Mewat | |
|---|---|
Historical region | |
 Location of Mewat in India | |
| Country |  India |
| Historical capital | Alwar |
| Demonym | Mewati |
| Mewat Region | |
| • Haryana tehsils | Nuh,Punahana,Ferozepur Jhirka,Taoru,Sohna,Hathin,Hodal,Faridabad,Ballabgarh |
| • Rajasthan tehsils | Tijara,Kishangarh Bas,Ramgarh,Laxmangarh,Kathumar,Mandawar,Pahari,Nagar,deeg,seekri,jurhera,alwar,Kaman,malakheda,tapukda, bhiwadi,khairthal,naugaon, Nagar |
| • Uttar Pradesh tehsils | Chhata tehsil |
| Languages | |
| • Official | English,Hindi,Urdu |
| • Spoken | Mewati,Hindi,Urdu |
Mewat (/ˈmeɪwɑːt/;Hindustani:[ˈmeːwaːt]) is ahistorical andcultural region which encompasses parts of the modern-day states ofHaryana,Rajasthan, andUttar Pradesh in northwestern India.[1]
The loose boundaries of the Mewat region generally include parts of the following districts:[1]
The region is located at the intersection of three states:Rajasthan,Haryana, andUttar Pradesh.[2] In between the major cities ofDelhi,Jaipur andAgra. The historical capital of the region isAlwar in modern dayRajasthan. Mewat is also part of the historicalBraj region of India.[1]
The region roughly corresponds to the ancient kingdom ofMatsya, founded in the 5th centuryBCE.[3]
There is little mention of the Mewat region in the classical era, although there are many speculative stories and legends. However, the earliest supposed records of this region and its surroundings can be found in theMahabharata. The Bhadanakas are clearly related to the ancient Bhadras mentioned in the Sanskrit epic as a republic or oligarchy thatKarna conquered during his expeditions. These Bhadanakas are located in theRewari-Bhiwani area, and Bhadavasa, a present-day village located nearby confirms their historic presence.[4]
After the fall of theMaurya Empire, this place has seen foreign invaders like theBactrians,Greeks,Parthians,Scythians, and theKushanas.Samudragupta andYashovarman had also ruled the area. The Mewat region was also part of theHarsha Empire during the first half of the century 7th century, thenGurjara-Pratiharas. TheTomaras, who were once the Pratiharas' feudatories but eventually gained independence, established the foundation of Delhi, then known asDhillika, in 736 AD. The northern Mewat region was ruled by the Tomaras untilVisaladeva (Chahamana) captured Delhi around the year 1156.[4]
In 1206,Muhammad of Ghor invaded Delhi andQutb ud-Din Aibak became the first Sultan of Delhi. During his reign, Hemraj, the son of Prithviraj, was assigned to invade Mewat from Alwar, but he was defeated. Aibak then dispatched Sayyid Wajih-ud-Din, who was also defeated. It was Wajih-ud-Din's nephew, Miran Hussain Jang, who then conquered Mewat.Meos, the native ethnic group of the region, were introduced to Islam and became Muslim under Qutb ud-Din's rule.[4]
In the mid-13th century,Ghias-ud-din Balban, who was once theregent ofNasiruddin Mahmud Shah (8th Sultan of Delhi), launched several brutal military campaigns against the Mewat region to consolidate and expand the Sultanate's control. Over the course of 20 years and three major campaigns, Balban killed around two thousand Meos.[5]
In 1247, Balban led his first invasion of Mewat. The local Meo chief, Ransi Ran Pal (also known as Ant Pal), had provided refuge to a Delhi rebel leader, prompting Balban's intervention. Balban's forces engaged in a pitched battle, resulting in heavy casualties among the Mewatis and forcing the rebels to flee. By 1260, the Mewatis had regrouped under a new leader, Malkha. In response to ongoing raids and unrest, Balban launched a second campaign. His forces captured Mewat's operations capital, and conducted a thorough and brutal suppression of the rebels. Over a twenty-day period, Balban's troops ravaged villages and executed many inhabitants. The campaign was noted for its cruelty, including public executions and severe punishments for captured rebels.[6]
In 1266, after ascending the throne as Sultan, Balban conducted his third major campaign against Mewat. The Meo leader during this period was Kaku Rana, who attempted to resist Balban's forces with limited success. Balban's army subdued the region. The aftermath of this campaign saw the establishment of police posts and forts to maintain control, with Balban implementing policies to clear the forests and settle loyal soldiers in the region.[6]
This type of cruel treatment was common throughout the period of theDelhi Sultanate, and it became a standard way of treating the Meos. It seems that in spite of the Meos' conversion to Islam, they were just as turbulent as their Hindu ancestors and did not assimilate well with the Delhi Sultans. The last operation of Balban was so effectual that there is little to no mention of Mewat for over a hundred years, during which the chiefs of Mewat appear to have maintained satisfactory relations with the authorities in Delhi.[6]
