Mianyang 绵阳市 Miencheo, Mienchow, Mien-yong | |
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 Clockwise from top: The view of Mianyang City from Fule Park, Yuewang Mansion at night, Night scene along Fujiang River in Mianyang City, Ziyun Pavilion in Xishan Park of Mianyang | |
 Location of Mianyang in Sichuan | |
  Mianyang Location of the city center in Sichuan Show map of Sichuan Mianyang Mianyang (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Mianyang municipal government):31°28′05″N104°40′44″E / 31.468°N 104.679°E /31.468; 104.679 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Municipal seat | Fucheng District |
| Government | |
| • CPC Party Chief | Peng Yuxing |
| • Mayor | Liu Chao |
| Area | |
| 20,267.46 km2 (7,825.31 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,755.4 km2 (1,063.9 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,755.4 km2 (1,063.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 473 m (1,552 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 5,588 m (18,333 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 307 m (1,007 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 4,868,243 | |
| • Density | 240/km2 (620/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,232,865 |
| • Urban density | 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,232,865 |
| • Metro density | 810/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 170.0 billion US$ 27.3 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 35,754 US$ 5,740 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 621000 |
| Area code | 0816 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SC-07 |
| License Plate Prefix | 川B |
| Tree | Cinnamomum camphora |
| Flower | Rosa chinensis |
| Website | www |
| Miányáng | |||||||||||||||
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.png) "Miányáng" in Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 绵阳 | ||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 綿陽 | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "South of Mian Mountain" | ||||||||||||||
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Mianyang (simplified Chinese:绵阳;traditional Chinese:綿陽;pinyin:Miányáng;Wade–Giles:Mien2-yang2;Sichuanese romanization:Mien2-iang2; formerly known asMienchow, Chinese:綿州; pinyin:Mianzhou; Sichuanese romanization:Miencheo;lit. 'Mian Prefecture') is the second largestprefecture-level city ofSichuan province inSouthwestern China. It borders Nanchong City to the east, Suining City to the south, Deyang City to the southwest, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture to the west, Gansu Province to the north, and Guangyuan City to the northeast.[3] Located in north-central Sichuan covering an area of 20,281 square kilometres (7,831 sq mi) consisting ofJiangyou, acounty-level city, five counties, and three urban districts.[4] Its total population was 4,868,243 people at the2020 Chinese census, of whom 2,232,865 live in its built-up (or metro) area made of three urban districts.
Mianyang, which was known as Fuxian (Fu County) in ancient times, also known as Fu County and Mianzhou，[5] had advanced in agriculture during theQin (221−206 BCE) andHan (206 BCE−220 CE) dynasties. It has a history of over 2,200 years since theEmperor Gaozu of Han established the first county in this area in 201 BCE. Due to its advantageous location, it had always been a town of great military importance and formed a natural defence for Chengdu.[6]
Mianyang is home to the CAEP and Science City, an immense Military Research Complex which was the site of the development of China's first nuclear bomb.[7]
The city proper itself was only lightly damaged by theearthquake of 12 May 2008. However,Beichuan County, which is in the prefecture, was among the most severely hit of all disaster regions following the earthquake, including theBeichuan High School campus where more than 1,000 students lost their lives after two main buildings collapsed.[8] Around 80% of the county's buildings are said to have collapsed, including its main government building.[9] The casualty toll for the quake in Mianyang Prefecture as of 7 June 2008, was 21,963 people killed, 167,742 injured, and 8,744 people missing.[10][11]
Mianyang is at the northwestern end of theSichuan Basin, on the upper to middle reaches of theFu River. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 30° 42' to 33° 03' N and in longitude from 103° 45' to 105° 43' E. Bordering prefectures areGuangyuan to the northeast,Nanchong to the east,Suining to the south,Deyang to the southwest, and theNgawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture to the west. It also bordersGansu for a small section in the north.[12]
Mianyang has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons. Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though precipitation is low. January averages 5.3 °C (41.5 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot, and humid, with highs often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). The daily average in July, the warmest month, is 25.7 °C (78.3 °F).The average annual temperature is between 18 °C and 21 °C.[3] Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from May to September. The annual frost-free period across most of the prefecture lasts from 252 to 300 days, and there are only 1,100 hours of sunshine annually, which is not even 30% of the possible total.
