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| Mexican Spanish | |
|---|---|
| Español mexicano | |
| Pronunciation | [espaˈɲolmexiˈkano] |
| Native to | Mexico |
| Ethnicity | Mexicans |
Native speakers | L1: 120 million (2021)[citation needed] L2: 8.2 million (2021)[citation needed] |
| Dialects | New Mexican Sabine River dialect |
| Latin (Spanish alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Academia Mexicana de la Lengua |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | es |
| ISO 639-2 | spa[1] |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | mexi1248 |
| IETF | es-MX |
 Varieties of Mexican Spanish.[citation needed] Northeastern Northwestern Northern peninsular Western Abajeño Central Southern Coastal Chiapaneco[2] Yucateco | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Mexican Spanish (Spanish:español mexicano) is the variety ofdialects andsociolects of theSpanish language spoken inMexico and its bordering regions. Mexico has the world's largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%.[3]
The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish,[4] since linguistic boundaries rarely coincide with political ones. The Spanish spoken in the southernmost state ofChiapas, borderingGuatemala, resembles the variety ofCentral American Spanish spoken in that country, wherevoseo is used.[5] Meanwhile, theTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to a large number of Mexicans residing in what had become US territory, and many of their descendants have continued to speak Spanish. In addition, the waves of 19th- and 20th-century migration from Mexico to theUnited States have greatly contributed to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety ofSpanish in the United States. Finally, the Spanish spoken in coastal areas often exhibits certain phonetic traits in common withCaribbean Spanish rather than with that of central Mexico, and the Spanish of theYucatán Peninsula is quite distinct from other varieties.[4] It should also be noted that there is great variation inintonation patterns from region to region within Mexico.[6] For instance, the Spanish of northern Mexico, including the traditional Spanish of New Mexico, is characterized by its own distinct set of intonation patterns.[7]
Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguistBertil Malmberg[8] points out that in Central Mexican Spanish—unlike most varieties in the other Spanish-speaking countries—the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg attributes this to aNahuatlsubstratum, as part of a broader cultural phenomenon that preserves aspects of indigenous culture through place names of Nahuatl origin, statues that commemorate Aztec rulers, etc.[9][10] The Mexican linguistJuan M. Lope Blanch, however, finds similar weakening of vowels in regions of several other Spanish-speaking countries; he also finds no similarity between the vowel behavior of Nahuatl and that of Central Mexican Spanish; and thirdly, he finds Nahuatl syllable structure no more complex than that of Spanish.[11] Furthermore, Nahuatl is not alone as a possible influence, as there are currently more than 90 native languages spoken in Mexico and Nahuatl never spread across the entire territory of modern Mexico.[12]
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | tʃ | ʝ | k | ɡ |
| Continuant | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
Due to influence fromindigenous languages, such asNahuatl, Mexican Spanish has incorporated many words containing the sequences⟨tz⟩ and⟨tl⟩, corresponding to thevoiceless alveolar affricate[t͡s] and thevoiceless alveolarlateral affricate[t͡ɬ], present in many indigenous languages of Mexico,[13] as in the wordstlapalería[t͡ɬapaleˈɾia] ('hardware store') andcoatzacoalquense[koat͡sakoalˈkense] ('from [the city of]Coatzacoalcos').Mexican Spanish always pronounces the/t/ and/l/ in such a sequence in the same syllable, a trait shared with the Spanish of the rest of Latin America, that of the Canary Islands, and the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, including Bilbao and Galicia.[14] This includes words of Greek and Latin origin with⟨tl⟩ such asAtlántico andatleta. In contrast, in most of Spain, the/t/ would form part of the previous syllable's coda, and be subject to weakening, as in[aðˈlantiko],[aðˈleta].[15]
