| Part ofa series on the |
| Culture of Mexico |
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| Society |
| Topics |
| Symbols |
| Traditional Mexican cuisine—ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm | |
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| Country | Mexico |
| Reference | 00400 |
| Region | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2010 (5th session) |
| List | Representative |
Mexican cuisine consists of the cuisines and associated traditions of the modern country ofMexico. Its earliest roots lie inMesoamerican cuisine. Mexican cuisine's ingredients and methods arise from the area's first agricultural communities, such as those of theOlmec andMaya, who domesticatedmaize, created the standard process ofnixtamalization, and established foodways.[1] Successive waves of otherMesoamerican groups brought with them their cooking methods. These included theTeotihuacanos,Toltec,Huastec,Zapotec,Mixtec,Otomi,Purépecha,Totonac,Mazatec,Mazahua, andNahua. With theMexica formation of the multi-ethnic Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire), culinary foodways became infused (Aztec cuisine).
Today's food staples native to the land include corn (maize), turkey, beans, squash,amaranth,chia, avocados, tomatoes,tomatillos,cacao, vanilla,agave,spirulina, sweet potato,cactus, and chili pepper. Its history over the centuries has resulted in regional cuisines based on local conditions, includingBaja Med,Chiapas,Veracruz,Oaxacan,Lebanese Mexican and theAmerican cuisines ofNew Mexican andTex-Mex.
After theSpanish Conquest of the Aztec empire and the rest of Mesoamerica, Spaniards introduced a number ofother foods, the most important of which were meats from domesticated animals (beef, pork, chicken, goat, and sheep), dairy products (especially cheese and milk), rice, sugar, olive oil and various fruits and vegetables. Various cooking styles and recipes were also introduced fromSpain both throughout the colonial period and by Spanish immigrants who continued to arrive following independence. Spanish influence in Mexican cuisine is also noticeable in its sweets, such asalfajores,alfeniques, borrachitos andchurros.
African influence was also introduced during this era as a result ofAfrican slavery in New Spain through the Atlantic slave trade and theManila-Acapulco Galleons.[2]
Mexican cuisine is an important aspect of the culture, social structure and popular traditions of Mexico. An example of this connection is the use ofmole for special occasions and holidays, particularly in the south and central regions of the country. For this reason and others, traditional Mexican cuisine was inscribed in 2010 on theRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity byUNESCO.[3]
In American English, this is sometimes referred to as "Mex-Mex cuisine",[4][5] contrasting with "Tex-Mex".
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Mexican cuisine[6] is a complex and ancient cuisine, with techniques and skills developed over thousands of years of history.[7] It is created mostly with ingredients native to Mexico, as well as thosebrought over by theSpanishconquistadors, with some new influences since then.[8]
In addition to staples such as corn and chili peppers, native ingredients includesquashes,avocados,cocoa and vanilla,[3] as well as ingredients not generally used in other cuisines, such asedible flowers, vegetables likehuauzontle andpapaloquelite, or smallcriollo avocados, whose skin is edible.[9] Chocolate originated in Mexico and was prized by the Aztecs. It remains an important ingredient in Mexican cookery.
Vegetables play an important role in Mexican cuisine. Common vegetables includezucchini,cauliflower, corn, potatoes,spinach,Swiss chard, mushrooms, jitomate (red tomato), and green tomato. Other traditional vegetable ingredients includechili pepper, huitlacoche (corn fungus), huauzontle, andnopal (cactus pads).
European contributions include pork, chicken, beef, cheese, herbs and spices, as well as some fruits.
Tropical fruits, many of which are indigenous to the Americas, such asguava,prickly pear,sapote,mangoes, bananas, pineapple andcherimoya (custard apple) are popular, especially in the center and south of the country.[10]
Edible insects have been enjoyed in Mexico for millennia.Entemophagy or insect-eating is becoming increasingly popular outside of poor and rural areas for its unique flavors, sustainability, and connection to pre-Hispanic heritage. Popular species includechapulines (grasshoppers or crickets),escamoles (ant larvae), cumiles (stink bugs) andahuatle (water bug eggs).[11]
Despite the introduction of wheat and rice to Mexico, maize is the most commonly consumed grain in almost all areas of the country and serves as themain ingredient in many local recipes (such as maizetortillas,atole,pozole,menudo, andtamal). While also eaten fresh, most maize is dried,nixtamalized and ground into a dough calledmasa.[12][13] This dough is used both fresh and fermented to make a wide variety of dishes, from drinks (such as atole and pozole) to tamales,sopes, and many other foods. However, the most common way to eat maize in Mexico is in the form of tortillas, which accompany almost every dish. Tortillas are made of maize in most of the country, but other regional versions exist, such as wheat in the north orplantain,yuca and wild greens inOaxaca.[3][12]
The other basic ingredient in all parts of Mexico is thechile pepper.[14] Mexican food has a reputation for being very spicy, but it has a wide range of flavors and while many spices are used for cooking, not all are spicy. Many dishes also have subtle flavors.[7][9] Chiles are indigenous to Mexico and their use dates back thousands of years. They are used for their flavors and not just their heat, with Mexico using the widest variety. If a savory dish or snack does not contain chile pepper, hot sauce is usually added, and chile pepper is often added to fresh fruit and sweets.[14]
The importance of the chile goes back to theMesoamerican period, where it was considered to be as much of a staple as corn and beans. In the 16th century,Bartolomé de las Casas wrote that, without chiles, theindigenous people did not think they were eating. Even today, mostMexicans believe that their national identity would be at a loss without chiles and the many varieties of sauces and salsas created using chiles as their base.[15]
Many dishes in Mexico are defined by their sauces and the chiles those sauces contain (which are usually very spicy), rather than the meat or vegetable that the sauce covers. These dishes includeentomatada (in tomato sauce),adobo or adobados, pipians andmoles. A hominy soup calledpozole is defined as white, green or red depending on the chile sauce used or omitted. Tamales are differentiated by the filling which is again defined by the sauce (red or green chile pepper or mole). Dishes without a sauce are rarely eaten without salsa or without fresh or pickled chiles. This includes street foods, such astacos,tortas,soup,sopes,tlacoyos,tlayudas,gorditas andsincronizadas.[16] For most dishes, it is the type of chile used that gives it its main flavor.[15]Chipotle, smoked-dried jalapeño pepper, is very common in Mexican cuisine.
