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Mid back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vowel sound represented by ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩ in IPA
Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA number307 430
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)o​̞
Unicode(hex)U+006F U+031E
Braille⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
IPA:Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend:unrounded • rounded

Themid back rounded vowel is a type ofvowel sound, used in some spokenlanguages. While there is no dedicated symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid[o] and open-mid[ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common.

Multiple para-IPA alternative symbols also exist for this vowel. TheSwedish Dialect Alphabet uses the symbol ⟨ⱺ⟩ (an o with low ring), whileSinological notation uses the symbol ⟨o̧⟩ (an o with cedilla). The symbol ⟨ꭥ⟩ (a small capital omega) was proposed forAmericanist notation, but was never implemented.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel.Tukang Besi is a language inSulawesi,Indonesia, with a close-mid[o].Taba, another language in Indonesia, in theMaluku Islands, has an open-mid[ɔ]. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu, inMalaysia andThailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features

[edit]
  • Itsvowel height ismid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between aclose vowel and anopen vowel.
  • Itsvowel backness isback, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsroundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard[1]bok[bɔ̝k]'goat'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid[ɔ̝] and close-mid[o].[1] SeeAfrikaans phonology
ArabicHejazi[2]لـون/lōn[lo̞ːn]'color'SeeHejazi Arabic phonology
Bengaliতোমার[to̞mɐr]ˈyour'SeeBengali phonology
Breton[3][example needed]Possible realization of unstressed/ɔ/; can be open-mid[ɔ] or close-mid[o] instead.[3]
ChineseMandarin[4]我 /wǒ[wo̞ɔː˨˩˦]ⓘ'I'SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Shanghainese[5]高/kò[kö̞¹]'tall'Near-back. Realization of/ɔ/ in open syllables and/ʊ/ in closed syllables.[5]
Czech[6][7]oko[ˈo̞ko̞]'eye'In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid[o̞] and close-mid[o].[6] SeeCzech phonology
DanishStandard[8][9]måle[ˈmɔ̽ːlə]'measure'Near-back;[8][9] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. SeeDanish phonology
DutchAmsterdam[10]och[ɔ̝̈χ]'alas'Near-back;[10] corresponds to open-mid[ɔˤ] in standard Dutch. SeeDutch phonology
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11]mot[mɔ̝t]'well'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
EnglishCultivatedSouth African[12]thought[θɔ̝ːt]'thought'Close-mid[oː] for other speakers. SeeSouth African English phonology
Maori[13]Near-close[o̝ː] in General New Zealand English.[13][14]
Scouse[15]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
SomeCardiff speakers[16]Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel[ʌ̈ː].[16]
General American[17]Cambodia[kʰɛəmˈbö̞diə]ⓘ'Cambodia'Near-back; often diphthongal:[ö̞ʊ].[17] Some regional North American varieties use a vowel that is closer to cardinal[o]. SeeEnglish phonology
Yorkshire[18][kʰamˈbo̞ːdjə]Corresponds to/əʊ/ in otherBritish dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
Faroese[19]toldi[ˈtʰɔ̝ltɪ̞]'endured'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. SeeFaroese phonology
Finnish[20][21]kello[ˈke̞lːo̞]'clock'SeeFinnish phonology
FrenchParisian[22]pont[pɔ̝̃]'bridge'Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. SeeFrench phonology
GermanSouthern accents[23]voll[fɔ̝l]'full'Common realization of/ɔ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Open-mid[ɔ] in Northern Standard German.[24] SeeStandard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[25]hoch[ho̞ːχ]'high'Close-mid[oː] in other accents.[26] SeeStandard German phonology
GreekModern Standard[27][28]πως /pos[po̞s̠]'how'SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrew[29]שלום/shalom/šɔlom[ʃäˈlo̞m]'peace'Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. SeeNiqqud andModern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio[30]do[dó̞]'there'
Icelandic[31]loft[ˈlɔ̝ft]'air'Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to[oɔ].[32] SeeIcelandic phonology
InuitWest Greenlandic[33]Maniitsoq[maniːtsːo̞q]'Maniitsoq'Allophone of/u/ before and especially between uvulars.[33] SeeGreenlandic phonology
ItalianStandard[34]forense[fo̞ˈrɛnse]'forensic'Common realization of the unstressed/o/.[34] SeeItalian phonology
Northern accents[35]bosco[ˈbo̞sko̞]'forest'Local realization of/ɔ/.[35] SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[36]子/ko[ko̞]'child'SeeJapanese phonology
Korean[37]보리 /bori[po̞ˈɾi]'barley'SeeKorean phonology
LimburgishHasselt dialect[38]mok[mɔ̝k]'mug'May be transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[38] SeeHasselt dialect phonology
MalayStandardپوكوق/pokok[po̞.ko̞ʔ]'tree'SeeMalay phonology
Johor-Riau
NorwegianUrban East[39][40]lov[lo̞ːʋ]'law'Also described as close-mid[oː].[41] SeeNorwegian phonology
Romanian[42]acolo[äˈko̞lo̞]'there'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[43]сухой/sukhoy/sukhoj[s̪ʊˈxo̞j]ⓘ'dry'Some speakers realize it as open-mid[ɔ].[43] SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[44]Lewisruadh[rˠʊɔ̝̈ɣ]'red'Near-back and weakly rounded; allophone of[ə] in the/uə/ diphthong.
Serbo-Croatian[45][46]ко̑д /kȏd/kõd[kô̞ːd̪]'code'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo[47]koni[ˈkö̞ni̞]'eel'Near-back.[47]
Slovene[48]oglas[o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪]'advertisement'Unstressed vowel,[48] as well as an allophone of/o/ before/ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[49] SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[50]todo[ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞]'all'SeeSpanish phonology
Tera[51]zo[zo̞ː]'rope'
Thaiโต[to̞ː˧]'big'SeeThai phonology
Turkish[52][53]kol[kʰo̞l]'arm'SeeTurkish phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[54]do[d̪o̞]'corn tassel'

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abWissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel/ɔ/".
  2. ^Abdoh (2010:84)
  3. ^abTernes (1992), p. 433.
  4. ^Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
  5. ^abChen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
  6. ^abDankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  7. ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
  8. ^abGrønnum (1998), p. 100.
  9. ^abBasbøll (2005), p. 47.
  10. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  11. ^Peters (2010), p. 241.
  12. ^Lass (2002), p. 116.
  13. ^abWarren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
  14. ^Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–22.
  15. ^Watson (2007), p. 357.
  16. ^abCollins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
  17. ^abWells (1982), p. 487.
  18. ^Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
  19. ^Peterson (2000), cited inÁrnason (2011:76)
  20. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
  21. ^Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
  22. ^Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
  23. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  24. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
  25. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  26. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  27. ^Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
  28. ^Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
  29. ^Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  30. ^Urua (2004), p. 106.
  31. ^Brodersen (2011).
  32. ^Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
  33. ^abFortescue (1990), p. 317.
  34. ^abBertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
  35. ^abBertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
  36. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  37. ^Lee (1999), p. 121.
  38. ^abPeters (2006), p. 119.
  39. ^Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  40. ^Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
  41. ^Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  42. ^Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  43. ^abJones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
  44. ^Oftedal (1956), p. 96.
  45. ^Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  46. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  47. ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
  48. ^abTatjana Srebot-Rejec."On the vowel system in present-day Slovene"(PDF).
  49. ^Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
  50. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  51. ^Tench (2007), p. 230.
  52. ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  53. ^Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
  54. ^Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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