The region is the center ofculture (including arts and entertainment),economy,education andgovernment of the Philippines. Designated as aglobal power city, the region exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, both locally and internationally. It is the home to all embassies in the Philippines, thereby making it an important center for international diplomacy in the country. Its economic power makes the region the country's premier center for finance and commerce. The region accounts for 36% of thegross domestic product (GDP) of the Philippines.[12]Greater Manila is thefourth largest ASEAN country subdivision by GDP afterSingapore,Jakarta andBangkok.
In 1975, in response to the need to sustain and provide integrated services to the growing population, thebuilt-up area centered on Manila was formally recognized as a metropolitan area through Presidential Decree No. 824.[1] A year later, Presidential Decree No. 879 established Metro Manila as an administrative region, retaining its earlier status as a metropolis, and was designated asRegion IV, with the remainder of theSouthern Tagalog region being designated as Region IV-A.[2] Finally, in 1978, Metro Manila became the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines, discontinuing its numerical designation and reverting it to Southern Tagalog.[3]
Map of ancient Manila in 1570. The polity ofMaynila shown in yellow.
Manila, to the extent that it has this placename, was likely founded in the Middle Ages, in the early 16th century[13] due to the Sanskrit origin of the component "nila" in its name which refers to "indigo",[14] and the prevalence of the placename during the rule ofRajah Matanda, the old king ofMaynila, who was born somewhere between the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The earliest evidence of Hinduism and Sanskrit influence in maritime Southeast Asia is in Sanskrit inscriptions from the late 300s in eastern Kalimantan (or Borneo). This analysis of the placename is supported by many other nearby placenames in the Tagalog region with the prefix "may-".
Manila has historically been aglobal city due to its role for international trade. By the 15th and 16th centuries, Manila was a walled and fortified city and was the capital of the Kingdom of Luzon. Its institution, government, and economy were associated with the Tagalogs and the Kapampangans, and the Malay language was extensively used for foreign affairs as customary in much of Southeast Asia at the time. It was also well known by other Southeast Asian kingdoms such as Cebu, Brunei, Melaka, other Malay kingdoms, and Ternate, and may be known in East Asia as far as China and Japan.
In the current territory of Metropolitan Manila, there were several lordships that were either sovereign or tributary such asTondo (Tundun),Navotas (Nabútas),Tambobong (Tambúbong),Taguig (Tagiig),Parañaque (Palanyág) andCainta (Kaintâ).[15]
Shortly after Rajah Matanda's birth, sometime around the early 16th century while he wasrajahmuda or heir apparent, his father, the King of Luzon, died, leaving his mother as the queen regent of Luzon.[16] By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least within maritime Southeast Asia with some Luzonians being hired as officials in Melaka and some Luzonian merchants gaining royal favors in Brunei. It was in Melaka that Luzonians met the Portuguese before the Portuguese conquest of Melaka in 1511. In 1521, Rajah Matanda, then still a young man known as Ache, was known in maritime Southeast Asia as the son of the King of Luzon. He married a princess of Brunei and served as an admiral for his grandfather, the Sultan of Brunei, in an attack near Java in exchange for soldiers and a fleet of ships. On the way home, he met and had an encounter with a Castilian fleet.[17]
Some Luzonians in the 1500s had also been taking part in mercenary work in other kingdoms. The Luzonians' commercial influence also reached as far as Butuan. By the 1570s, the ruling class of Manila together with the international Luzonian merchants were Muslim and Islam was spreading through the freemen and the slaves.
On May 24, 1570, the battle of Manila was fought between the Kingdom of Luzon, under the command of the heir apparent Prince Sulayman, and the Kingdom of Spain, under the command of field marshal Martin de Goiti who was aided by some foreign forces. This resulted in the arson and destruction of Manila.[15]
After destroying Manila, the Spanish set up a settlement to secure territory on the same site on the Luzon island for the Spanish ruler. Initially enclosed in wood, much later in stone, a new walled city of Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies. After setting up a settlement and consolidating some territorial holdings outwards, the Spanish instituted a province known asManila.[15]
Later on, theManila galleon continually sailed the Pacific from end-to-end, bringing toMexico Asian merchandise and cultural exchange.
