Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963), also known by his initialsMJ,[8] is an American former professionalbasketball player and current businessman, who is a minority owner of theCharlotte Hornets of theNational Basketball Association (NBA). He played 15 seasons in the NBA between 1984 and 2003, winning sixNBA championships with theChicago Bulls. Widely considered to be one of the greatest players of all time,[9][10][11] he was integral in popularizing basketball and the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s,[12] becoming a globalcultural icon.[13] He is one of theworld's richest celebrities, with a $3.8 billion net worth as of 2025.[14]
One of the most effectively marketed athletes ever, Jordan made many product endorsements.[12][21] He fueled the success ofNike'sAir Jordan sneakers, which were introduced in 1984 and remain popular.[22] Jordan starred as himself in the live-action/animation hybrid filmSpace Jam (1996) and was the focus of theEmmy-winning documentary seriesThe Last Dance (2020). He became part-owner and head of basketball operations for theCharlotte Hornets (then named the Bobcats) in 2006 and bought a controlling interest in 2010, before selling his majority stake in 2023. Jordan is a co-owner of23XI Racing in theNASCAR Cup Series. In 2014, he became the first billionaire player in NBA history.[23] In 2016, PresidentBarack Obama awarded Jordan thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[24]
In 1968, the family moved toWilmington, North Carolina.[31] Jordan attendedEmsley A. Laney High School, where he played basketball, baseball, and football. He tried out for the basketballvarsity team during his sophomore year, but at a height of 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), he was deemed too short.[32][33] Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney'sjunior varsity team and tallied some 40-point games.[32] The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm) and trained rigorously.[33] Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged more than 25points per game (ppg) over his final two seasons of high school play.[34] He also adopted his signature jersey number, 23.[35] As a senior, he was selected for the1981 McDonald's All-American Game and scored 30points,[36][37] after averaging 26.8 ppg,[34] 11.6rebounds (rpg), and 10.1assists per game (apg) for the season.[38]
Jordan going in for a slam dunk for the Laney High School varsity basketball team,c. 1979–80
As a freshman under coachDean Smith’s team-oriented system, Jordan was namedACC Freshman of the Year after averaging 13.4points per game on 53.4% shooting—ranking 10th in scoring and sixth infield goal percentage in the conference.[44][45] He made the game-winningjump shot in the1982 NCAA Championship game againstGeorgetown, which was led by future NBA rivalPatrick Ewing.[46] Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.[47][48] During his sophomore and junior seasons, Jordan consistently ranked among theACC's elite, finishing either 1st or 2nd in bothtotal points and points per game, while also placing in the top 10 in field goal percentage andfree throw percentage.[49][50] In his three seasons with theTar Heels, Jordan averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting and added 5.0 rpg and 1.8 apg.[15]
Jordan was selected by consensus to theNCAA All-American First Team in both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons.[51][52] After winning theNaismith and theWooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina a year before his scheduled graduation to enter the1984 NBA draft. Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986,[53] when he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in geography.[54][55] In 2002, Jordan was selected to theACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team and named the greatest athlete in ACC history.[56][57]
Professional career
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993; 1995–1998)
Early NBA years (1984–1987)
Jordan holding his Chicago Bulls jersey at conference announcing his signing.
TheChicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick of the1984 NBA draft afterHakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) andSam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). One of the primary reasons why Jordan was not drafted sooner was because the first two teams were in need of acenter.[58] Trail Blazers general managerStu Inman contended that it was not a matter of drafting a center but more a matter of taking Bowie over Jordan, in part because Portland already hadClyde Drexler, who was a guard with similar skills to Jordan.[59] Citing Bowie's injury-laden college career,ESPN named the Blazers' choice of Bowie as the worst draft pick in North American professional sports history.[60]
Jordan made his NBA debut atChicago Stadium on October 26, 1984, and scored 16 points. In 2021, a ticket stub from the game sold at auction for $264,000, setting a record for a collectible ticket stub.[61] During his rookie1984–85 season with the Bulls, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting.[44] He helped the Bulls improve from 27–55 to 38–44 and qualify for the postseason for the first time since the1980–81 season.[62] Jordan quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas.[63][64][65] Roy S. Johnson ofThe New York Times described Jordan as "the phenomenal rookie of the Bulls" in November,[65] and he appeared on the cover ofSports Illustrated with the heading "A Star Is Born" in December.[66][67] The fans voted in Jordan as anAll-Star starter during his rookie season.[5] Controversy arose before the1985 NBA All-Star Game when word surfaced that several veteran players, led byIsiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.[5] This led to a so-called "freeze-out" on Jordan, where players refused to pass the ball to him.[5] The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted theNBA Rookie of the Year.[68] The Bulls lost to theMilwaukee Bucks in four games in the first round ofthe playoffs.[68]
An often-cited moment was on August 26, 1985,[34][69] when Jordan shook the arena during a Nike exhibition game inTrieste, Italy, by shattering the glass of the backboard with a dunk.[70][71] The moment was filmed and is often referred to as an important milestone in Jordan's rise.[71][72] The shoes Jordan wore during the game were auctioned in August 2020 for $615,000, a record for a pair of sneakers.[73][74] Jordan's1985–86 season was cut short when he broke his foot in the third game of the year, causing him to miss 64 games.[75] The Bulls madethe playoffs despite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,[76] at the time the fifth-worst record of any team to qualify for the playoffs in NBA history.[77] Jordan recovered in time to participate in the postseason and performed well upon his return. On April 20 at theBoston Garden, in Game 2 of the First Round, a 135–131 double overtime loss to the eventualNBA championBoston Celtics, Jordan scored a playoff career-high 63 points, breakingElgin Baylor'ssingle-game playoff scoring record.[78] The Celtics team, though, swept the series in three games.[68][78][79]