During the Wali-e-Mewat era, the Mewat region was ruled as a tributary to theDelhi Sultanate by theKhanzada Rajputs, a distinct ethnic identity separate from theMeos. In 1398, during the time of the invasion ofTimur and during the rule of Delhi SultanFiruz Shah Tughlaq, one of the most dominantJadaunRajput chiefs in the region wasSonpar Pal, popularly known as Bahadur Nahar, whose tomb still stands atAlwar.[5]Sonpar Pal converted toIslam throughFiruz Shah Tughlaq in 1355 and adopted the new name,Nahar Khan Mewati (not to be confused with Jat kingNahar Singh). He became the patriarch ofKhanzada Rajputs. He had also constructed the Kotla Bahadur Nahar fort in the Kotla village of present-day Nuh.[4]
Bahadur Nahar had helpedAbu Bakr Shah, the grandson of Tughlaq, in expelling Abu Bakr's uncle,Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah, from Delhi and in establishing the Abu Bakr Shah on the throne. After the fall ofTughlaq dynasty in 1398, Nahar Khan reconciled withTimur. In 1420, during the era of Nahar Khan's grandson,Khanzada Feroz Khan, Mewat was attacked by SultanKhizr Khan of DelhiSayyid dynasty. The Mewati army fortified themselves for one year inKotla Fort, after which the Delhi army retreated. In 1425, great-grandsons of Bahadur Nahar namedKhanzada Jalal Khan and Khanzada Abdul Qadir Khan (Jallu and Qaddu) revolted against Delhi Sultanate but were defeated by Delhi SultanMubarak Shah (1421– 1434 CE) who overran Mewat and killed Qaddu. Jallu continued the native Mewati rebellion against the Delhi sultanate, in 1427, the Mewati army fortified themselves for one year in the hills of Tijara, after which the Delhi army retreated.[4]
In 1526,Hasan Khan Mewati, the last Khanzada Rajput ruler of Mewat, supportedIbrahim Lodi, theSultan of Delhi, in thefirst Battle of Panipat. This battle was a pivotal conflict between the founder of theMughal Empire,Babur, and theSultanate of Delhi, led byIbrahim Lodi. In this battle,Babur emerged victorious, and Lodi lost his life. During the conflict, Babur took Hasan Khan Mewati's son as a hostage. Despite the defeat, Hasan Khan Mewati did not yield to the foreign invader.Babur had stated that Hasan Khan Mewati was the leader of the ‘Mewat country’. Following the Battle of Panipat, Hasan Khan Mewati aligned himself withRana Sanga to continue the fight against Babur and the Mughal Empire.[7][8][9] In March 15, 1527, theBattle of Khanwa occurred, betweenRana Sanga ofMewar and Babur. Hasan Khan Mewati, once again, went against Babur and joined theRajput Confederation ofRana Sanga with 5,000 allies. When Rana Sanga was struck by an arrow and fell from his elephant, the Mewati king took charge of the commander's flag and led the attack against Babur's forces. Hasan Khan Mewati along with his 12,000 Meo horse soldiers, fiercely confronted Babur's army. They were initially successful and seemed to be overpowering the Mughal forces. During the battle, Hasan Khan Mewati was struck by a cannonball that hit his chest. the injury proved fatal, and Hasan Khan Mewati lost his life in the midst of the battle.[10]
The consequences of theBattle of Khanwa affected the fortunes of a number of Indian chiefs, though in varying degrees, but theKhanzadas of Mewat were the worst hit. The territory of Mewat was annexed by Babur and this shifted the control of Mewat from the Khanzadas to the Mughals.[11]
The Khanzadas ceased to be a significantly influential regional political entity. Nevertheless, the Mughal emperors endeavored to integrate the Khanzadas by establishing matrimonial alliances or incorporating them into the administration. For example, whenHumayun regained his power in 1555 CE, he sought to consolidate his position by marrying the elder daughter of Jamal Khan Mewati, the nephew ofHasan Khan. Simultaneously, his prominent Turkish noble,Bairam Khan, married the younger daughter. According toArzang-i-Tijara, the infamous Mughal emperor,Akbar, also married the daughter of Hasan Khan’s brother, although this event is not recorded in Persian chronicles. Additionally, Akbar also marriedBairam Khan’s widow, who was the daughter of Jamal Khan.[11]
During the reign of Akbar, the Mewat region was integrated into theMughal Empire, divided into four sarkars—Alwar, Tijara, Sahar, and Rewari—comprising 67parganas within the subas of Agra and Delhi. The region's strategic location was economically advantageous due to its suitability for cash crops like indigo, sugarcane, and cotton, and its proximity to Agra and Delhi facilitated grain transport, essential for feeding the Mughal army and urban populations. Control over Mewat was crucial for safeguarding Agra and Delhi.[11]
