Michael Ventris | |
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| Born | Michael George Francis Ventris (1922-07-12)12 July 1922 Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, England |
| Died | 6 September 1956(1956-09-06) (aged 34) Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England |
| Education | Architectural Association School of Architecture |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Known for | Decipherment ofLinear B |
| Spouse(s) | Lois "Betty" Ventris (née Knox-Niven, 1920–87) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Francis Ventris (grandfather) |
| Awards |
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Michael George Francis Ventris,OBE (/ˈvɛntrɪs/; 12 July 1922 – 6 September 1956) was an English architect,classicist andphilologist who decipheredLinear B,[1] the ancientMycenaean Greek script. A student of languages, Ventris had pursued decipherment as a personal vocation since his adolescence. After creating a new field of study, Ventris died in acar crash a few weeks before the publication ofDocuments in Mycenaean Greek, written withJohn Chadwick.
Ventris was born into a traditional army family. His grandfather,Francis Ventris, was a major-general andCommander of British Forces in China. His father, Edward Francis Vereker Ventris, was a lieutenant-colonel in the Indian Army,[2] who retired early due to ill health. Edward Ventris married Anna Dorothea (Dora) Janasz, who was from a wealthy Jewish and Polish paternal background. Michael Ventris was their only child.
The family moved to Switzerland for eight years, seeking a healthy environment for Colonel Ventris. Young Michael started school inGstaad, where classes were taught in French and German. He soon mastered the Swiss German dialect.[3] A few weeks in Sweden after the Second World War enabled him to become competent in Swedish. His mother often spoke Polish, and he was fluent in it by the age of eight.
In 1931, the Ventris family returned home. From 1931 to 1935, Ventris was sent to Bickley Hall School in Bromley, Kent. His parents divorced in 1935. At this time, he secured a scholarship toStowe School. At Stowe he learned someLatin andGreek.[3] He did not do outstanding work there – by then he was spending most of his spare time learning as much as he could about Linear B, some of his study time being spent under the covers at night with a torch.
When he was not boarding at school, Ventris lived with his mother, before 1935 in coastal hotels, and then in the avant gardeBerthold Lubetkin'sHighpoint modernist apartments inHighgate, northLondon. His mother's acquaintances, who frequented the house, included many sculptors, painters, and writers of the day. The flat was furnished with the works ofMarcel Breuer.[4] The money for her artisticpatronage came from Polish estates.
Ventris's father died in 1938, and his mother, Dora, became administrator of the estate. With the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Dora lost her private income, and in 1940 her father died. Ventris lost his mother to clinicaldepression and an overdose ofbarbiturates. He never spoke of her, assuming instead an ebullient and energetic manner in whatever he decided to do, a trait which won him numerous friends.
A friend of the family, Russian sculptorNaum Gabo, took Ventris under his wing. Ventris later said that Gabo was the most family he had ever had. It may have been at Gabo's house that he began the study ofRussian.
He decided on architecture as a career, and enrolled in theArchitectural Association School of Architecture. There he met his wife-to-be Lois Knox-Niven, known as Betty, daughter of pilotLois Butler and stepdaughter ofAlan Samuel Butler, chairman of theDe Havilland Aircraft Company. A fellow architecture student, her social background was similar to Ventris's: her family was well-to-do, she had travelled in Europe, and she was interested in architecture. She was also popular and very beautiful.[5]
Ventris did not complete his architecture studies, being conscripted in 1942. He chose theRoyal Air Force (RAF). His preference was for navigator rather than pilot, and he completed the extensive training in the UK and Canada, to qualify early in 1944 and be commissioned.[6] While training, he studied Russian intensively for several weeks, the purpose of which is not clear. He took part in the bombing of Germany, as aircrew on theHandley Page Halifax withNo. 76 Squadron RAF, initially atRAF Breighton and then atRAF Holme-on-Spalding Moor, both inEast Yorkshire.[6][7] After the conclusion of the war, he served out the rest of his term on the ground in Germany, for which he was chosen because of his knowledge of Russian. His duties are unclear. His friends assumed he was on intelligence duties, interpreting his denials as part of a legal gag. No evidence of such assignments has emerged in the decades since. There is also no evidence that he was ever part of any code-breaking unit, as was Chadwick, even though the public has readily believed this explanation of his genius and success with Linear B.[8]
After the war, he worked briefly in Sweden, learning enough Swedish to communicate with scholars.[3] Then he came home to complete his architectural education with honours in 1948[9] and settled down with Lois working as an architect. He designed schools for the Ministry of Education. He and his wife personally designed their family home, 19 North End,Hampstead.[10][11] Ventris and his wife had two children: a son, Nikki (1942–1984), and a daughter, Tessa (born 1946).[12]
Ventris continued with his efforts on Linear B, discovering in 1952 that it was an archaic form of Greek.