Jordan completely recovered in time for the1986–87 season,[80] and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history; he became the only player other thanWilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league-high 37.1 ppg on 48.2% shooting.[44][81] Jordan also demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200steals and 100blocked shots in a season.[82] Despite Jordan's success,Magic Johnson won theNBA Most Valuable Player Award.[83] The Bulls reached 40 wins,[76] and advanced tothe playoffs for the third consecutive year but were again swept by theCeltics.[68]
Pistons roadblock (1987–1990)
Jordan led the league in scoring during the1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting,[44] and won his first league MVP Award. He was named theNBA Defensive Player of the Year after averaging 1.6 blocks per game (bpg), a league-high 3.1 steals per game (spg),[84][d] and leading the Bulls defense to the fewest points per game allowed in the league.[86] The Bulls finished 50–32,[76] and made it past the first round ofthe playoffs for the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated theCleveland Cavaliers in five games.[87] In the Eastern Conference Semifinals, the Bulls lost in five games to the more experiencedDetroit Pistons,[68] who were led byIsiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the "Bad Boys".[88]
In the1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8.0 rpg and 8.0 apg.[44] During the season, Jordan expressed his frustration over the Bulls' offense with head coachDoug Collins, who then put Jordan at point guard. In his time as a point guard, Jordan had 10triple-doubles in 11 games, with averages of 33.6 ppg, 11.4 rpg, and 10.8 apg.[89]
The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,[76] and advanced to theEastern Conference Finals, defeating theCavaliers andNew York Knicks along the way.[90] The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit "The Shot" overCraig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.[91] In the Eastern Conference Finals, thePistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,[68] by utilizing their "Jordan Rules" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double andtriple teaming him every time he touched the ball.[5]
The Bulls entered the1989–90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players likeScottie Pippen andHorace Grant, and under the guidance of new coachPhil Jackson.[92] On March 28, 1990, Jordan scored a career-high 69 points in a 117–113 road win over the Cavaliers.[93] He averaged a league-leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg,[44] in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.[76] They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals after beating theBucks andPhiladelphia 76ers;[94] despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to thePistons for the third consecutive season.[68]
First three-peat (1991–1993)
Jordan being defended byMookie Blaylock (number 10) during a Bulls–Nets game in 1991
After the Bulls' previous losses to the Pistons, Phil Jackson, along with assistant coachTex Winter, focused on implementing the triangle offense to counteract the Pistons' defense and other teams that heavily targeted Jordan. This system, however, required Jordan to adjust his playing style.[95][96] In his bookEleven Rings, Jackson recalled, "I was planning to ask Michael to reduce the number of shots he took so that other members of the team could get more involved in the offense. I knew this would be a challenge for him."[97] InThe Last Dance, Jordan admitted he was initially reluctant to back the system.[96] Nevertheless, he eventually embraced the change, which led to success for the team.[98]
In the1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.[44] The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in sixteen years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.[76] WithScottie Pippen developing into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated theNew York Knicks and thePhiladelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds ofthe playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, theDetroit Pistons, awaited them;[99] this time, the Bulls beat the Pistons in a four-game sweep.[100]
The Bulls advanced tothe Finals for the first time in franchise history to face theLos Angeles Lakers. The Bulls won the series in five games, and compiled a 15–2 playoff record along the way.[99] Perhaps the best-known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potentialSam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot into the basket.[101] In his first Finals appearance, Jordan had 31.2 ppg on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 apg, 6.6 rpg, 2.8 spg, and 1.4 bpg.[102] Jordan won his firstNBA Finals MVP award[103] and cried while holding the Finals trophy.[104]
Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the1991–92 season, establishing a 67–15 record, topping their franchise record from the 1990–91 campaign.[76] Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 ppg, 6.4 rpg, and 6.1 apg on 52% shooting.[84] After winning a physical seven-game series over theNew York Knicks in the second round ofthe playoffs and finishing off theCleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in six games, the Bulls metClyde Drexler and thePortland Trail Blazers inthe Finals. The media, hoping to recreate aMagic–Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between "Air" Jordan and Clyde "The Glide" during the pre-Finals hype.[105]
In a Game 1 victory, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting sixthree-point field goals.[106] After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside.Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying: "I can't believe I'm doing this."[107] The Bulls went on to defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row,[103] and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 52.6% from the floor.[108]
In the1992–93 season, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg, and 5.5 apg campaign, including a second-place finish in Defensive Player of the Year voting,[84][109] Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended, as he lost the award to his friendCharles Barkley,[83] upsetting him.[110] Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and hisPhoenix Suns in the1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls won their third NBA championship on a game-winning shot byJohn Paxson and a last-second block byHorace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's leader. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,[111] and became the first player in NBA history to win three consecutive Finals MVP awards.[103] Jordan scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in four consecutive games.[112] With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life.[113]