Some claim that in Mexican Spanish, the sequence/tl/ is really a singlephoneme, the same as the lateral affricate of Nahuatl. On the other hand,José Ignacio Hualde and Patricio Carrasco argue that/tl/ is best analyzed as an onsetcluster on the basis that Mexicans take the same amount of time to pronounce/tl/ as they do to pronounce/pl/ and/kl/. They predicted that if/tl/ were a single segment, it would have been pronounced quicker than the other clusters.[14]
In addition to the usual voiceless fricatives of other American Spanish dialects (/f/,/s/,/x/), Mexican Spanish also has thepalatal sibilant/ʃ/,[13] mostly in words from indigenous languages—especially place names. The/ʃ/, represented orthographically as⟨x⟩, is commonly found in words ofNahuatl orMayan origin, such asXola[ˈʃola] (a station in theMexico City Metro). The spelling⟨x⟩ can additionally represent the phoneme/x/ (also mostly in place names), as inMéxico itself (/ˈmexiko/); or/s/, as in the place nameXochimilco—as well as the/ks/ sequence (in words of Greco-Latin origin, such asanexar/anekˈsar/), which is common to all varieties of Spanish. In many Nahuatl words in which⟨x⟩ originally represented[ʃ], the pronunciation has changed to[x] (or[h])—e.g.Jalapa/Xalapa[xaˈlapa].[16]
Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme/x/, the articulation in most of Mexico is velar[x], as incaja[ˈkaxa] ('box'). However, in some (but not all) dialects of southern Mexico, the normal articulation is glottal[h] (as it is in most dialects of the Caribbean, the Pacific Coast, theCanary Islands, and most ofAndalusia andExtremadura in Spain).[4][17] Thus, in these dialects,México, Jalapa, andcaja are respectively pronounced[ˈmehiko],[haˈlapa], and[ˈkaha].
In northwestern Mexico and rural Michoacan,[tʃ], represented by⟨ch⟩, tends to bedeaffricated to[ʃ], a phonetic feature also typical of southwestern Andalusian Spanish dialects.[18][19]
All varieties of Mexican Spanish are characterized byyeísmo: the letters⟨ll⟩ and⟨y⟩ correspond to the same phoneme,/ʝ/.[20][21][22] That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative[ʝ] or an approximant[ʝ˕] in most cases, although after apause it is instead realized as an affricate[ɟʝ].In the north and in rural Michoacan,/ʝ/ is consistently rendered as an approximant and may even be elided when between vowels and in contact with/i/ or/e/, as ingallina 'hen',silla 'chair', andsella 'seal'.[19][23]
As in all American dialects of Spanish, Mexican Spanish hasseseo, so/θ/ is not distinguished from/s/. Thus,casa 'house' andcaza 'hunt' are homophones.
Present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation, or absence ofdebuccalization, of syllable-final/s/. The fact that the areas with the strongest preservation of final/s/ are also those with the most frequent unstressed vowel reduction gives the sibilant/s/ a special prominence in these dialects. On the other hand,/s/-weakening is very frequent on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and is also fairly frequent in northern and northwestern Mexico, and in parts ofOaxaca and the Yucatán peninsula. In all these regions,/s/-weakening acts as asociolinguistic marker, being more prevalent in rural areas and among the lower classes.[citation needed] The prevalence of a weakened syllable-final/s/ in so many peripheral areas of Mexico suggests that such weakening was at one point more prevalent in peripheral areas, but that the influence of Mexico City has led to the diffusion of a style of pronunciation without/s/-weakening, especially among the urban middle classes.[4][24]
/s/-weakening on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coast was strengthened by influences fromAndalusian,Canarian, andCaribbean Spanish dialects.[25]
Also, the dialects spoken in ruralChihuahua,Sonora, andSinaloa, like that ofNew Mexico, have developed aspiration of syllable-initial/s/, as in words likepasar 'to pass' andseñor 'sir'.[26][27][28][29]
Despite the general lack of s-aspiration in the center of the country,/s/ is oftenelided before/r/ or/l/, and the phrasebuenas noches is often pronounced without the first/s/.[30]
There is a set of voicedobstruents—/b/,/d/,/ɡ/, and sometimes/ʝ/—which alternate betweenapproximant andplosive allophones depending on the environment.