TheKhanzadas were absorbed into the Mughal polity as zamindars, while theMeos were employed in lower administrative roles. Akbar employed many Meo boys as post carriers and palace guards, transforming them from notorious thieves to loyal servants. This integration extended to social assimilation, with Meos starting to adopt Islamic customs and rituals due to their regular interaction with the Mughal court. This also created a greater social divide between theKhanzada Rajputs and theMeos. Akbar also utilized Mewat's resources by setting up horse-training centers, utilizing local artisans and trainers. The region was known for salt and iron production, with significant trade in these commodities. During the Mughal period, the qasbas in Mewat served various functions, from pargana headquarters to centers of trade and manufacturing.[11]
The administrative integration of Mewat also contributed to the peasantization of the Meos, who gainedzamindari rights over severalparganas. This process intensified post-Akbar, with theMeos' peasant households forming a significant part of Alwar state's population by the British era. However, this growth often came at the expense of theKhanzadas, who suffered socio-economic decline.[11]
DuringAurangzeb (Akbar's great-grandson)'s rule, he sentJai Singh I to crush the revolting Khanzada chief Ikram Khan, theJagir ofTijara, a descendant of Raja Nahar Khan (through his sonMalik Alaudin Khan). Aurangzeb was responsible for major conversations to Islam in the Mewat region. As generations passed and as most of the Meos became Muslim, the ethnic term 'Meo' became specific and almost synonymous with the term Muslim, which is in effect till date.[11]
After the death of Aurangzeb, Badshapur was under the Hindu Badgurjar King, Hathi Singh and the Nuh area were under theJat king ofBharatpur State,Maharaja Suraj Mal. The Maratha ruler,Mahadaji Shinde, had conquered most of the region from the Jats and northern Mewat came under theMaratha Confederacy. All of theGurgaon district area of Punjab (which consisted of present-day districts of Faridabad, Rewari, and Mahendargah and Nuh) was conquered byFrench generals in late 18th century.Daulat Rao Sindhia, the successor of Shinde, ceded the Gurgaon region to theBritish on 30 December 1803 under theTreaty of Surji-Anjangaon to theBritish East India Company leading to theCompany rule in India.[12][13][14]
During theBritish Raj, the east and west of Mewat came under theAlwar State and theBharatpur State. These kingdoms were princely states that were entities of theEast India Company. Parts of northern Mewat (modern-dayPalwal,Faridabad ofHaryana) remained under the local Jat kings.
DuringIndian Rebellion of 1857, Meos played an active role against the British. The rebellion mostly erupted due to the long resentment amongst the sepoys based on the introduction of new cartridge which was coated with the fat of pigs and cows. As the rebellion began inMeerut, the Meos threw themselves into the war with the British and theKhanzada Rajputs. The Khanzadas allying with the British as well as the historical class divide between the Meos and Khanzadas were the main reason as to why the Meos turned against them.[15]
During theSiege of Delhi, the Meos enthronedBahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India. Mufti Nizamuddin ofLahore and hisFatwa issued against the British forces which called upon the local population to support the forces ofRao Tula Ram also played a major role in the Meo uprising. Mufti Nizamuddin was later hanged in Tijara, Alwar.[16]
The villages of Pinangwan, Mahu, Rupraka, Raisina, Ghasera, Ferozepur Jhrika and Nuh were key players in the revolt. The Meos sided with the Gurjars, Ahirs and other ethnic groups of the region and defeated William Ford, the Deputy Commissioner of Gurgaon. The British decided to withdraw and without a commonly accepted leader, the Meos ousted the British and formed their own government under the differentchaudharies of the villages. Meos continued to fight the British for up to 2 months after Delhi was reconquered by the British.[15]
After the British reconquered Gurgaon, many leaders of the rebellion were hanged to death, includingRaja Nahar Singh of Ballabgarh. The prominent Meo leaders who were hanged to death include Sharfuddin Mewati, Saadat Khan Mewati and his family, Chaudhary Firoz Shah Mewati. Majlis Khan (who was close toRao Tula Ram) and Sadruddin Meo were also lead players in the revolt.