In addition to corn, common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are a historical component of the Mexican diet. Genetic evidence indicates domestication occurred in Mesoamerica as well as South America[17] Common bean varieties and cultivars used in Mexican cuisine include thepinto bean and theblack turtle bean. Beans and corn are deficient in different essential amino acids but complement each other. When eaten in combination, they provide a complete protein source.
Together with Mesoamerica, Spain is the second basis of Mexican cuisine, contributing in two fundamental ways: Firstly, they brought with them old world staples and ingredients which did not exist in the Americas such as sugar, wheat, rice, onions, garlic, limes, cooking oil, dairy products, pork, beef and many others. Secondly, they brought various culinary traditions from the Iberian peninsula which have become prevalent in Mexico. Equally, the discovery of the incorporation of New World ingredients to Spanish cuisine has led to the shared naming of foods such as chorizo, which uses paprika.
Spanish cuisine was in turn heavily influenced by its Moorish heritage and this created one of the earliest instances offusion cuisine. The Spanish also introduced the technique of frying inpork fat. Today, the main meats found in Mexico are pork, chicken, beef, goat, and sheep.Fish and other seafood are also popular, especially along the coasts, and the cooking method commonly has a Spanish origin such as with Huachinango a la vizcaina.[18]
Cheesemaking in Mexico has evolved its specialties, although Spanish-style cheese such as Manchego is also produced in Mexico. It is an important economic activity, especially in the north, and is frequently done at home. The main cheese-making areas areChihuahua,Oaxaca,Querétaro, andChiapas. Goat cheese is still made, but it is not as popular and is harder to find in stores.[19]
Churros are a common snack originating in Spain and becausesugar cane was brought to the Americas throughSpanish colonization, all of Mexico's sweets have a Hispanic origin, often with a Muslim heritage such asAlfeñiques.[20]
In most of Mexico, especially in rural areas, much of the food is consumed in the home.[21] Cooking for the family is usually considered to bewomen's work, and this includes cooking for celebrations as well.[22] Traditionally girls have been considered ready to marry when they can cook, and cooking is considered a main talent forhousewives.[23]
The main meal of the day in Mexico is the "comida", meaning 'meal' in Spanish. Meals eaten are as follows: the early morning meal, or breakfast, is called "desayuno", which entails coffee/atole (maize drink) and a light meal, in some areas; the "almuerzo", around 11 a.m., which includes a snack and drink; followed by "comida", or lunch, taken between noon and 2 p.m., usually the heaviest meal of the day. It sometimes begins withsoup, oftenchicken broth withpasta or a "dry soup", which is pasta or rice flavored withonions,garlic or vegetables. The main course ismeat served in a cookedsauce withsalsa on the side, accompanied with beans and tortillas and often with a fruit drink in some areas. The last meal of the day iscena, or supper, which varies greatly by region, and is usually eaten between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m.[24]
In the evening, it is common to eat leftovers from the comida or sweetbread accompanied by coffee or chocolate. Breakfast can consist of meat in broth (such aspancita),tacos,enchiladas or meat with eggs. This is usually served with beans, tortillas, and coffee or juice.[24]
Mexican cuisine is elaborate and often tied to symbolism and festivals, which is one reason it was named as an example of theIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[3] Many of the foods of Mexico are complicated because of their relation to the social structure of the country. Food preparation, especially for family and social events, is considered to be an investment in order to maintain social relationships.[28] Even the idea of flavor is considered to be social, with meals prepared for certain dinners and certain occasions when they are considered the most tasty.[29]
The ability to cook well, called "sazón" (lit. seasoning) is considered to be a gift generally gained from experience and a sense of commitment to the diners.[30] For theDay of the Dead festival, foods such as tamales and mole are set out on altars and it is believed that the visiting dead relatives eat the essence of the food. If eaten afterwards by the living it is considered to be tasteless.[29] In central Mexico, the main festival foods are mole,barbacoa,carnitas andmixiotes. They are often prepared to feed hundreds of guests, requiring groups of cooks. The cooking is part of the social custom meant to bind families and communities.[31]
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Mexican regional home cooking is completely different from the food served in most Mexican restaurants outside Mexico, which is usually some variety ofTex-Mex.[9] The original versions of Mexican dishes are vastly different from their Tex-Mex variation.
