[52] and its popularity among parents, children and teachers alike. Media reports have also highlighted several implementation issues, including irregularity, corruption, hygiene, caste discrimination, etc. A few such incidents are listed below:
Despite the success of the programme, child hunger as a problem persists in India. According to current statistics, 42.5% of the children under 5 are underweight. Some simple health measures such as using iodised salt[needs update] and getting vaccinations are uncommon in India.[58] "India is home to the world's largest food insecure population, with more than 500 million people who are hungry", India State Hunger Index (ISHI) said. Many children don't get enough to eat, which has far-reaching implications for the performance of the country as a whole. "Its rates of child malnutrition is higher than most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa," it noted.[59] The 2009Global Hunger Index ranked India at 65 out of 84 countries. More than 200 million went hungry in India that year, more than any other country in the world. The report states that "improving child nutrition is of utmost urgency in most Indian states".[60]
As the MDM Scheme operates only in government/government-aided schools, it does not serve the large share of children in India who attend private schools. From 2015 to 2018, the number of children receiving food through the MDM scheme declined in many states, a pattern that may at least partly reflect the rising popularity of private schools in the country.[32]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)The teams did not come across any discrimination except in one school in district Boudh in Odisha.
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