After the rebellion was over, all of the Gurgaon district (modern-dayPalwal,Faridabad,Nuh andGurugram) passed to the direct control of British rule under thePunjab Province, whereas the other southern parts of the Mewat region remained with the kings ofAlwar andBharatpur.
During the colonial era,religious syncretism was seen throughout the Muslim Meos of the region.
"The Meos (Muhammadans) of the eastern Punjab still participate in the observance of the Holi and Diwali festivals. On the latter occasion they paint the horns, hoofs, etc., of their bullocks and join in the general rejoicings".[17]: 174
— Excerpt from theCensus of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD
In the 1920s the grassroots Islamic movementTablighi Jamaat arose from this region underMuhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi as a reformist movement.[18] The Meos although Muslim, then had adopted Hindu traditions, attitudes andsyncretism as Muslim political power declined long ago in the region, lacking the necessary acumen required to resist the cultural and religious influence of majority Hindus, prior to the arrival of Tablighi Jamaat. Tablighi Jamaat heavily influenced the culture in the region leading the Meos to mostly re-adopt traditionalistSunni Islam under theDeobandi Hanafi school of thought.Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi was responsible for establishing the first Madrasah of Mewat in modern-day Nuh, Moin Ul Islam, which is still functional till this day.[19]
During the early 1930s, The rulers of the princely states ofAlwar andBharatpur imposed heavy taxes on the peasants, who were mostly Meos. The King of Alwar,Jai Singh Prabhakar also began to suppress the Meo peasantry and increased the land revenue and other taxes in his dominion, which directly affected the Meo population. The agriculturist farmers and peasants in the Alwarr region were the Meos who were already living under heavy taxation and miserable life. The enhanced tax was the great burden on Meo peasants and beyond their paying capacity so the Meo peasants showed their resentment and decided not to pay taxes and revenue until they were reduced.[15][20]
Chaudhary Mohammad Yasin Khan led the Meos in their struggle. The rebellion was called the Alwar Movement. It was a big challenge for Raja Jai Singh and he attempted the movement. Having failed in his attempt to the control the Meos struggle, the Raja switched the entire movement into a communal movement.
The Muslims of Alwar were forced to abandon the city. They camped near Jama Masjid in Delhi and demanded central intervention by the British.Yasin Khan, called a conference atFerozepur Jhirka, which was popularly known as the Alwar conference. Khan received the advice and assistance of national leaders, including Marxist leaderKunwar Mohammad Ashraf, Sayyed Mufti Faridabadi from theIndian National Congress, and theMajlis-e Ahrar-e Islam party volunteers.[15]
The demands of the Meo people were sent to the British Government and were also published and distributed among the people including national leaders. Subsequently, in the area ofGovindgarh, the army of Alwar State fired upon the Meos, killing hundreds of them and injuring many. The Meos began to demand to deploy the British army to save them from Maharaja's atrocities. In 1937, the British Government under the pressure of the Meos had to despose theJai Singh Prabhakar to France in exile. He later died and was cremated in Alwar. The new Maharaja,Sawai Tej Singh Naruka, finally conceded the demands and reduced one-fourth of the land revenue that he was demanding in taxes. Illegal taxes and beggars were also declared unlawful.[15]
The Alwar Movement greatly influenced theBharatpur State as well.Raja Brijendra Singh of Bharatpur decided not to take any risks by disturbing the Meos. He sent Batra, theDewan of Bharatpur, accompanied by Chaudhary Azmat KhanChhiraklot and other Chaudharies, to Nuh so they could metYasin Khan, where Batra assured him to give special attention to the improvement of the Meos.[15]
This incident leadYasin Khan to be accepted as "Chaudhriyon ka Chaudhary," (lit. 'the Social Head of Social Heads'), the absolute social leader of theMeo community.[20]
During Indian independence, there was a surge in communal tension whenJinnah demanded for the separate Muslim nation ofPakistan as a result of whichPartition of India was proposed by the British rulers. As Meos professed Islam, a branch of theAll India Muslim League was established in the area and a significant number of Meos became members of the organization.[4]: 12
During 1947, Communal riots broke out in Alwar, Bharatpur and the adjoining areas, thousands ofMeo were displaced fromAlwar andBharatpur States. Many thousands were killed. They shifted to thePunjab Province and many went toPakistan. Bacchu Singh, the prince of Bharatpur and son ofRaja Brijendra Singh, played a main role in this act ofethnic cleansing. Although the Meos had previously had a good relationships with the Alwar and Bharatpur States, the communal tensions of the Partition and the British leaving India were significant factors for the violence. The Meos were unable to rely on British protection as they had in the past.[15]
EarlierKathumar,Nadbai,Kumher,Kherli,Bhusawar,Weir and tillMahwa was heavily populated with the Meo population. The population of Meos drastically decreased inAlwar andBharatpur. An estimated 300,000 Meos including women and children were killed in riots that took place in the State of Bharatpur, Alwar and Jaipur and around four thousand mosques were destroyed.[15] The violence of 1947 naturally altered thesyncretic Hindu-Muslim lifestyle of people to a greater extent in the region.[21] The violence, alongside the reformist movement ofTablighi Jamaat, lead the Meos to embrace a more Islamic identity in contrast to the Hindu nationalist ideology held by the kings, includingSawai Tej Singh Naruka.[22]
During this period, around 800,000 Meos had decided to leave for Pakistan. On 19 December 1947,Mahatma Gandhi visited the village ofGhasera in thePunjab Province (present dayHaryana) and requestedMeos not to leave India.Yasin Khan was responsible for bringing Gandhi toGhasera.[23]
This is when Gandhi said his iconic quote:[24]
"You are the backbone of India, India belongs to you and you belong to India."