First retirement and stint in Minor League Baseball (1993–1995)
On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, saying that he lost his desire to play basketball. He later said that the murder of his father three months earlier helped shape his decision.[114]James R. Jordan Sr. was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highwayrest area inLumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery, who carjacked hisLexus.[115][116] His body, dumped in a South Carolina swamp, was not discovered until August 3.[116] Green and Demery were sentenced to life imprisonment.[117] However, inThe Last Dance, Jordan stated that he retired due to physical and mental exhaustion from basketball and superstardom.[118]
Jordan was close to his father; as a child, Jordan imitated the way his father stuck out his tongue while absorbed in work. Jordan later adopted it as his own signature, often displaying it as he drove to the basket.[5] In 1996, Jordan founded a Chicago-areaBoys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father.[119][120] In his 1998 autobiographyFor the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he was preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.[121] The added exhaustion due to the "Dream Team" run in the1992 Summer Olympics solidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[122]
Jordan further surprised the sports world by signing aMinor League Baseball (MiLB) contract with theChicago White Sox on February 7, 1994.[123] He reported tospring training inSarasota, Florida, and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31.[124] Jordan said that this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who always envisioned his son as aMajor League Baseball (MLB) player.[125] The White Sox were owned by Bulls ownerJerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball.[126]
The Bulls went 55–27 in1993–94 without Jordan in the lineup[76] and lost to theNew York Knicks in the second round ofthe playoffs.[133] In March 1995, Jordan decided to quit baseball because he feared he might become areplacement player during theMajor League Baseball strike.[134] During the1994–95 season, Jordan returned to the Bulls midway through the season. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his comeback to the NBA in a two-word press release: "I'm back."[135] The next day, Jordan took to the court with the Bulls to face theIndiana Pacers inIndianapolis, scoring 19 points.[136] The game had the highestNielsen rating of any regular season NBA game since 1975.[137] Although he could have worn his original number even though the Bulls retired it, Jordan wore No. 45, his baseball number.[136]
Despite his 18-month hiatus from the NBA, Jordan played well, making a game-winning jump shot againstAtlanta in his fourth game back. He scored 55 points in his next game, against theNew York Knicks atMadison Square Garden on March 28, 1995.[68] Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to makethe playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against theOrlando Magic.[138] At the end of Game 1, Orlando'sNick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he later commented that Jordan "didn't look like the old Michael Jordan",[139] and said, "No. 45 doesn't explode like No. 23 used to".[140]
Jordan responded by scoring 38 points in the next game, which Chicago won. Before the game, Jordan decided that he would immediately resume wearing his former No. 23. The Bulls were fined $25,000 for failing to report the impromptu number change to the NBA.[140] Jordan was fined an additional $5,000 for opting to wear white sneakers when the rest of the Bulls wore black.[141] He averaged 31 ppg in the playoffs, but Orlando won the series in six games.[142]
Second three-peat (1996–1998)
Jordan was motivated by the playoff defeat, and he trained aggressively for the1995–96 season.[143] The Bulls were strengthened by the addition of rebound specialistDennis Rodman, and the team dominated the league, starting the season at 41–3.[144] The Bulls finished with the best regular season record in NBA history, 72–10, a mark broken two decades later by the2015–16 Golden State Warriors.[145] Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,[146] and he won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards.[15]
Inthe playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series (Miami Heat 3–0,New York Knicks 4–1, andOrlando Magic 4–0), as they defeated theSeattle SuperSonics 4–2 in theNBA Finals to win their fourth championship.[144] The series was one of the tougher ones for Jordan as he had a 41.5% field goal percentage, and his scoring average dropped nearly nine points from his average during the rest of the playoffs.[147] Nevertheless, Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time;[103] he achieved only the second sweep of the MVP awards in the All-Star Game, regular season, and NBA Finals afterWillis Reed in the1969–70 season.[68] Upon winning the championship, his first since his father's murder, Jordan reacted emotionally, clutching the game ball and crying on the locker room floor.[5][104]
In the1996–97 season, the Bulls stood at a 69–11 record but ended the season by losing their final two games to finish the year 69–13, missing out on a second consecutive 70-win season.[148] The Bulls again advanced tothe Finals, where they faced theUtah Jazz.[149] That team includedKarl Malone, who had beaten Jordan for the NBA MVP award in a tight race (986–957).[150][151][152] The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with abuzzer-beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied 2–2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus orfood poisoning, likely caused by a pizza ordered the night before. Jordan eventually claimed it was food poisoning in the 2020 docuseriesThe Last Dance.[149][153] In what is known as "The Flu Game", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-winning three-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.[149] The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.[148] For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.[103] During the1997 NBA All-Star Game, he posted the first triple-double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort, but the MVP award went toGlen Rice.[154]
The Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the1997–98 season.[76] Jordan led the league with 28.7 ppg,[84] securing his fifth regular season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team, and the All-Star Game MVP.[15] The Bulls won the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a seven-game series with theIndiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 Eastern Conference Semifinals with theNew York Knicks.[155][156] After winning, they moved on for a rematch with theJazz inthe Finals.[157]
The Bulls returned to theDelta Center forGame 6 on June 14, 1998, leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.[158] With 41.9 seconds remaining and the Bulls trailing 86–83, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and sank a shot over several Jazz defenders, cutting Utah's lead to 86–85.[158] The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to Malone, who was set up in thelow post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and stole the ball out of his hands.[158]