Some of Mexico's traditional foods involved complex or long cooking processes, including cooking underground (such ascochinita pibil). Before industrialization, traditional women spent several hours a day boiling dried corn then grinding it on ametate to make the dough for tortillas, cooking them one-by-one on acomal griddle. In some areas, tortillas are still made this way. Sauces and salsas were also ground in a mortar called amolcajete. Today, blenders are more often used, though the texture is a bit different. Most people in Mexico would say that those made with a molcajete taste better, but few do this now.[32]
The most important food for festivals and other special occasions ismole, especially mole poblano in the center of the country.[31][34] Mole is served at Christmas, Easter, Day of the Dead and at birthdays, baptisms, weddings and funerals, and tends to be eaten only for special occasions because it is such a complex and time-consuming dish.[31][35] While still dominant in this way, other foods have become acceptable for these occasions, such as barbacoa, carnitas and mixiotes, especially since the 1980s. This may have been because of economic crises at that time, allowing for the substitution of these cheaper foods, or the fact that they can be bought ready-made or may already be made as part of the family business.[36][37]
Another important festive food is thetamale, also known astamal in Spanish. This is a filled cornmeal dumpling, steamed in a wrapping (usually a cornhusk or banana leaf) and one of the basic staples in most regions of Mexico. It has its origins in thepre-Hispanic era and today is found in many varieties in all of Mexico. Like a mole, it is complicated to prepare and best done in large amounts.[38] Tamales are associated with certain celebrations such asCandlemas.[36] They are wrapped in corn husks in the highlands and desert areas of Mexico and in banana leaves in the tropics.[39]
Mexican street food can include tacos,quesadillas,pambazos, tamales,huaraches,alambres,al pastor, and food not suitable to cook at home, including barbacoa, carnitas, and since many homes in Mexico do not make use of ovens,roasted chicken.[40] One attraction of street food in Mexico is the satisfaction of hunger or craving without all the social and emotional connotation of eating at home, although longtime customers can have something of a friendship/familial relationship with a chosen vendor.[41]
Tacos are the top-rated and most well-known street Mexican food. It is made up of meat or other fillings wrapped in a tortilla often served with cheese added. Vegetarian fillings include mushrooms, potatoes, rice, or beans.[42]
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The origin of tacos is based on the pre-Hispanic custom of picking up other foods with tortillas as utensils were not used.[12] The origin of the word is in dispute, with some saying it is derived fromNahuatl and others from various Spanish phrases.[43] It possible that the term taco comes from the term tlaco or tlacatl, which means middle or half in nahuatl. Tacos are not eaten as the main meal; they are generally eaten before midday or late in the evening. Just about any other foodstuff can be wrapped in a tortilla, and, in Mexico, it varies from rice, to meat (plain or in sauce), to cream, to vegetables, to cheese, or simply to plain chile peppers or fresh salsa. Preferred fillings vary from region to region with pork generally found more often in the center and south, beef in the north, seafood along the coasts, and chicken andlamb in most of the country.[44]
Another popular street food, especially inMexico City and the surrounding area is thetorta. It consists of a roll of some type, stuffed with several ingredients. This has its origins in the 19th century, when the French introduced a number of new kinds of bread. The torta began by splitting the roll and adding beans. Today,refried beans can still be found on many kinds of tortas. In Mexico City, the most common roll used for tortas is calledtelera, a relatively flat roll with two splits on the upper surface. In Puebla, the preferred bread is called acemita, as is the sandwich. In both areas, the bread is stuffed with various fillings, especially if it is a hot sandwich, with beans, cream (mayonnaise is rare), and some kind of hot chile pepper.[45]
The influence of American fast food on Mexican street food grew during the late 20th century. One example of this is the invention of theSonoran hot dog in the late 1980s. Thefrankfurters are usually boiled then wrapped in bacon and fried. They are served in abolillo-style bun, typically topped by a combination ofpinto beans, diced tomatoes, onions andjalapeño peppers, and other condiments.[45]
Along the US-Mexican border, specifically dense areas like Tijuana, Mexican vendors sell food such asfruit melanged withTajin spice to people crossing the border via carts. In recent years, thesefood carts have been threatened by tightened border security at the port of entry. Both the US and the Mexican governments have proposed a project that would widen the streets at the border, allowing for more people to pass through the border, although widening them would decimate neighboringmercados that rely on the business of travelers.[46]
Besides food, street vendors also sell various kinds of drinks (includingaguas frescas,tejuino, andtepache) and treats (such asbionicos,tostilocos, andraspados). Most tamale stands sellatole as a standard accompaniment.