| Climate data for Mianyang, elevation 523 m (1,716 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 33.9 (93.0) | 35.9 (96.6) | 36.8 (98.2) | 38.9 (102.0) | 41.1 (106.0) | 36.6 (97.9) | 31.7 (89.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.8 (69.4) | 41.1 (106.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) | 12.5 (54.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 29.3 (84.7) | 30.9 (87.6) | 30.7 (87.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 21.1 (70.0) | 16.2 (61.2) | 10.8 (51.4) | 21.2 (70.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 8.6 (47.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.1 (79.0) | 22.1 (71.8) | 17.5 (63.5) | 12.6 (54.7) | 7.4 (45.3) | 17.1 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.3 (37.9) | 5.7 (42.3) | 9.6 (49.3) | 14.3 (57.7) | 18.2 (64.8) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.8 (73.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.1 (59.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 4.8 (40.6) | 14.0 (57.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) | −4.3 (24.3) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.3 (32.5) | 7.2 (45.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 17.3 (63.1) | 15.8 (60.4) | 13.3 (55.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | −2.1 (28.2) | −7.3 (18.9) | −7.3 (18.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 8.4 (0.33) | 9.4 (0.37) | 20.2 (0.80) | 45.6 (1.80) | 77.0 (3.03) | 98.5 (3.88) | 213.8 (8.42) | 175.2 (6.90) | 130.7 (5.15) | 40.5 (1.59) | 12.9 (0.51) | 5.5 (0.22) | 837.7 (33) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.7 | 6.1 | 8.8 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 13.1 | 14.5 | 12.5 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 121.9 |
| Average snowy days | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74 | 71 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 72 | 77 | 76 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 73 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 60.1 | 62.7 | 91.1 | 121.5 | 129.0 | 113.5 | 130.5 | 145.4 | 76.2 | 63.6 | 61.2 | 57.5 | 1,112.3 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 19 | 20 | 24 | 31 | 30 | 27 | 31 | 36 | 21 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 25 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[13][14] all-time extreme temperature[15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[16] | |||||||||||||
The city has highway and railway connections to several major cities and is on the road fromXi'an to the provincial capital ofChengdu as well as theBaocheng Railway running fromBaoji inShaanxi province to Chengdu.[17]
Mianyang Nanjiao Airport, which is the second largest airport inSichuanprovince, has direct flights toBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Xi'an,Shenzhen,Kunming,Hangzhou, and so on.[18]
BothG5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway andG93 Chengyu Ring Expressway passed through the city.
Mianyang is one of China's major centres for the electronics industry. It has many well-known research institutions, such as theChina Academy of Engineering Physics andChina Aerodynamics Research and Development Center.
Many large-scale enterprises, such asSichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd., Sichuan DND Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jiuzhou Electronics Group, Shuangma Cement Group, and Changcheng Special Steel Company also have their home in Mianyang.[19] Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd. was China's largest television manufacturer in 2004, and majority-owned by the city of Mianyang and the province ofSichuan.[20] The company provided two-thirds of the city of Mianyang's revenue, and its chairman and managing director Zhao Yong was until late 2004 the city's deputy mayor.[21]
Mianyang is an important national defence, scientific research, and production base, consisting of 18 institutes including the China Academy of Engineering Physics and the China Aerodynamics Research Institute. Moreover, it houses 50 large- and medium-size enterprises and six science colleges.[22]
The provincial government will hand over greater administrative powers of economic management at the provincial-level authority to propel the development of Mianyang. The new economy management authority will pay close attention to the construction of the scientific city. The provincial committee party and government are presently drafting the "Opinions on Propelling China Scientific City Construction" report which is expected to come out soon.[23]
There are many universities and colleges in the city, and it is well-known as a science and technology centre.