Jordan then dribbled down the court and paused, eyeing his defender, Jazz guardBryon Russell. With 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell, although the officials did not call afoul.[159][160][161][162] With 5.2 seconds left, Jordan made the climactic shot of his Bulls career,[163] a top-key jumper over a stumbling Russell to give Chicago an 87–86 lead. Afterwards, the Jazz'John Stockton narrowly missed a game-winning three-pointer, and the buzzer sounded as Jordan and the Bulls won their sixth NBA championship,[164] achieving a second three-peat in the decade.[165] Once again, Jordan was voted Finals MVP for a record sixth time,[103] having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 ppg, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.[166] The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series,[167] and Game 6 holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.[168]
Second retirement (1999–2001)
Plaque at the United Center that chronicles Jordan's career achievements
WithPhil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures ofScottie Pippen andDennis Rodman looming, and being in the latter stages of an owner-inducedlockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999.[169][170][171] On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player but as part owner and president of basketball operations for theWashington Wizards.[172] Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive, as he controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters; opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.[173][174] He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (like forwardJuwan Howard and point guardRod Strickland)[175][176] but used the first pick in the2001 NBA draft to select high school studentKwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons.[173][177]
Despite his January 1999 claim that he was "99.9% certain" he would never play another NBA game,[104] Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback in the summer of 2001, this time with his new team.[178][179] Inspired by theNHL comeback of his friendMario Lemieux the previous winter,[180] Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.[181] Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach,Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return.[178][179]
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
On September 25, 2001, Jordan announced his return to the NBA to play for the Washington Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of theSeptember 11 attacks.[182][183] In an injury-plagued2001–02 season, Jordan led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.4 spg),[5] and was an MVP candidate, as he led the Wizards to a winning record and playoff contention;[184][185] Jordan would eventually finish 13th in the MVP ballot.[186] After he suffered torncartilage in his right knee,[187] and subsequent knee soreness,[188] the Wizards missed the playoffs,[189] and Jordan's season ended after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the1994–95 season.[44] Jordan started 53 of his 60 games for the season, averaging 24.3 ppg, 5.4 apg, and 6.0 rpg, and shooting 41.9% from the field in his 53 starts. His last seven appearances were in a reserve role, in which he averaged just over 20 minutes per game.[190] The Wizards finished the season with a 37–45 record, an 18-game improvement.[189]
Jordan in 2003
Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in2003, Jordan passedKareem Abdul-Jabbar as the all-time leading scorer in All-Star Game history, a record since broken byKobe Bryant andLeBron James.[191][192] That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them as he came off the bench in 15. Jordan averaged 20.0 ppg, 6.1 rpg, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 spg per game.[5] He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free-throw line.[44] Although Jordan turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.[68] On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.[193] During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at theMCI Center were sold out and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.[194] Jordan's final two seasons did not result in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and he was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.[195][196] At several points, Jordan openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that ofKwame Brown, thenumber-one draft pick in the2001 NBA draft.[195][196]
Final retirement (2003)
With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at theUnited Center in Chicago, which was his old home court, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.[197] TheMiami Heat retired the No. 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan never played for the team.[198] At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot fromTracy McGrady andAllen Iverson but refused both;[199] he accepted the spot ofVince Carter.[200] Jordan played in his final NBA game on April 16, 2003, inPhiladelphia. After scoring 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds left in the third quarter and his team trailing thePhiladelphia 76ers 75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, theFirst Union Center crowd began chanting "We want Mike!" After much encouragement from coachDoug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and re-entered the game, replacingLarry Hughes with 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers'Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookieJohn Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled byBobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. He received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials, and the crowd of 21,257 fans.[201]
In 1992, Jordan, now an NBA player, was a member of the "Dream Team", which includedLarry Bird and Magic Johnson. The team won gold in the1992 Tournament of the Americas,[205] and the1992 Summer Olympics. Jordan was the only player to start all eight games in the Olympics. He averaged 14.9 ppg on 45% shooting from the field and 68% from the free-throw line, and was second on the team in scoring.[206] He was undefeated in the four tournaments he played for the U.S. national team, and won all 30 games he took part in.[17]
Player profile
Jordan dunking the ball, 1987–88