— Mahatma Gandhi referring to the Meos, 1947, Ghasera
Mahatama Gandhi championed the resettlement of some Meos inLaxmangarh,Nagar,Kaman,Deeg ofAlwar district andBharatpur district. Ghasera celebrate "Mewat Day" on 19 December as a tribute to him.[21] The joint effort of the Gandhian leaders and Yasin Khan had succeeded in checking the mass migration of thousands of the Meos. Many who had left India would return to Mewat in the proceeding months.[15]
Yasin Khan cemented his political leadership and legacy in the region and was generally revered as a hero by the Meos. Although in recent times, he has become a controversial figure. Yasin Khan served as aMember of thePunjab Provincial Assembly and thePunjab Legislative Assembly for over 20 years.[20] Yasin Khan's political leadership created three infamous political dynasties in the region, theTayyab Husain clan,Rahim Khan clan and theAhmed clan.
Khan guided two political leaders during his lifetime, his own son,Tayyab Husain as well asKhurshid Ahmed. Later on,Rahim Khan also emerged as political leader in rebellion to these two in the region.[25]Rahim Khan became the individual to re-unite theethnic Meos that were scattered across India with theAll India Meo Sabha organization.[26]
Tayyab Husain due to the region of Mewat spanning across different regions and states became the first and only person to date in Indian political history to serve as a cabinet minister for three separate state governments at three different times.[27] The legacy ofTayyab Husain,Khurshid Ahmed andRahim Khan continue to have significant influence in the politics and culture of the Mewat region to present-day.[25]
In 1996, after thePunjab Reorganization Act, the northern area of Mewat came under theGurgaon district of the newly established state ofHaryana, which included the modern day districts ofGurgaon,Rewari,Faridabad andNuh. On 4 April 2005, theGovernment of Haryana, officially established theMewat district, named after the historical region. The district was created by taking parts of the previous Gurgaon district (Nuh,Ferozepur Jhirka,Punahana,Taoru) andHathin from the previous Faridabad district of Haryana. However, in 2008, Hathin sub-division was reorganized into the new district ofPalwal.
In 2016, the district was renamed from the Mewat district to theNuh district to avoid confusion between the vast historical region and the district. The Nuh district, although was called Mewat, did not encompass the vast historical region, rather the district only a small part of it.[28][29]
The Hindu inhabitants of in the region of Mewat, although belonging to the same Kshatriya castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo, which is the ethnic group originating from the region. Thus the wordMeo is both region-specific and religion-specific.[30] TheMeo community in Mewat adheres toIslam, yet their ethnic framework finds its origins in the hierarchical structure ofHindu caste society. Cultural aspects are largely shared between the Meos and their Hindu counterparts in neighboring regions ofHaryana andRajasthan. Additionally, the neighboringHindu Jats,Meenas,Ahirs and Muslim Rajputs also share the same cultural customs.[31][32]
Mewati, anIndo-Aryan language is spoken in rural areas of the region. With approximately three million speakers, Mewati serves as a significant linguistic identifier within the Meo culture. While other ethnic groups in the area also use the Mewati language, it remains a distinctive feature integral to Meo heritage and identity.Ahirwati, a dialect of Mewati, is spoken in theAhirwal region as well.[33][34]
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Mewat people's also known as "Mewati"