| Michael Tih | |
|---|---|
| Tsar of Bulgaria | |
| Reign | 1272–1277 withConstantine Asen I 1277–1278 alone 1278–1279 withIvajlo |
| Coronation | 1272 |
| Predecessor | Constantine Asen I |
| Successor | Ivan Asen III |
| Born | c. 1270 |
| Died | after 1303 |
| House | Asen dynasty, nominally |
| Father | Constantine Asen I |
| Mother | Maria Kantakouzene |
Michael (Bulgarian:Михаил,Mihail) or probably more fullyMichael Asen II[1] was an emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria, the son of EmperorConstantine Asen I of Bulgaria and his second wifeMaria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, niece of theByzantine emperorMichael VIII Palaiologos, being the daughter of his elder sisterIrene Palaiologina by John Kantakouzenos. Michael reigned as sole emperor from 1277 to 1278 (with co-rulers in 1272–1277 and 1278–1279), and claimed the throne again in 1302/3. As an ephemeral and underage monarch, Michael is often overlooked in listings of Bulgarian rulers.
Michael was born in c. 1270/1 (or, more broadly, between 1269 and 1272), and was perhaps named in honor of his great-uncle Michael VIII Palaiologos. He was also declaredporphyrogennetos (porfirorodnij andbagrenorodnij in Bulgarian sources from 1272/3 and 1303) in accordance with Byzantine practice, perhaps to block any potential older sons of Constantine Asen I from inheriting the throne.[2] Young Michael was crowned co-emperor by his parents before 1272 or 1273.[3] His mother Maria was apparently working to ensure his unchallenged possession of the throne in the face of Constantine Asen's political and physical weakness. In this vein, she proceeded to adopt as son the adultdespot Jacob Svetoslav, a semi-autonomous ruler and potential rival, and then to apparently have him poisoned in 1276.[4]
Despite the co-option and subsequent elimination of thedespot, Maria was unable to surmount the next challenge, the revolt ofIvailo in 1277. When Constantin Asen was killed in battle against Ivailo in 1277, young Michael was left as the legitimate emperor of Bulgaria, under the guidance of his mother Maria. Their control was quickly restricted to the capitalTărnovo.[5] While much of the country fell into the hands of Ivailo, Maria's uncle Michael VIII put forth his own candidate for the Bulgarian throne,Ivan Asen III, a son ofMitso Asen and Maria of Bulgaria, whom the emperor married to his daughterIrene Palaiologina.[6]
Invited by Michael VIII's envoys to surrender authority to Ivan Asen III, and with Byzantine armies marching north intent on placing him on the throne, Maria entered into secret negotiations with her husband's murderer Ivailo, offering to surrender the capital to him, if he would agree to marry her and guarantee her and her son's imperial positions. After a show of reluctance, Ivailo agreed to these terms for the sake of peace. He proceeded to marry Maria in the spring of 1278, becoming co-emperor with her son Michael.[7] Ivailo was successful in resisting the Byzantine encroachments until he was blockaded by the forces of the Byzantine allyNogai Khan of theGolden Horde inside Drăstăr (Silistra) for three months in 1278–1279, while another Byzantine force made its way to the capital Tărnovo. Already chafing under Ivailo's rule, and now presuming or pretending that he had died, the city nobles opened the gates of Tărnovo to the besieging Byzantine army and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in February 1279.[8]
Michael was dethroned and, together with his mother Maria (who was pregnant by Ivailo), was surrendered to the Byzantines and sent into captivity in theByzantine Empire, perhaps atAdrianople;[9] the scene is related with glee by the Byzantine poet Manuel Philes, who describes the captive empress and her son as a lioness and her lion cub.[10] Michael reappears on the pages of history only about 1302/3, when a faction of the Bulgarian nobility invited him to recover his throne fromTheodore Svetoslav. Although provided with Byzantine military support, Michael proved unable to assert himself in Bulgaria, and is said to have "wandered about outside Tărnovo."[11] This attempt to recover the Bulgarian throne is associated with a poorly preserved rock inscription from the cave monasteries by the village ofRoyak, naming "the porphyrogennetos emperor Michael."[12] His subsequent fate and the date of his death are unknown.[13]
Primary Sources
Secondary Literature
| Preceded by | Tsar of Bulgaria 1272–1279 With:Constantine Asen I 1272–1277, withIvailo 1278–1279 | Succeeded by |