Jordan was ashooting guard who could also play as asmall forward, the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with theWashington Wizards.[15] Jordan was known as a strongclutch performer. With the Bulls, he decided 25 games with field goals or free throws in the last 30 seconds, including two NBA Finals games and five other playoff contests.[207] His competitiveness was visible in his prolifictrash talk and well-known work ethic.[208][209][210] Jordan often used perceived slights to fuel his performances. SportswriterWright Thompson described him as "a killer, in the Darwinian sense of the word, immediately sensing and attacking someone's weakest spot".[3] As the Bulls organization built the franchise around Jordan, management had to trade away players who were not "tough enough" to compete with him in practice. To improve his defense, Jordan spent hours studying film of opponents. On offense, he relied more on instinct and improvization.[211] Jordan's fierce competitiveness greatly impacted his teammates, sometimes motivating them but also leading to tension and alienation.[212][213]
Noted as a durable player, Jordan did not miss four or more games while active for a full season from 1986–87 to 2001–02, when he injured his right knee.[15][214] Of the 15 seasons Jordan was in the NBA, he played all 82 regular season games nine times.[15] Jordan has frequently citedDavid Thompson,Walter Davis, andJerry West as influences.[215][216] Confirmed at the start of his career, and possibly later on, Jordan had a special "Love of the Game Clause" written into his contract, which was unusual at the time, and allowed him to play basketball against anyone at any time, anywhere.[217]
Jordan had a versatile offensive game and was capable of aggressivelydriving to the basket as well as drawingfouls from his opponents at a high rate. His 8,772free throw attempts are the 11th-highest total in NBA history.[218] Early in Jordan's career, he weighed around 200 pounds (91 kg) and was more athletic in terms of play style.[219] As his career progressed, Jordan developed the ability topost up his opponents and score with his trademarkfadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to avoid block attempts. According toHubie Brown, this move alone made Jordan nearly unstoppable.[220] Around this time, he bulked up to 215 pounds (98 kg) to adapt to the increased physicality of NBA defenses during the 1990s, sacrificing some athleticism for added strength in the post.[219] Despite media criticism by some as a selfish player early in his career, Jordan was willing to defer to this teammates, with a career average of 5.3 apg and a season-high of 8.0 apg.[44] For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder, finishing with 6.2 rpg. Defensively, he averaged 2.3 spg and 0.8 bpg.[44]
Thethree-point field goal was not Jordan's strength, especially in his early years. Later on in his career, Jordan improved his three-point shooting, and finished his career with a three-point field goal percentage of 32%.[44] His best years shooting from three were the 1989–90 and 1992–93 seasons, where he shot 37% and 35% from three, respectively (Jordan did shoot higher percentages from 1994 to 1997, but in those years, the three-point line was temporarily moved inwards).[15][221]
Overall, Jordan'seffective field goal percentage was 51%, and he had six seasons with at least 50% shooting, five of which were consecutive (1988–1992). Jordan also shot 51% and 50% from the field, and 30% and 33% from three-point range, throughout his first and second retirements, respectively, finishing his Bulls career with 31.5 points per game on 50.5 FG% shooting and his overall career with 49.7 FG% shooting.[15]
In 1988, Jordan was honored with theNBA Defensive Player of the Year andMost Valuable Player awards. No NBA player had previously won both awards in their career. He also set both seasonal and career records forblocked shots by a guard,[222] and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. Despite his defensive prowess, the 1988 season has come under scrutiny due to the large discrepancy between Jordan's steals' numbers at home versus on the road. Such stat inflation was common, and a 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that there were games where Jordan was often credited with steals that could not have happened. For example, in one game, he was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.[223] Jordan ranks fourth in NBA history in totalsteals with 2,514, trailingJohn Stockton,Jason Kidd andChris Paul.[224] Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.[225]Doc Rivers declared Jordan "the best superstar defender in the history of the game".[226]
Jordan was known to have strong eyesight. BroadcasterAl Michaels said that Jordan was able to read baseball box scores on a 27-inch (69 cm) television clearly from about 50 feet (15 m) away.[227] During the2001 NBA Finals,Phil Jackson compared Jordan's dominance toShaquille O'Neal, stating: "Michael would get fouled on every play and still have to play through it and just clear himself for shots instead and would rise to that occasion."[228]
Legacy
Jordan's talent was clear from his first NBA season; by November 1984, he was being compared toJulius Erving.[63][65]Larry Bird said that rookie Jordan was the best player he ever saw, and that Jordan was "one of a kind", and comparable toWayne Gretzky as an athlete.[229] In his first game in Madison Square Garden against theNew York Knicks, Jordan received a near minute-long standing ovation.[65] After Jordan established the single game playoff record of 63 points against theBoston Celtics on April 20, 1986, Bird described him as "God disguised as Michael Jordan".[78]
Jordanled the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons (NBA record) and tiedWilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles.[5] Jordan was a fixture of theNBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared withGary Payton,Kevin Garnett, andKobe Bryant).[230] He also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 ppg, respectively.[18][231] By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs; he would always ask for the ball at crunch time.[232] Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the second-highest amongNBA career playoff scoring leaders.[233] He scored 32,292 points in the regular season,[234] placing him fifth on theNBA all-time scoring list behindLeBron James,Kareem Abdul-Jabbar,Karl Malone, and Bryant.[234]
With five regular season MVPs (tied for second place withBill Russell—only Abdul-Jabbar has won more, with six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and threeNBA All-Star Game MVPs, Jordan is among the most decorated players in NBA history.[15][235] He finished among the top three in regular season MVP voting 10 times.[15] Jordan was named one of the50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996,[236] and selected to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021.[237] He is one of only eight players in history to achieve thebasketball Triple Crown—winning an NCAA championship, an NBA championship, and an Olympic gold medal (doing so twice with the 1984 and 1992 U.S. men's basketball teams).[238][239][240] Since 1976, the year of theABA–NBA merger,[241] Jordan and Pippen are the only two players to win six NBA Finals playing for one team.[242] In theAll-Star Game fan ballot, Jordan received the most votes nine times.[243]
"There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us."