/bw/ often becomes/gw/,[31] especially in more rural speech, such thatabuelo andbueno may be pronounced asagüelo andgüeno. In addition,/gw/ is often assimilated to/w/.[32]
Speakers from the Yucatán, especially men or those who are older, often pronounce the voiceless stops/p,t,k/ withaspiration.[33]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Like most Spanish dialects and varieties, Mexican Spanish has five vowels: close unrounded front/i/, close rounded back/u/, mid unrounded front/e/, mid rounded back/o/, and open unrounded/a/.[34]
A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly that of central Mexico, is the high rate ofreduction, which can involve shortening andcentralization,devoicing, or both, and evenelision of unstressed vowels, as in[ˈtɾasts] (trastes, 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the phoneme/s/, so that/s/+ vowel +/s/ is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected.[35][36][37] It can be the case that the wordspesos,pesas, andpeces are pronounced the same[ˈpesəs].[citation needed] The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions/t,p,k,d/ + vowel +/s/, so that the wordspastas,pastes, andpastos may also be pronounced the same[ˈpasts].
Mexican Spanish is atuteante form of the language (i.e. usingtú and its traditional verb forms for the familiar second person singular). The traditional familiar second person plural pronounvosotros—in colloquial use only in Spain—is found in Mexico only in certain archaic texts and ceremonial language. However, since it is used in many Spanish-language Bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it. An instance of it is found in thenational anthem, which all Mexicans learn to sing:Mexicanos, al grito de guerra / el aceroaprestad y el bridón ("Mexicans, at the cry of war / assemble the steel and the bridle").
Mexicans tend to use thepolite personal pronounusted in the majority of social situations, especially inNorthern Mexico. In the north, children even address their parents withusted.[29]
In rural areas of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala, many people use a number of distinct non-standard morphological forms: second person preterite verb forms ending in-ates, ites, instead of-aste, iste; imperfect forms such astraiba, creiba, instead oftraía, creía ("brought, believed"); merging-ir and-er verb conjugations, such as usingvivemos, instead ofvivimos ("we live"); non-standard forms, such ashaiga (instead ofhaya), with non-standard/g/, also used in words such ascreigo, insteadcreo ("I believe"); an accent shift in the first person plural subjunctive forms, such asváyamos, instead ofvayamos ("we go"); and a shift from-mos to-nos inproparoxytonic third person singular verb forms, such ascantaríanos, instead ofcantaríamos ("we sing"). These same verb forms are also found in the traditional Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.[38]
Central Mexico is noted for the frequent use ofdiminutive suffixes with many nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the-ito/ita suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with-n use the suffix-cito/cita. Use of the diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of "una casita grande" ("a nice, big house").
When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a mattress (Spanish:un colchón) described asblandito might be "nice and soft", while calling itblando might be heard to mean "too soft".
In some regions of Mexico, the diminutive suffix-ito is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission (cafecito, literally "little coffee";cabecita, literally "little head";chavito "little boy"), and is attached to names (Marquitos, fromMarcos;Juanito, fromJuan—cf. Eng.Johnny) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix-ito is often replaced in informal situations by-illo (cafecillo,cabecilla,morrillo,Juanillo).
Frequent use of the diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech.[citation needed]
Theaugmentative suffix-(z)ote is typically used in Mexico to make nouns larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the wordcamión, in Mexico, meansbus; the suffixed formcamionzote means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of the suffixes-ito and-ísimo; thereforecamionzotototote meansvery, very, very big bus.
The suffix-uco or-ucho and its feminine counterparts-uca and-ucha respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the wordcasa, meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix (casucha) to change the word's meaning to make it disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so the wordcasucha often refers to a shanty, hut or hovel. The wordmadera ("wood") can take the suffix-uca (maderuca) to mean "rotten, ugly wood".