At the beginning of the 20th century,archaeologistArthur Evans began excavating an ancient site atKnossos, on the island ofCrete. In doing so, he uncovered a great many clay tablets inscribed with two unknown scripts,Linear A andLinear B. Evans attempted to decipher both in the following decades, with little success.
In 1936, Evans hosted an exhibition on Cretan archaeology atBurlington House in London, home of theRoyal Academy. It was the jubilee anniversary (50 years) of theBritish School of Archaeology in Athens, owners and managers of the Knossos site. Evans had given them the site with his Villa Ariadne house some years previously. Boys from Stowe School were in attendance at one lecture and tour conducted by the 85-year-old Evans himself. Ventris, aged 14 at the time, was present and remembered Evans walking with a stick, probably the cane named Prodger, which Evans carried all his life to assist him with his short-sightedness and night blindness. Evans held up tablets of the unknown scripts for the audience to see. During the interview period following the lecture, Ventris spoke up to confirm that Linear B was as yet undeciphered, and he determined to decipher it.
In 1940, the 18-year-old Ventris had an article "Introducing the Minoan Language" published in theAmerican Journal of Archaeology.[13] Ventris's initial theory was thatEtruscan and Linear B were related and that this might provide a key to decipherment. Although this proved incorrect, it was a link he continued to explore until the early 1950s.
Shortly after Evans died,Alice Kober noted that certain words in Linear B inscriptions had changing word endings – perhapsdeclensions in the manner ofLatin or Greek. Using this basis, Ventris constructed a series ofgrids associating the symbols on the tablets withconsonants andvowels. Whilewhich consonants and vowels these were remained mysterious, Ventris learned enough about the structure of the underlying language to begin experimenting.
Shortly before World War II, American archaeologistCarl Blegen discovered a further 600 or so tablets of Linear B in the Mycenaean palace ofPylos on the Greek mainland. Photographs of these tablets by archaeologistAlison Frantz facilitated Ventris's later decipherment of the Linear B script.[14]
In 1948,Sir John Myres invited a group of academics to help him transcribe Linear B material. Amongst them were Dr. Kober and Ventris. Although they did not collaborate further, Kober's work was essential in providing the foundational understanding from which Ventris built his theories on Linear B.[15][16]
Comparing the Linear B tablets discovered on the Greek mainland and noting that certain symbol groups appeared only in the Cretan texts, Ventris made the inspired guess that those were place names on the island. This proved to be correct. Armed with the symbols he could decipher from this, Ventris soon unlocked much of the text and determined that the underlying language of Linear B, asyllabic script, was in fact Greek. On 1 July 1952, Ventris announced his preliminary findings on a BBC radio talk, which was heard byJohn Chadwick, a classicist at the University of Cambridge who had been involved in code breaking atBletchley Park during the Second World War. The two men began to collaborate on further research into deciphering Linear B. In 1953 further Linear B tablets were discovered at ancient Mycenae and ancient Pylos on the Greek mainland, with one of the tablets (PY Ta 641) showing a pictographic tripod cauldron next to Linear B symbols which were translated by Ventris and Chadwick as "ti-ri-po-de", tripod being a Greek word. This led to wider international collaboration with other classical scholars, and between 1953 and 1956 Ventris and Chadwick published joint papers.[17] This overturned Evans's theories of Minoan history by establishing that Cretan civilization, at least in the later periods associated with the Linear B tablets, had been part ofMycenean Greece.
Ventris was awarded anOBE in 1955 for "services toMycenaeanpaleography".[10]
On 6 September 1956, the 34-year-old Ventris, who lived inHampstead, drove to his in-laws' home late at night to retrieve his wallet.[18] On the way home, he died instantly in a collision inHatfield, Hertfordshire, after striking a parkedlorry parked in alay-by on the side of the road.[19][20] The coroner's verdict was accidental death.[21] In 1959 Ventris wasposthumously awarded the British Academy'sKenyon Medal.
Initially, there was some academic scepticism about the decipherment, continuing into the 1960s.[22] Today, the Mycenaean Greek attribution is universally accepted by academics.
AnEnglish Heritageblue plaque commemorates Ventris at his home in North End, Hampstead[23] and a street inHeraklion, the capital of theGreek island ofCrete, was named in his honour.[24]
TheVentris crater on the far side of the Moon was named in his honour by theIAU in 1970.[25]
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