Harry Edwards, considered the father of the field ofsociology of sport, referred to Jordan as representing the highest level of human achievement comparable toGandhi,Einstein, orMichelangelo.[244] Many of Jordan's contemporaries have said that he is the greatest basketball player of all time.[225] In 1999, anESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century.[245] Jordan placed second toBabe Ruth in theAssociated Press' December 1999 list of 20th century athletes.[246] The Associated Press also voted Jordan the greatest basketball player of the 20th century.[247] He has also appeared on the front cover ofSports Illustrated a record 50 times.[248] In the September 1996 issue ofSport, which was the publication's 50th-anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years.[249]
Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-backSlam Dunk Contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many people with having influenced a generation of young players.[250][251] Several NBA players, including James andDwyane Wade, have stated that they considered Jordan as their role model while they were growing up.[252][253] Commentators have also dubbed a number of players "the next Michael Jordan" upon their entry to the NBA, includingPenny Hardaway,Grant Hill,Allen Iverson, Bryant,Vince Carter, James, and Wade.[254][255][256] Jordan's jersey number, 23, also became iconic;[257] numerous subsequent NBA players have worn it to pay tribute to him, including James,[258]Metta Sandiford-Artest,[259] andAnthony Davis.[260]
Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his "Air Jordan" image is also often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,[250] a fact Jordan himself has lamented, saying: "I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized."[250] During his heyday, Jordan did much to increase the status of the game; television ratings increased only during his time in the league.[261] The popularity of the NBA in the U.S. declined after his last title.[261] As late as 2022,NBA Finals television ratings had not returned to the level reached during his last championship-winning season.[262]
In August 2009, theNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame opened a Michael Jordan exhibit.[263] When Jordan was accepted into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 memberDavid Thompson to present him.[264] As Jordan would explain during his induction speech in September 2009, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels when growing up in North Carolina but greatly admired Thompson, who played for the rivalNC State Wolfpack. Several former Bulls teammates were in attendance at the induction, includingScottie Pippen,Dennis Rodman,Charles Oakley,Ron Harper,Steve Kerr, andToni Kukoč,[19] as were former coachesDean Smith andDoug Collins. His emotional reaction during his speech when Jordan began to cry was captured by Associated Press photographerStephan Savoia and would later go viral on social media as the "Crying Jordan" meme.[265][266] In 2016, PresidentBarack Obama honored Jordan with thePresidential Medal of Freedom.[24] In October 2021, he was named to theNBA 75th Anniversary Team.[237] In September 2022, Jordan's jersey in which he played the opening game of the 1998 NBA Finals was sold for $10.1 million, making it the most expensive game-worn sports memorabilia in history.[267] In December 2022, the NBA unveiled a new MVP trophy, named in Jordan's honor, to be awarded beginning with the2022–23 season, which replaced the original trophy, named in honor of former NBA commissionerMaurice Podoloff.[268][269]
Section ofMadison Street in Chicago renamed Michael Jordan Drive – 1994[302]
Post-retirement
Jordan on a golf course in 2007
After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his position as Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.[303] Jordan's previous tenure had produced mixed results and may have also influenced the trade ofRichard "Rip" Hamilton forJerry Stackhouse, although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002.[173] On May 7, 2003, Wizards ownerAbe Pollin fired Jordan from the role.[173] Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he had known he would be fired upon retiring, he never would have come back to play for the Wizards.[304]
Over the next few years, Jordan played golf in celebrity charity tournaments and spent time with his family in Chicago. He also promoted his Jordan Brand clothing line and rode motorcycles.[305] Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competed with twoSuzukis in thepremier Superbike championship sanctioned by theAmerican Motorcyclist Association (AMA) until the end of the 2013 season.[306][307]
Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets
On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in theCharlotte Bobcats (known as theHornets since 2013), becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority ownerRobert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan took full control over the basketball side of the operation, with the title Managing Member of Basketball Operations.[308][309] Despite his previous success as an endorser, Jordan made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.[310] A decade earlier, he had made a bid to become part-owner of Charlotte's original NBA team, the Charlotte Hornets, but talks collapsed when ownerGeorge Shinn refused to give Jordan complete control of basketball operations.[311]
In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.[312] Jordan and formerHouston Rockets presidentGeorge Postolos were the leading contenders for ownership of the team. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team from Johnson pending NBA approval.[313] On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former player to become the majority owner of an NBA team,[314] and the league's only African-American majority owner.[315]
During the2011 NBA lockout,The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners who wanted to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during thelabor dispute in 1998, Jordan toldWashington Wizards then-ownerAbe Pollin: "If you can't make a profit, you should sell your team."[316]Jason Whitlock ofFoxSports.com called Jordan "a hypocritesellout who can easily betray the very people who made him a billionaire global icon" for wanting "current players to pay for his incompetence".[317] He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing playersKwame Brown andAdam Morrison.[317]
During the2011–12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. The team closed out the season with a 23-game losing streak; their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.[318] Before the next season, Jordan said: "I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating."[319]
During the 2019 NBA offseason, Jordan sold a minority piece of the Hornets to Gabe Plotkin and Daniel Sundheim, retaining the majority for himself,[320] as well as the role of chairman.[321] In 2023, Jordan finalized the sale of his majority stake to Plotkin and Rick Schnall, ending his 13-year tenure as majority owner, although he kept a minority stake.[322] The sale was officially completed in August 2023 for approximately $3 billion, more than 10 times the $275 million Jordan had paid for the team.[323]
Jordan married Juanita Vanoy atA Little White Wedding Chapel inLas Vegas on September 2, 1989.[335][336] They had three children:Jeffrey,Marcus, and Jasmine.[337] The Jordans filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made "mutually and amicably".[338][339] It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement (equivalent to $262 million in 2024), the largest celebrity divorce settlement on public record at the time.[340][341]
On July 21, 2006, a judge inCook County, Illinois, determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million in a breach of contract claim.[344] Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.[345][346][347] Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file apaternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991; aDNA test showed that Jordan was not the father of the child.[344]
Jordan proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American modelYvette Prieto, on Christmas 2011,[348] and they were married on April 27, 2013, atBethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church.[349][350] It was announced on November 30, 2013, that the two were expecting their first child together.[351][352] On February 11, 2014, Prieto gave birth to identical twin daughters named Victoria and Ysabel.[353] In 2019, Jordan became a grandfather when his daughter Jasmine gave birth to a son, whose father is professional basketball playerRakeem Christmas.[354]
Gambling
During the1993 NBA playoffs, Jordan was seen gambling inAtlantic City.[355] The previous year, he admitted that he had to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,[356] and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book in 1993 claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.[357]
In 2005, Jordan discussed his gambling withEd Bradley of60 Minutes and admitted that he made reckless decisions:
Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah.