Other suffixes include, but are not limited to:-azo as incarrazo, which refers to a very impressive car (carro) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz;-ón, for examplenarizón, meaning "big-nosed" (nariz = "nose"), orpatona, a female with large feet (patas).
It is common to replace/s/ with/tʃ/ to form diminutives, e.g.,Isabel →Chabela;José María →Chema;Cerveza ("beer") →chela orcheve,concepción →conchita,sin muelas ("without molars") →chimuela ("toothless"). This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish.
Typical of Mexican Spanish is an ellipsis of the negative particleno in a main clause introduced by an adverbial clause withhasta que:
In this kind of construction, the main verb is implicitly understood as being negated.
Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America the use of interrogativequé in conjunction with the quantifiertan(to):[4][39]
It has been suggested that there is influence ofindigenous languages on the syntax of Mexican Spanish (as well as that of other areas in the Americas), manifested, for example, in the redundant use of verbalclitics, particularlylo. This is more common among bilinguals or in isolated rural areas.[4]
Mucho muy can be used colloquially in place of the superlative-ísimo, as in:
Mexican Spanish, like that of many other parts of the Americas, prefers the prepositionpor in expressions of time spans, as in
A more or less recent phenomenon in the speech of central Mexico, having its apparent origin in theState of Mexico, is the use of negation in anunmarkedyes/no question. Thus, in place of "¿Quieres...?" (Would you like...?), there is a tendency to ask "¿No quieres...?" (Wouldn't you like...?).
Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain.[example needed][40][citation needed]
Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl, Mayan or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna andtoponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, likechocolate andaguacate ("avocado"), and some are only used in Mexico. The latter includeguajolote "turkey" < Nahuatlhuaxōlōtl[waˈʃoːloːt͡ɬ] (althoughpavo is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries);papalote "kite" < Nahuatlpāpālōtl[paːˈpaːloːt͡ɬ] "butterfly"; andjitomate "tomato" < Nahuatlxītomatl[ʃiːˈtomat͡ɬ]. For a more complete list seeList of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin.
Other expressions that are common in colloquial Mexican Spanish include:
Most of the words above are considered informal (e.g.chavo(a),padre,güero, etc.), rude (güey,naco,¿cómo (la) ves?, etc.) or vulgar (e.g.chingadera,pinche,pedo) and are limited to slang use among friends or in informal settings; foreigners need to exercise caution in their use. In 2009, at an audience for the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Mexico and the Netherlands, the then Crown Prince of the Netherlands,Willem-Alexander, made a statement to the audience with a word that, in Mexican Spanish, is considered very vulgar. Evidently oblivious to the word's different connotations in different countries, the prince's Argentine interpreter used the wordchingada as the ending to the familiar Mexican proverb "Camarón que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente" (A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the tide), without realizing the vulgarity associated with the word in Mexico. The prince, also unaware of the differences, proceeded to say the word, to the bemusement and offense of some of the attendees.[46]
New Mexico Spanish has many similarities with an older version of Mexican Spanish, and can be considered part of a Mexican Spanish "macro-dialect".[47]The small amount ofPhilippine Spanish has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish, as the colony was initially administered fromMexico City, before being administered directly fromMadrid, and had extensive contact via theManila galleon toAcapulco.Chavacano, aSpanish-based creole language in the Philippines, is based on Mexican Spanish.[citation needed] To outsiders, the accents of nearby Spanish-speaking countries in northern Central America, such asEl Salvador andGuatemala, might sound similar to those spoken in Mexico, especially in central and southern Mexico.