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Around 7000 BCE, the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America huntedgame and gatheredplants, including wildchili peppers. Corn was not yet cultivated, so one main source of calories was roastedagave hearts. By 1200 BCE, corn was domesticated and a process callednixtamalization, or treatment with lye, was developed to soften corn for grinding and improve its nutritional value. This allowed the creation of tortillas and other kinds of flat breads.[47] The indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica have numerous stories about the origin of corn, usually related to being a gift of one or more gods, such asQuetzalcoatl.[48]
The other staple was beans, eaten with corn and some other plants as a complementary protein. Other protein sources includedamaranth,domesticated turkey, insects such as grasshoppers, beetles and ant larvae,iguanas, and turtle eggs on the coastlines.[49] Vegetables included squash and their seeds;chilacayote;jicama, a kind of sweet potato; andedible flowers, especially those of squash. The chili pepper was used as food, ritual and as medicine.[49]
When the Spanish arrived, theAztecs had sophisticatedagricultural techniques and an abundance of food, which was the base of their economy. It allowed them to expand an empire, bringing intribute which consisted mostly of foods the Aztecs could not grow themselves.[15] According toBernardino de Sahagún, theNahua peoples of central Mexico ate corn, beans, turkey, fish, small game, insects and a wide variety of fruits, vegetables,pulses, seeds,tubers, wildmushrooms, plants andherbs that they collected or cultivated.[50]
After theConquest, the Spanish introduced a variety of foodstuffs and cooking techniques, likefrying, to theNew World.[51] Regional cuisines remained varied, with native staples more prevalent in the rural southern areas and Spanish foods taking root in the more sparsely populated northern region.[52] European style wheat bread was initially met unfavorably with Moctezuma's emissaries who reportedly described it as tasting of "dried maize stalks". On the Spanish side,Bernal Díaz del Castillo complained about the "maize cake" rations on campaign.[52]
Thecuisine of Spain is aMediterranean cuisine influenced by its Muslim Andalusian period, composed of a number of staples such as olive oil and rice.[51][53] Spanish settlers introduced these staples to the region, although some continued to be imported, such as wine, brandy, nuts, olives, spices, andcapers.[52] They introduced domesticated animals, such as pigs, cows, chickens, goats, and sheep for meat and milk, raising the consumption of protein. Cheese became the most important dairy product.[19][51]
The Spanish broughtrice toMexico,[13] along withsugar cane, used extensively creation of many kinds of sweets, especially local fruits in syrup. A sugar-based candy craft calledalfeñique was imported and is now used for theDay of the Dead.[54] Over time ingredients like olive oil, rice, onions, garlic, oregano,coriander, cinnamon, andcloves became incorporated with native ingredients and cooking techniques.[51] One of the main avenues for the mixing of the two cuisines was inconvents.[51]
Despite the influence of Spanish culture, Mexican cuisine has maintained its base of corn, beans and chili peppers.[51] Natives continued to be reliant on maize; it was less expensive than the wheat favored by European settlers, it was easier to cultivate and produced higher yields. European control over the land grew stronger with the founding of wheat farms. In 18th centuryMexico City, wheat was baked into leaved rolls calledpan francés orpan español, but only two bakers were allowed to bake this style of bread and they worked on consignment to the viceroy and the archbishop. Large ring loaves of choice flour known aspan floreado were available for wealthy "Creoles". Other styles of bread used lower-quality wheat and maize to producepan común,pambazo andcemita.[52]
Pozole is mentioned in the 16th centuryFlorentine Codex byBernardino de Sahagún.[55]
In the eighteenth century, an ItalianCapuchin friar,Ilarione da Bergamo, included descriptions of food in histravelogue. He noted thattortillas were eaten not only by the poor, but by the upper class as well. He described lunch fare as pork products likechorizo andham being eaten between tortillas, with a piquant red chili sauce. For drink,pulque, as well as corn-basedatole, and for those who could afford it, chocolate-based drinks were consumed twice a day. According to de Bergamo's account neither coffee nor wine are consumed, and evening meals ended with a small portion of beans in a thick soup instead, "served to set the stage for drinking water".[56]
During the 19th century, Mexico experienced an influx of various immigrants, includingFrench,Lebanese,German,Chinese andItalian, which have had some effect on the food.[51] During theFrench intervention in Mexico,French food became popular with the upper classes. An influence on these new trends came from chef Tudor, who was brought to Mexico by the EmperorMaximilian ofHabsburg.[57] One lasting evidence of this is the variety of breads and sweet breads, such asbolillos,conchas and much more, which can be found in Mexican bakeries.[58] The Germans brought beer brewing techniques and theChinese added their cuisine to certain areas of the country.[59] This led to Mexico characterizing its cuisine more by its relation to popular traditions rather than on particular cooking techniques.[60]