When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied: "No."[304]David Stern, thecommissioner of the NBA, denied in 1995 and 2006 that Jordan's 1993 retirement was a secret suspension by the league for gambling,[358][359] but the rumor spread widely.[360] In 2010,Ron Shelton, director ofJordan Rides the Bus, said that he began working on the documentary believing that the NBA had suspended him, but that research "convinced [him it] was nonsense".[360] In the sixth episode of the 2020 documentary miniseriesThe Last Dance, Jordan directly addressed the longstanding speculation surrounding his first retirement, stating that it was not the result of any suspension imposed by the NBA.[361]
Media figure and business interests
Endorsements
Jordan (right) in 2008
Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands asNike,Coca-Cola,Chevrolet,Gatorade,McDonald's,Ball Park Franks,Rayovac,Wheaties,Hanes, andMCI.[362] Early in his career, Jordan appeared inan anti-drug advertisement sponsored by McDonald's.[363] Jordan has appeared in over 20 commercials for Gatorade since 1991, including the "Be Like Mike" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.[362][364] Nike created a signature shoe for Jordan, called theAir Jordan, in 1984.[365] One of his more popular commercials for the shoe involvedSpike Lee playing the part ofMars Blackmon: Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that "it's gotta be the shoes".[362] The hype and demand for the shoes brought on a spate of "shoe-jackings", in which people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently, Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the "Jordan Brand", with athletes and celebrities as endorsers.[366][367] The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those ofNorth Carolina,UCLA,California,Oklahoma,Florida,Georgetown, andMarquette.[368][369]
Jordan also has been associated with theLooney Tunes cartoons. A Nike commercial shown during 1992'sSuper Bowl XXVI featured Jordan andBugs Bunny playing basketball.[370] This commercial inspired the 1996live action/animated filmSpace Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a story set during the former's first retirement from basketball.[371] They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.[371] Jordan also made an appearance in the music video forMichael Jackson's "Jam" (1992).[372]
Since 2008, Jordan's yearly income from endorsements is estimated at over $40 million.[373][374] When his power at the ticket gates was at its highest point, the Bulls regularly sold out both their home and road games.[375] Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US$30 million per season.[376] An academic study found that his first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion.[377]
Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including his first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent,David Falk.[378] Jordan has described Falk as "the best at what he does" and that "marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan'."[379]
Business ventures
In June 2010, Jordan was ranked byForbes as the 20th-most-powerful celebrity in the world, with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According toForbes, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.[380] In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%.[381][382] Jordan was honored with theCharlotte Business Journal's Business Person of the Year for 2014.[383] In 2017, he became a part owner of theMiami Marlins ofMajor League Baseball.[384]
Forbes designated Jordan as the athlete with the highest career earnings in 2017.[385] From his Jordan Brand income and endorsements, Jordan's 2015 income was an estimated $110 million, the most of any retired athlete.[386] As of 2025[update], his net worth is estimated at $3.8 billion byForbes,[14] making him thefourth-richest African-American,[387] and one of therichest celebrities.[388]
TheMake-A-Wish Foundation named Jordan its Chief Wish Ambassador in 2008.[396] In 2013, he granted his 200th wish for the organization.[399] As of 2019, Jordan has raised more than $5 million for the Make-A-Wish Foundation.[396] In 2023, he donated $10 million to the organization for his 60th birthday.[400]
In 2015, Jordan donated a settlement of undisclosed size from a lawsuit against supermarkets that had used his name without permission to 23 different Chicago charities.[401] In 2017, Jordan gave $7 million to fund twoNovant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inCharlotte, North Carolina, his biggest donation to that point.[402] The following year, afterHurricane Florence damaged parts of North Carolina, Jordan donated $2 million to relief efforts.[403] He gave $1 million to aid the Bahamas' recovery followingHurricane Dorian in 2019.[404]
I can no longer stay silent. We need to find solutions that ensure people of color receive fair and equal treatment AND that police officers – who put their lives on the line every day to protect us all – are respected and supported.[405]
On June 5, 2020, in the wake ofthe protests following themurder of George Floyd, Jordan and his brand announced in a joint statement that they would be donating $100 million over the next 10 years to organizations dedicated to "ensuring racial equality, social justice and greater access to education".[406] In February 2021, Jordan funded two Novant Health Michael Jordan Family Clinics inNew Hanover County, North Carolina, by giving $10 million.[407][408] In 2024, he funded the opening of another Novant Health Clinic, this time in Wilmington.[409]
Film and television