The best known of these isSouthwest University of Science and Technology, with a campus of 4000 mu (about 260 hectares (640 acres)). There is a wide-band multimedia campus network, which is connected to the Internet. The student dorm has access to telephone, Internet, and TV. There are over 900,000 copies of books and over 10,000 electronic books in the library. The studying and living facilities are all on the campus.[24]
It is the hometown of the famous poetLi Bai, and boasts many historical relics of theThree Kingdoms period.[56]
Li Shunxian was a poet ofPersian descent flourished during theFormer Shu period (907–925). She had two brothers,Li Xun [zh], a poet and pharmacologist, author ofOverseas Pharmacopoeia (海藥本草;Hǎiyào Běncǎo), and Li Xuan, also a pharmacologist and alchemist.[57] Their religious background has been suggested asZoroastrian orNestorian Christian by Li Guotao andLo Hsiang-lin, respectively. In his "The Transmission of Foreign Medicine via the Silk Roads in Medieval China: A Case Study ofHaiyao Bencao", Chen Ming states that he is "inclined to agree with Lo Hsiang-lin, and to conclude that Li Xun was probably a Nestorian who was influenced byTaoism". However, both suppositions lack solid evidence and remain to be proven.[58]
Li Bifeng is a democracy advocate and ahouse churchChristian, founder of an organization of conscience-based care for conducting written reports on the living conditions of laid-off workers, women, and children. He was imprisoned several times by Chinese authorities.[59]
Wang Yi is aCalvinistpastor fromSantai and founder of the house churchEarly Rain Covenant Church inChengdu. In 2018, he was arrested on allegations of "inciting subversion of state power".[60]
Wang Jiujiang is a "mountains and water" landscape painter withTibetan influence. He is classified as a member of national second-class artists.[61]
Chinese food blogger and internet celebrityLi Ziqi is from Pingwu County on Mianyang and shoots most of her video content in the surrounding countryside.
Several ethnic minorities live in Mianyang, such as theTibetan andQiang people.[62]
According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (4,057,601) about 5.43% is Christian (220,501), including Christians within the "unofficial churches", i.e., the Catholicunderground church and the Protestanthouse churches.[63]
Christian presence in Sichuan (Szechwan) dates to theTang dynasty (618–907) in the form ofEast Syriac Christianity.[64] In the case of Mianyang, the earliestevangelization to this region, according toAnnals of Religion in Mianyang, was carried out in 1777 byLouis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, aCatholic missionary andmartyrsaint of theMissions Étrangères de Paris (MEP).[65]
The firstcongregation was established in the 1820s in a small town named Bailin, now under the administration ofYouxian District. Aneo-Gothic church was subsequently built there and was expanded in 1913 by Alexandre Perrodin, which is known today asBailin Catholic Church [zh].[66] In 1883, after ministering in the District of Long-ngan-fou (modern-dayPingwu) for three years, Joseph-Marie-Félix Hatinguais took charge of the District of Lio-pin. He directed the mission work there until died of typhoid fever on 16 October 1886. He was buried at theAnnunciation Seminary in Ho-pa-tchang (modern-dayBailu).[67] Apurgatorial society existed inBeichuan before 1951.[68]
Our Lady of Lourdes Church is the only Catholic church building inFucheng, the most populated district of Mianyang.Lucy Yi Zhenmei, a 19th-century local missionary from Mianyang, was martyred inGuizhou andcanonized on 1 October 2000 byPope John Paul II.