Since the 20th century, there has been an interchange of food influences between Mexico and the United States. Mexican cooking was of course still practiced in what is now theSouthwest United States after theMexican–American War, butDiana Kennedy, in her bookThe Cuisines of Mexico (published in 1972), drew a sharp distinction between Mexican food and Tex-Mex.[47]
Tex-Mex food was developed from Mexican and Anglo influences, and was traced to the late 19th century in Texas. It still continues to develop with flour tortillas becoming popular north of the border only in the latter 20th century.[47] From north to south, much of the influence has been related to food industrialization, as well as the greater availability overall of food, especially after theMexican Revolution. One other very visible sign of influence from the United States is the appearance offast foods, such ashamburgers,hot dogs andpizza.[61]
In the latter 20th century, international influence in Mexico has led to interest and development ofhaute cuisine. In Mexico, many professional chefs are trained in French or international cuisine, but the use of Mexican staples and flavors is still favored, including the simple foods of traditional markets. It is not unusual to see some quesadillas or small tacos among the otherhors d'oeuvres at fancy dinner parties in Mexico.[9]
Professional cookery in Mexico is growing and includes an emphasis on traditional methods and ingredients. In the cities, there is interest in publishing and preserving what is authentic Mexican food. This movement is traceable to 1982 with the Mexican Culinary Circle of Mexico City. It was created by a group of women chefs and other culinary experts as a reaction to the fear of traditions being lost with the increasing introduction of foreign techniques and foods.[9] In 2010, Mexico's cuisine was recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[3]
In contemporary times, various world cuisines have become popular in Mexico, thus adopting a Mexican fusion. For example,sushi in Mexico is often made by using a variety of sauces based onmango andtamarind, and very often served withserrano-chili blendedsoy sauce, or complemented with vinegar,habanero peppers, and chipotle peppers.
Corn in Mexico is not only eaten, but also drunk as a beverage. Corn is the base of a hot drink calledatole, which is then flavored with fruit, chocolate, rice or other flavors. Fermented corn is the base of a cold drink, which goes by different names and varieties, such astejuino,pozol and others.Aguas frescas are flavored drinks usually made from fruit, water and sugar. Beverages also includehibiscus iced tea, one made fromtamarind and one from rice calledhorchata. One variant of coffee iscafé de olla, which is coffee brewed with cinnamon and raw sugar.[63] Many of the most popular beverages can be found sold by street vendors andjuice bars in Mexico.
Chocolate played an important part in the history of Mexican cuisine. The word "chocolate" originated from Mexico'sAztec cuisine, derived from theNahuatl wordxocolatl. Chocolate was first drunk rather than eaten. It was also used for religious rituals. TheMaya civilization grew cacao trees[64] and used the cacao seeds it produced to make a frothy, bitter drink.[65] The drink, calledxocoatl, was often flavored with vanilla, chile pepper, andachiote.[66]Tejate is another Mexican beverage made from cacao.
Alcoholic beverages from Mexico includetequila,pulque,aguardiente,mezcal andcharanda. wine, rum and beer are also produced.[67] The most common alcoholic beverage consumed with food in Mexico is beer, followed by tequila.[7] A classicmargarita, a popular cocktail, is composed of tequila,cointreau andlime juice.
Rompope is believed to have been originally made in theconvents of the city ofPuebla,Mexico. The wordrompope is a derivation of the wordrompon, which is used to describe the Spanish version ofeggnog that came to Mexico.
A popular soft drink from Mexico isSangria Señorial asangria-flavored, non-alcoholic beverage. Sangria is a Spanish drink that was introduced bySpaniards, as was Horchata and Agua de Jamaica.
Similar to other regions in Mexico, corn is a dietary staple and other indigenous foods remain strong in the cuisine as well. Along with a chile called simojovel, used nowhere else in the country, the cuisine is also distinguished by the use of herbs, such aschipilín andhierba santa.[68][69] Like in Oaxaca, tamales are usually wrapped inbanana leaves (or sometimes with the leaves ofhoja santa), but often chipilín is incorporated into the dough. As in the Yucatán Peninsula, boiled corn is drunk as a beverage calledpozol, but here it is usually flavored with all-natural cacao.[70] Another beverage (which can be served hot or cold) typical from this region isTascalate, which is made of powdered maize, cocoa beans, achiote (annatto), chilies,pine nuts and cinnamon.[70]
The favored meats are beef, pork and chicken (introduced by the Spanish), especially in the highlands, which favors the raising of livestock. The livestock industry has also prompted the making of cheese, mostly done onranches and in smallcooperatives, with the best known fromOcosingo,Rayón andPijijiapan. Meat and cheese dishes are frequently accompanied by vegetables, such as squash,chayote, and carrots.[69]
Mexico City cuisine has been influenced by the cuisines of the other regions of Mexico, as well as a number of foreign influences.[71][72] This is because Mexico City has been a center for migration of people from all over Mexico since pre-Hispanic times. Most of the ingredients of this area's cooking are not grownin situ, but transported from all over the country (for example, tropical fruits).