Jordan played himself in the 1996 comedy filmSpace Jam. The film received mixed reviews,[410] but it was a box office success, making $230 million worldwide, and earned more than $1 billion through merchandise sales.[411]
In 2000, Jordan was the subject of anIMAX documentary about his career with the Chicago Bulls, especially the1998 NBA playoffs, titledMichael Jordan to the Max.[412] Two decades later, the same period of Jordan's life was covered in much greater and more personal detail by theEmmy Award-winningThe Last Dance, a 10-part TV documentary which debuted onESPN in 2020.The Last Dance relied heavily on about 500 hours of candid film of Jordan's and his teammates' off-court activities which anNBA Entertainment crew had shot during the1997–98 NBA season for use in a documentary. The project was delayed for many years because Jordan had not yet given his permission for the footage to be used.[413][414] Jordan was interviewed at three homes associated with the production and did not want cameras in his home or on his plane, as according to directorJason Hehir "there are certain aspects of his life that he wants to keep private".[415] Jordan appeared in the 2022 miniseriesThe Captain, which follows the life and career ofDerek Jeter.[416]
In May 2025, Jordan was announced as a special contributor for theNBA on NBC commentary team.[417]
Books
Jordan has authored several books:
Rare Air: Michael on Michael, with Mark Vancil andWalter Iooss (Harper San Francisco, 1993).[418][419]
I Can't Accept Not Trying: Michael Jordan on the Pursuit of Excellence, with Mark Vancil and Sandro Miller (Harper San Francisco, 1994).[420]
For the Love of the Game: My Story, with Mark Vancil (Crown Publishers, 1998).[421]
Driven from Within, with Mark Vancil (Atria Books, 2005).[422]
^Jordan's weight fluctuated from 195 to 218 lb (88 to 99 kg) during the course of his professional career;[1][2][3] his NBA listed weight was 216 lb (98 kg).[4][5][6]
^Jordan wore a nameless No. 12 jersey in a February 14, 1990, game against theOrlando Magic because his No. 23 jersey had been stolen.[7]
^A 2024 study by Tom Haberstroh found that Jordan was credited with several steals during the season which did not and could not have taken place. For example, during several home games, Jordan was credited with more steals than the opposing team had live-ball turnovers.[85]
^"The NBA's 75th Anniversary Team, ranked: Where 76 basketball legends check in on our list".ESPN.com. February 21, 2022.Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. RetrievedJuly 18, 2024.Jordan is widely regarded as the greatest basketball player of all time – he changed so many different facets of the league – but maybe most of all, he showed players they could grow themselves into a global brand on and off the floor with stellar play and the right marketing machine behind it all.
^abWeinstein, Brad, ed. (2019).2019–20 Official NBA Guide(PDF). NBA Properties. pp. 182, 199. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 12, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 4, 2023.
^Lazenby, Roland (2014).Michael Jordan: The Life. p. 43.[James and Deloris Jordan] promised to return at least one weekend a month to attend services at Rockfish African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Jordan family's place of worship for decades.
^Morris, Mike (1999). "The Legend: A Highlight-Reel History of the NBA's Greatest Player".Michael Jordan: The Ultimate Career Tribute. Bannockburn, IL: H&S Media. pp. 63, 67.
^Rodgers, Ted; Thomsen, Ian (October 18, 1993). "Europe loses a role model; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit, Jordan's profile looms large – includes related article on Jordan's stature in Japan".The Sporting News. Vol. 216, no. 16. p. 35.ISSN0038-805X.
^The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994–95, p. 334.
^"The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland · Page A12".Newspapers.com. February 2, 2002.Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. RetrievedOctober 30, 2023.But the race for the NBA's Most Valuable Player award has a late 1980s-early 1990s feel about it, with Michael Jordan competing against a point guard. ... But Jordan, who has returned from retirement to breathe life into the left-for-dead Washington Wizards, and Kidd, who has quarterbacked the Nets out of the mire of the Meadowlands swamps, are the odds-on favorites. ... Jordan's return from three years of retirement has been remarkable, with five 40-point performances already. He is also rebounding and handing out assists on par with his career averages. Most importantly, his indomitable will and thirst for winning have lifted Washington into playoff contention with more wins by Jan. 24 than they had all of last season. ... But if the Nets slip and the Wizards make the playoffs, Jordan will have earned what would be a record-tying sixth MVP.
^Lazenby, Roland (2014). "Chapter 7: Number 23".Michael Jordan: The Life. New York: Little, Brown and Company.ISBN978-0-316-19477-8.Before [Jordan] would be done, coaches across basketball would come to understand the number as a sign. Whether in AAU play or public school leagues or even a recreation contest for ten-year-olds, coaches began to figure that anyone bold enough to wear 23 must deserve extra defensive attention.
^Simmons, Bill (February 27, 2006)."Not so Stern after all".ESPN The Magazine. p. 2.Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. RetrievedOctober 30, 2023.
^Warren, James (October 24, 1993)."Rare DEA".Chicago Tribune. RetrievedJuly 16, 2021.
^Jordan, Michael; Vancil, Mark; Miller, Sandro (1994).I can't accept not trying : Michael Jordan on the pursuit of excellence. New York: Harper and Row.ISBN978-0-06-251190-4.OCLC1043202838 – via WorldCat.
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