The Spanish of Mexico has had variousindigenous languages as alinguistic substrate. Particularly significant has been the influence ofNahuatl, especially in thelexicon. However, while in the vocabulary its influence is undeniable, it is hardly felt in thegrammar field. In the lexicon, in addition to the words that originated from Mexico with which theSpanish language has been enriched, such astomate "tomato",hule "rubber",tiza "chalk",chocolate "chocolate",coyote "coyote",petaca "flask", et cetera; the Spanish ofMexico has manyNahuatlismos that confer a lexical personality of its own. It can happen that theNahuatl word coexists with the Spanish word, as in the cases ofcuate "buddy" andamigo "friend",guajolote "turkey" andpavo "turkey",chamaco "kid" andniño "boy",mecate "rope" andreata "rope", etc. On other occasions, the indigenous word differs slightly from the Spanish, as in the case ofhuarache, which is another type of sandal;tlapalería, hardware store,molcajete, a stone mortar, etc. Other times, the Nahuatl word has almost completely displaced the Spanish,tecolote "owl",atole "cornflour drink",popote "straw",milpa "cornfield",ejote "green bean",jacal "shack",papalote "kite", etc. There are manyindigenismos "words of indigenous origin" who designate Mexican realities for which there is no Spanish word;mezquite "mesquite",zapote "sapota",jícama "jicama",ixtle "ixtle",cenzontle "mockingbird",tuza "husk",pozole,tamales,huacal "crate",comal "hotplate",huipil "embroidered blouse",metate "stone for grinding", etc. The strength of the Nahuatl substrate influence is felt less each day, since there are no new contributions.
The extensive use of diminutives in Mexican Spanish has been cited as an example of Nahuatl influence.[48]
The use of the suffix-le to give an emphatic character to the imperative form of verbs has also been attributed to Nahuatl. For example:brinca "jump" >bríncale,come "eat" >cómele,pasa "go/proceed" >pásale. This suffix is considered to be a crossover of the Spanishindirect object pronoun-le with the Nahua excitable interjections, such ascuele "strain."[49] That the suffix is not in fact an indirect object pronoun can be seen by the fact that it is also used in non-verbal constructions, such ashijo "son" >híjole "damn",ahora "now" >órale "wow",¿que hubo? "what's up?" >quihúbole "how's it going?", etc.
Navarro Ibarra (2009) offers an alternative explanation of-le as an intensifier, claiming that, instead of working as an indirect object pronoun,-le modifies the verb in such a way that the event it indicates "involves the realization of the event itself as an abstract goal".[50]
Mexico has a border of more than 2,500 kilometers with theUnited States, and receives major influxes of American and Canadian tourists every year. More than 63% of the 57 million Latinos in the United States are assumed as of Mexican origin.[51]English is the most studied foreign language inMexico, and the third most spoken after Spanish and the native languages taken together.[52] Given these circumstances,anglicisms in Mexican Spanish are continuously increasing (as they are also in the rest of the Americas and Spain), includingfilmar "to film",béisbol "baseball",club "club",coctel "cocktail",líder "leader",cheque "check",sándwich "sandwich", etc. Mexican Spanish also uses other anglicisms that are not used in all Spanish-speaking countries, includingbye,ok,nice,cool,checar "to check",fólder "folder",overol "overalls",réferi "referee",lonchera "lunch bag",clóset "closet",maple "maple syrup",baby shower, etc.[53][54]
English influence, at least in border cities, may result in lower use of thesubjunctive, as indicated by a study finding that, among residents ofReynosa, greater contact with the American side correlated with lower use of the subjunctive. This parallels a greater reduction in the use of the subjunctive among Mexican-Americans.[55]
The center of Hispanic Linguistics ofUNAM carried out a number of surveys in the project of coordinated study of the cultured linguistic norms of major cities of Ibero-America and of the Iberian Peninsula. The total number of anglicisms was about 4% among Mexican speakers of urban norms.[56] However, this figure includes anglicisms that permeated general Spanish long ago and which are not particular to Mexico, such as buffete,náilon "nylon", hockey,rimel,ron "rum",vagón "railroad car",búfer "buffer", and others.
The results of this research are summarized as follows:
Some examples of syntactic anglicisms, which coexist with the common variants, are:
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