Street cuisine is very popular, withtaco stands and lunch counters on every street. Popular foods in the city includebarbacoa (a specialty of the central highlands),birria (from western Mexico),cabrito (from the north),carnitas (originally fromMichoacán),mole sauces (fromPuebla and central Mexico), tacos with many different fillings, and largesubmarine-like sandwiches calledtortas, usually served at specialized shops calledtorterías.[73] This is also the area where most of Mexico'shaute cuisine can be found.[72] Some restaurants specialize in pre-Hispanic food, including dishes withinsects.
The foods eaten in what is now the north of Mexico have differed from those in the south since the pre-Hispanic era. Here, the indigenous people were hunter-gatherers with limited agriculture and settlements because of the arid land.[74][75]
When the Europeans arrived, they found much of the land in this area suitable for raising cattle, goats and sheep. This led to the dominance of meat, especially beef, in the region, and some of the most popular dishes includemachaca,arrachera andcabrito.[74][75] The region's distinctive cooking technique is grilling, as ranch culture has promoted outdoor cooking done by men.[75]
The ranch culture has also prompted cheese production and the north produces the widest varieties of cheese in Mexico. These includequeso fresco (fresh farmer's cheese), ranchero (similar to Monterey Jack),cuajada (a mildly sweet, creamy curd of fresh milk),requesón (similar tocottage cheese orricotta), Chihuahua's creamy semi-soft quesomenonita, and fifty-six varieties of asadero (smoked cheese).[74]
Another important aspect of northern cuisine is the presence of wheat, especially in the use of flour tortillas. The area has at least forty different types offlour tortillas.[74] The main reason for this is that much of the land supports wheat production, introduced by the Spanish. These large tortillas allowed for the creation ofburritos in the border city ofCiudad Juárez, which eventually gained popularity in theSouthwest United States.[75]
The variety of foodstuffs in the north is not as varied as in the south of Mexico, because of the mostly desert climate. Much of the cuisine of this area is dependent onfood preservation techniques, namely dehydration and canning. Dried foods include meat, chiles, squash,peas, corn,lentils, beans and dried fruit. A number of these are also canned. Preservation techniques change the flavor of foods; for example, many chiles are less hot after drying.[74]
In Northeastern Mexico, during the Spanish colonial period,Nuevo León was founded and settled by Spanish families of Jewish origin (Crypto-Jews). They contributed to the regional cuisine with dishes, such aspan de semita or "Semitic bread" (a type of bread made withoutleavening), andcabrito or baby goat, which is the typical food of Monterrey and the state of Nuevo León, as well as some regions ofCoahuila.[76][77]
The north has seen waves of immigration by theChinese,Mormons, andMennonites, who have influenced the cuisines in areas, such as Chihuahua andBaja California.[75] Most recently,Baja Med cuisine has emerged inEnsenada and elsewhere in Baja California, combining Mexican andMediterranean flavors.
The cooking ofOaxaca remained more intact after the conquest, as the Spanish took the area with less fighting and less disruption of the economy and food production systems. However, it was the first area to experience the mixing of foods and cooking styles, while central Mexico was still recuperating. Despite its size, the state has a wide variety of ecosystems and a wide variety of native foods. Vegetables are grown in the central valley, seafood is abundant on the coast and the area bordering Veracruz grows tropical fruits.
Much of the state's cooking is influenced by that of theMixtec and, to a lesser extent, theZapotec. Later in the colonial period, Oaxaca lost its position as a major food supplier and the area's cooking returned to a more indigenous style, keeping only a small number of foodstuffs, such as chicken and pork. It also adaptedmozzarella, brought by the Spanish, and modified it to what is now known asOaxaca cheese.[78][79]
One major feature of Oaxacan cuisine is its sevenmole varieties, second only to mole poblano in popularity. The seven arenegro (black),amarillo (yellow),coloradito ("little red"),mancha manteles ("tablecloth stainer"),chichilo ("smoky stew"),rojo (red), andverde (green).[79]
Corn is the staple food in the region. Tortillas are called blandas and are a part of every meal. Corn is also used to make empanadas, tamales and more. Black beans are favored, often served in soup or as a sauce for enfrijoladas. Oaxaca's regional chile peppers includepasilla oaxaqueña (red, hot and smoky), along with amarillos (yellow),chilhuacles, chilcostles and costeños. These, along with herbs, such as hoja santa, give the food its unique taste.[79]
Another important aspect of Oaxacan cuisine ischocolate, generally consumed as a beverage. It is frequently hand-ground and combined withalmonds, cinnamon and other ingredients.[79]
