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Mid back unrounded vowel

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Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɤ̞⟩ or ⟨ʌ̝⟩ in IPA

Mid back unrounded vowel
ɤ̞
ʌ̝
IPA number	315 430
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity(decimal)	`ɤ̞`
Unicode(hex)	U+0264 U+031E

IPA:Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Themid back unrounded vowel is a type ofvowel sound, used in some spokenlanguages. Although there is no dedicated symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid[ɤ] and open-mid[ʌ]. Because no language is known to distinguish all three,⟨ɤ⟩ is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as⟨ɤ̞⟩ or⟨ʌ̝⟩.

Features

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Itsvowel height ismid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between aclose vowel and anopen vowel.
Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to becentralized, which means that often they are in factnear-back.
It isunrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bulgarian^[1]		път	[pɤ̞t̪]	'path'	Typically transcribed in IPA with⟨ɤ⟩ in broad transcriptions. SeeBulgarian phonology
Chinese	Shanghainese^[2]	渠	[kɤ̞¹]	'ditch'	Tends to be diphthongized to[ɤ̞ɯ̞] by younger speakers.^[2]
English	Cardiff^[3]	plus	[pl̥ʌ̝s]	'plus'	May be[ə],[ɜ],[ɜ̟] or[ë̞] instead.^[3] It corresponds to[ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with⟨ʌ⟩.
	Norfolk^[4]		[pl̥ʌ̝s]		Corresponds to[ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with⟨ʌ⟩. SeeEnglish phonology
	Philadelphia^[5]		[pɫ̥ʌ̝s]		May be either open-mid[ʌ] or a lowered and unrounded/uː/ ([ɯ̽]) instead.^[5] It corresponds to[ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with⟨ʌ⟩. SeeEnglish phonology
Gayo^[6]		kule	[kuˈlɤ̞ː]	'tiger'	One of the possible allophones of/ə/.^[6]
German	Chemnitz dialect^[7]	Schirm	[ʃʌ̝ˤːm]	'umbrella'	Pharyngealized; may be an opening diphthong[ɪːɒ̯] instead.^[7]
Ibibio^[8]		[dʌ̝k˦]		'enter'	Typically transcribed in IPA with⟨ʌ⟩.^[8]
Vietnamese	Hanoi^[9]	tờ	[t̻ɤ̞˧˨]	'sheet'	Realization of/ɤ/ (also transcribed in IPA with⟨ə⟩) according toKirby (2011). SeeVietnamese phonology

Notes

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^Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
^^a ^bChen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
^Lodge (2009), p. 168.
^^a ^bGordon (2004), p. 290.
^^a ^bEades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
^^a ^bKhan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
^^a ^bUrua (2004), p. 106.
^Kirby (2011), p. 384.

References

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Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015),"Shanghai Chinese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (3):321–327,doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103,ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006),"Gayo"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (1):107–115,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299,ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013),"Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (2):231–241,doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
Kirby, James P. (2011),"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,41 (3):381–392,doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181
Lodge, Ken (2009),A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group,ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57,ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):105–109,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550

External links

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List of languages with[ɤ̞] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