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| Meyah | |
|---|---|
| Meyakh | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Manokwari District,Manokwari Regency,West Papua |
Native speakers | (15,000 cited 2000)[1] |
West Papuan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mej |
| Glottolog | meya1236 |
  Meyah  Meyah | |
| Coordinates:0°46′01″S133°52′52″E / 0.767°S 133.881°E /-0.767; 133.881 | |
Meyah (Meyakh) is aWest Papuan language spoken in North Manokwari District, Manokwari Regency,West Papua,Indonesia. The Meyah language isagglutinative andhead-marking and has nogrammatical cases. It hassubject-verb-object word order, which comes from nearbyAustronesian languages.[2][3]
Meax has 5 vowels and 13 consonants.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ⟨e⟩ | o | |
| Open | a |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | t | tʃ⟨c⟩ | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ ⟨j⟩ | g | ||
| Fricative | ɸ⟨f⟩ | s | h | |||
| Trill | ɾ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Glide | (w) | (j) | ||||
Unlike most otherPapuan languages of theBird's Head Peninsula, which are non-tonal,[6]: 134–135 Meyah is apitch-accent language with two phonemic pitch levels: rising high and falling high. Tone in Meyah is marked only on the stressed syllable within a word.
The related languageSougb is the only other known pitch-accent language in the peninsula, and the only other nearby tonal languages are thelinguistic isolates (Mpur andAbun), so it is unclear if Meyan's tone system comes from a common ancestor language shared with Sougb, or via some other path.[6]: 134–135
| Rising | Falling |
|---|---|
| éj 'drink' | èj 'peel' |
| mós 'fish' | mòs 'toad' |
Some two- and three-syllable words also have pitch accent. For example,éfes'young' contrasts withefés'fat', andóboha'skull' contrasts withobóha'tools' andobohá'spoiled'.[8]
Pronouns demonstrate three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. The first person dual and plural pronouns also demonstrate clusivity.
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | exc. | didif | magif | memef |
| inc. | nagif | mimif | ||
| 2nd | bua | goga | iwa | |
| 3rd | ofa | rua | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | exc. | di- | ma- | me- |
| inc. | na- | mi- | ||
| 2nd | bi- | ge- | i- | |
| 3rd | ø- | ri- | ||
These prefixes are used for verbs, body parts and kinship terms.
Nouns in Meyah are divided into two types: alienable and inalienable, the latter of which includes terms for body parts and kinship relations, and are obligatorily marked for possessor. With alienable nouns, there is morphological complexity. The plural marker-ir can only be used with humans, pigs, and dogs. There is no other method of indicating plurality for other alienable nouns. For inanimate nouns, a plurality may be indicated by certain modifiers such as:
mod
house
ofokou
many
mod ofokou
house many
Kinship terms, as inalienable nouns, share the same possessor prefixes as body parts and verb stems, however, they differ in the singular possessive prefixes. Instead of the '(C)i-' prefix found on first and second singular prefixes, kinship terms have 'ed-.' (1st singular) andeb- (2nd singular). On verbs and other inalienable nouns, the third person singular possessive prefix is normally unmarked, but kinship terms use the same prefix as the first person plural exclusive,me-. Terms for important kinship relations have divergent morphology, like the lack of a first-person singular possessive prefix for fatherakeina and motherameina, which are also used to refer to father and mothers' brothers respectively.
There are six classes of nouns, which are differentiated on the basis of their classifier when they are modified by a numeral. The first class is a class used exclusively for humans. Classes two and three relate to food, with the former being for food growing underground and the latter being for food growing on trees and vines. When this food is removed from trees or vines, it is classified according to whether it is 'round,' placed in the fourth class, and 'flat,' found in the fifth class. Class six consists of terms for animals and 'house.'[2]