The cuisine ofVeracruz is a mix of indigenous,Afro-Mexican and Spanish. The indigenous contribution is in the use of corn as a staple, as well as vanilla (native to the state) and herbs called acuyo andhoja santa. It is also supplemented by a wide variety of tropical fruits, such aspapaya,mamey andzapote, along with the introduction of citrus fruit and pineapple by the Spanish. The Spanish also introduced European herbs, such as parsley, thyme, marjoram, bay laurel,cilantro and others, which characterize much of the state's cooking. They are found in the best-known dish of the region,huachinango a la veracruzana, a red snapper dish.Plantain was introduced by African slaves.[80]
The African influence is from the importation ofslaves through theCaribbean, who brought foods with them, which had been introduced earlier to Africa by thePortuguese. As it borders the Gulf coast, seafood figures prominently in most of the state. The state's role as a gateway to Mexico has meant that the dietary staple of corn is less evident than in other parts of Mexico, with rice as a heavy favorite. Corn dishes includegarnachas (a kind of corn cake), which are readily available especially in the mountain areas, where indigenous influence is strongest.[81]
Anthropologist and restaurateurRaquel Torres Cerdán has worked to preserve and record many of the foods of the indigenous peoples of the region.[82][83][84]
West of Mexico City is the Pacific coast and the states ofMichoacán,Jalisco andColima. The cuisine of Michoacan is based on thePurepecha culture which still dominates most of the state. The area has a large network of rivers and lakes providingfish. Its use of corn is perhaps the most varied. Whileatole is drunk in most parts of Mexico, it is made with more different flavors in Michoacán, includingblackberry,cascabel chili and more. Tamales come in different shapes, wrapped in corn husks. These include those folded into polyhedrons calledcorundas and can vary in name if the filling is different. In theBajío area, tamales are often served with a meatstew calledchuripo, which is flavored withcactus fruit.[85][86]
The main Spanish contributions to Michoacán cuisine are rice, pork and spices. One of the best-known dishes from the state ismorisquesta, which is a sausage and rice dish, closely followed by carnitas, which is deep-fried (confit technique) pork. The latter can be found in many parts of Mexico, often claimed to be authentically Michoacán. Other important ingredients in the cuisine include wheat (where bread symbolizes fertility) found in breads andpastries. Another is sugar, giving rise to a wide variety of desserts and sweets, such asfruit jellies andice cream, mostly associated with the town ofTocumbo. The town ofCotija has a cheese named after it. The local alcoholic beverage ischaranda, which is made with fermented sugar cane.[85]
The cuisine of the states of Jalisco and Colima is noted for dishes such asbirria, chilayo,menudo, and pork dishes.[87] Jalisco's cuisine is known for tequila, with the liquor produced only in certain areas allowed to use the name. The cultural and gastronomic center of the area isGuadalajara, an area where both agriculture and cattle raising have thrived. The best-known dish from the area is birria, a stew of goat, beef, mutton, or pork, with chiles and spices.[88]
An important street food istortas ahogadas, where the torta (sandwich) is drowned in a chile sauce. Near Guadalajara is the town ofTonalá, known for itspozole, a hominy stew, reportedly said in the 16th century, to have been originally created with human flesh for ritual use.[89][90] The area which makes tequila surrounds the city. A popular local drink istejuino, made from fermented corn.Bionico is also a popular dessert in the Guadalajara area.[88]
On the Pacific coast, seafood is common, generally cooked with European spices along with chile, and is often served with a spicy salsa. Favored fish varieties includemarlin, swordfish, snapper, tuna, shrimp andoctopus. Tropical fruits are also important.[71][88] The cuisine of theBaja California Peninsula is especially heavy on seafood, with the widest variety. It also features a mild green chile pepper, as well asdates, especially in sweets.[91]
![The folklore belief that menudo will alleviate some of the symptoms of a hangover is widely held.[92]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMenudo-con-garbanzos-restaurante-chipiona-venta-aurelio.JPG)
The food of theYucatán Peninsula is distinct from the rest of the country. It is based primarily onMaya food with influences from theCaribbean, Central Mexican, European (especially French) andMiddle Eastern cultures.[71][93] As in other areas of Mexico, corn is the basic staple, as both a liquid and a solid food. One common way of consuming corn, especially by the poor, is a thin drink or gruel of white corn called by such names aspozol or keyem.[93]
One of the main spices in the region is the annatto seed, calledachiote in Spanish. It gives food a reddish color and a slightly peppery smell with a hint of nutmeg.[71] Recados are seasoning pastes, based on achiote (recado rojo) or a mixture ofhabanero and chirmole[94] both used on chicken and pork.