Mianyang region was historically part of the MEP's Western Szechwan Mission, and is now under the jurisdiction of theBishop of Chengdu.[69] According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (4,057,601) about 1.57% is Catholic (63,896), includingunderground church Catholics.[63]
Fourteen church buildings are included in a list inAnnals of Religion in Mianyang,[70] namely:
Protestantism was brought to Mianyang in 1894 byAnglicanmissionaries of theChurch Missionary Society (CMS),[77] who subsequently made the city their mission headquarters.[78] Alice Entwistle was largely responsible for the opening of this region for missionary work.[79] Or according toAnnals of Religion in Mianyang, in 1885, a small mission church known asGospel Church was already founded in Mianyang by Alfred Arthur Phillips and Gertrude Emma Wells of the Church Missionary Society.[80] However,Gospel Church, Jiangyou is traditionally regarded as the first CMS church in the Mianyang region.[81] In the late 1880s, two women representing theChurch of England Zenana Missionary Society were working in this city.[82]
In 1908, William Munn established Hua Ying Primary School in Nanshan subdistrict (present-dayNanshan High School [zh]) and served as the firstprincipal until 1916, when Frederick J. Watt assumed the position.[83] In 1918, Alfred Arthur Phillips established the first school for the dumb and the blind in Sichuan at Huang Family's Alley, Fucheng District.[84]Frederick Boreham, futureArchdeacon of Cornwall, served as a missionary in Mianyang (Mien Yong) under the CMS from 1917 to 1924, and again from 1928 to 1934.[85]
After the split of theDiocese of Western China into Diocese of East Szechwan and Diocese of West Szechwan in 1936, Mianyang came under the authority of the latter which was supported by the CMS.[86]
Santai County (formerly known as Tungchwan,pinyin:Tongchuan) was a centre ofQuakerism, which was introduced in 1887,[87] and again in 1894 byFriends' Foreign Mission Association (FFMA).[88] Santai Mission became the largest mission branch of FFMA's Northern District. It was organized as Santai Monthly Meeting by Isaac Mason in 1900, under the administration of Szechwan Yearly Meeting.[89]
Since 1942, theSeventh-day Adventist Church had a small presence inFenggu [zh], a town under the administration ofFucheng. Thisdenomination had a church built in July 1946, and made 99converts before 1950[90] (see "Adventism in Sichuan").True Jesus Church had a small presence inJiangyou andYanting since 1947.[91]
According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (4,057,601) about 3.86% is Protestant (156,605; termed "Evangelicals"), includinghouse church Protestants.[63]
Six church buildings are included in a list inAnnals of Religion in Mianyang,[92] namely:
·Mianyang Rice Noodles (绵阳米粉): One of the famous traditional dishes of the Han nationality in the Mianyang area with a history of more than 1,800 years. There are three flavours: red soup, clear soup, and clear red soup.[96] Mianyang rice noodles are one of the famous traditional foods of the Han people in Mianyang, Sichuan, with a history of more than 1,800 years. The production process requires multiple kneading, pressing and other processes to make the rice noodles softer and chewier. After the rice noodles are cooked, various seasonings and ingredients can be added according to personal taste.[97]
·Lengzhanzhan (冷沾沾): Lengzhanzhan originated in Mianyang Jiangyou. It is a snack that uses toothpicks to weave different dishes of meat and vegetables together and then dip different oil dishes.[98]
· Mianyang rusty pancake/Guokui (绵阳脆皮锅盔):Crispy Guokui is one of the specialty snacks in Mianyang, Sichuan. It is golden in color, salty and delicious, and has clear crispy texture. Known for its fragrance, it comes in a variety of flavors.[99] In the middle of the rusty pancake there is a dragon's eye like head of the pot kui, just pull out the eye and one can lift out the whole pot kui and it will not break at all.[100]
·Zitong shortcake (梓潼酥饼): Zitong shortcake is a traditional famous food of Han nationality. It is made of wheat flour, lard, white sugar, sesame and other raw materials by traditional handicraft.[100]
| Map | |||||||||||
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| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020)[101] | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |||||
| 1 | Fucheng District | 涪城区 | Fúchéng Qū | 1,298,524 | 556 | 2,334 | |||||
| 2 | Youxian District | 游仙区 | Yóuxiān Qū | 561,375 | 1,014 | 554 | |||||
| 6 | Anzhou District | 安州区 | Ānzhōu Qū | 372,962 | 1,187 | 314 | |||||
| 3 | Jiangyou City | 江油市 | Jiāngyóu Shì | 731,343 | 2,721 | 269 | |||||
| 4 | Santai County | 三台县 | Sāntái Xiàn | 955,811 | 2,637 | 363 | |||||
| 5 | Yanting County | 盐亭县 | Yántíng Xiàn | 370,739 | 1,542 | 240 | |||||
| 7 | Zitong County | 梓潼县 | Zǐtóng Xiàn | 276,996 | 1,446 | 192 | |||||
| 8 | Pingwu County | 平武县 | Píngwǔ Xiàn | 126,357 | 5,259 | 24 | |||||
| 9 | Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County | 北川羌族 自治县 | Běichuān Qiāngzú Zìzhìxiàn | 174,132 | 3077 | 57 | |||||
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