Recado rojo is used for the area's best-known dish,cochinita pibil. Pibil refers to the cooking method (from the Mayan wordpíib, meaning "buried") in which foods are wrapped, generally inbanana leaves, and cooked in apit oven.[95] Various meats are cooked this way. Habaneros are another distinctive ingredient, but they are generally served as (or part of) condiments on the side rather than integrated into the dishes.[93]
A prominent feature of Yucatán cooking is the use ofbitter oranges, which gives Yucatán food the tangy element that characterizes it. Bitter orange is used as a seasoning for broth, to marinate meat and its juice (watered down with sugar) is used as a refreshing beverage.[96]
Honey was used long before the arrival of the Spanish to sweeten foods and to make a ritual alcoholic drink calledbalché. Today, a honey liquor calledxtabentun is still made and consumed in the region. The coastal areas feature several seafood dishes, based on fish like theMero, a variety ofgrunt andEsmedregal, which is fried and served with a spicy salsa based on the x'catic pepper andachiote paste.[93] Other dishes include conch fillet (usually served raw, just marinated in lime juice), coconut flavored shrimp and lagoon snails.[97]
Traditionally, some dishes are served asentrées, such as the brazo de reina (a type of tamale made fromchaya) and papadzules (egg tacos seasoned in a pumpkin seed gravy).[93]
Street food in the area usually consists of Cochinita Pibil Tacos,Lebanese-basedkibbeh,shawarma tacos, snacks made from hardened corn dough called piedras, and fruit-flavored ices.
Lime soup made of chicken or some other meat such as pork or beef, lime juice and served with tortilla chips. Panucho made with a refried tortilla that is stuffed with refried black beans and topped with chopped cabbage, pulled chicken or turkey, tomato, pickled red onion, avocado, and pickled jalapeño pepper.
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Dessert culture in Mexico did not develop until after the introduction of Spanish customs to the area. There were foods which could be considered desserts by modern standards like chocolate, but they were consumed and used differently. With the introduction of Europeans and their food and culture to the region came sugar and with it, sweets. The range of desserts evolved and grew over time to include everything from churros to rice pudding, from cakes to fruit treats. Some of the desserts which historically are made in Mexico are fairly easy to make and can be produced in high quantity.[98]
In the era pre-dating European influence chocolate was drunk in a warm syrupy form mixed with honey to create a pleasant drinking experience.[99] During this time chocolate was also treated as medicine.[100] After the arrival of Europeans, chocolate was brought across the sea to Europe where it would be used in various forms including medicine and confections. In the modern era, chocolate is used as both a topping and a dip, as well as in candies. The traditional form of chocolate consumption lives on in the form of Mexican hot chocolate, the natural evolution of the warm syrup.
There no fruit related dessert recipes which are popular in Mexico, some using native fruits, such as plantains and others using foreign fruits like oranges. Recipes for these foods can not be found dating back to the early 19th century and incorporate both sugar and ice.[101] Fruit dishes are naturally sweet and juicy which made them popular in the Mexican climate.
One such dessert is orange and lime ice, a treat similar to snow cones. It is made by freezing strained oranges and lime juice mixed with sugar.
Baked dessert items in Mexico are mostly ideas imported from Europe over time. These items came from a variety of different nations before becoming staples of desserts in the region. Baked goods include cookies made with local fruits, churros which originated in the Iberian Peninsula, and macaroons which come from Italy. Churros can be made by mixing flour with boiling water, shaping and frying that mixture then coating it in cinnamon or sugar. Churros can be eaten hot or cold and can be molded into any number of different shapes.[102]
The most popular cake in all of Mexico is tres leches cake (Three Milk's Cake).[103] It is moist due to its milky ingredients. To top things off, it can be topped off with whipped cream and other sorts of jams, cherries or strawberries.
Mexican cuisine is offered in a few fine restaurants in Europe and the United States. Sometimeslandrace corn from Mexico is imported and ground on the premises.[104]
Mexican food in the United States is based on the food ofNative Americans and Hispanos in theSouthwestern United States andNorthern Mexico. Mexican foods that originate in the United States often come from the Southwestern region;breakfast burritos andred or green chile come fromNew Mexican cuisine, andchili con carne andchimichangas are examples ofTex-Mex cuisine.[8] With the growing ethnicMexican-American population in the United States, more authentic Mexican food is gradually appearing in the United States. Most large American cities host a Mexican diaspora due to proximity and immigration, and Mexican restaurants and food trucks are generally easy to find in the continental states. One reason is that Mexican immigrants use food as a means of combating homesickness, and for their descendants, it is a symbol of ethnicity.[38] Alternatively, with more Americans experiencing Mexican food in Mexico, there is a growing demand for more authentic flavors.[38][105]Korean tacos are aKorean-Mexican fusion dish popular in a number of urban areas in theUnited States andCanada. Korean tacos originated inLos Angeles.[106]Sushi burrito is a Japanese-Mexican fusion food that became popular in urban areas across the United States, originating in California as part of the broader trend of innovative street food. The sushi burrito was created in 2008 by Peter Yen of theSan Francisco fast casual restaurantSushirrito.[107] In 2013,Carlos Gaytán became the first Mexican to obtain a Michelin star for his work at the Mexique restaurant inChicago. In 2014,Daniela Soto-Innes helped to open Cosme inNew York City, serving there as thechef de cuisine.[108] Houston chef Irma Galvan's restaurant was recognized and named an 'American classic' by theJames Beard Foundation in 2008.[109][110]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)In New York, Los Angeles and beyond, a taste for high-quality Mexican food and its earthy centerpiece, the handmade tortilla, has created a small but growing market for the native, or landrace, corn
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