Outside theWalled city of Manila has become the city's suburbs known as Extramuros (Outside the wall) made up of several pueblos, altogether making up the province known as Tondo which was established in January 1571 and would later on, be renamed as the province of Manila in 1859 with the city of Manila (Intramuros) as its capital.[18][19][20][21]
In the First Philippine Republic, the province included the walled city of Manila and 23 other municipalities.Mariquina also served as the provincial capital of Manila from 1898 to 1899. However, despite almost the entirety of the territory being occupied by Philippine forces, the walled city of Manila was occupied by Spanish forces.
In 1939, during thePhilippine Commonwealth, PresidentManuel L. Quezon establishedQuezon City with the objective of replacingManila as the capital city of the Philippines. A design for Quezon City was completed. The establishment of Quezon City meant the abandonment of Burnham's design for Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital
Map of the City of Greater Manila that existed from 1942 to 1945
In 1942, during theWorld War II,PresidentManuel L. Quezon created theCity of Greater Manila as an emergency measure, merging the cities of Manila and Quezon City, along with the municipalities ofCaloocan,Makati,Mandaluyong,Parañaque,Pasay, andSan Juan.[24] Furthermore, Manila was divided into the districts of Bagumbuhay, Bagumpanahon, Bagumbayan, and Bagungdiwa, while Quezon City was divided into the districts of Diliman and Balintawak.[25]Jorge B. Vargas was appointed as its first mayor. Mayors in the municipalities and heads in the city districts included in the City of Greater Manila served as district chiefs. This was to ensure that Vargas, who was Quezon's principal lieutenant for administrative matters, would have a position of authority recognized under international military law. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila and the administrative functions of the Governor of Metro Manila that was established during the Marcos administration.
After World War II, in 1945, PresidentSergio Osmeña signed Executive Order No. 58, which dissolved the city of Greater Manila instituted by former President Quezon.[26]
World War II resulted in the loss of more than 100,000 lives in thebattle of Manila in 1945. Most of the developments in Burnham's design were also destroyed. Later on, Quezon City was eventually declared as thenational capital in 1948 and later expanded to the areas formerly under the jurisdiction of Caloocan, Marikina, andSan Mateo, Rizal.
Reinstitution as Metropolitan Manila under martial law
On February 27, 1975, areferendum was held wherein residents of Greater Manila approved granting PresidentFerdinand Marcos the authority to restructure the local governments into an integrated system like a manager-commission for under such terms and conditions as he may decide. On November 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No. 824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region.[1] On June 2, 1978, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, the metropolitan area was declared the National Capital Region of the Philippines.[3] When Metro Manila was established, there were four cities,Manila,Quezon City,Caloocan,Pasay and the thirteen municipalities ofLas Piñas,Makati,Malabon,Mandaluyong,Marikina,Muntinlupa,Navotas,Parañaque,Pasig,Pateros,San Juan,Taguig, andValenzuela. At present, all but one of these municipalities have become independent chartered cities; only Pateros still remains as amunicipality.
The capital of the Philippines was re-designated toManila in 1976 through Presidential Decree No. 940. The decree states that Manila has always been, to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines, being the center of trade, commerce, education, and culture. While the then-newly formed region was designated as theseat of government.[27]
President Marcos was overthrown in anon-violent revolution alongEDSA, which lasted four days in late February 1986. The popular uprising, now known as thePeople Power Revolution, made international headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".[28]
In 1986, PresidentCorazon Aquino laid down the Executive Order No. 392, reorganizing and changing the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to the Metropolitan Manila Authority.Mayors in the metropolis chose from among themselves the chair of the agency. Later on, it was again reorganized in 1995 through Republic Act No. 7924, creating the present-dayMetropolitan Manila Development Authority. The chairperson of the agency would be appointed by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position such as mayor. Elfren Cruz was the last to serve as the Officer-In-Charge governor of Metro Manila.[29]
In 2014, then-MMDA chairmanFrancis Tolentino proposed thatSan Pedro, Laguna be included in Metro Manila as its 18th member city. Tolentino said that in the first meeting of the MMDA Council of mayors in January 2015, he would push for the inclusion of the city to theMMDA.[32] SenatorAquilino "Koko" Pimentel III filed Senate Bill No. 3029, which seeks to create San Pedro as a separate legislative district to commence in the next national and local elections if the bill was passed into law.[33][34]
In April 2022, Makatilost the territorial dispute with Taguig regarding the Fort Bonifacio Military Reservation, which was ruled with finality a year later in April 2023. The entire military reservation which includesBonifacio Global City, and the tenEnlisted Men's Barrios (EMBO) barangays, were declared as part ofTaguig. The ten EMBO barangays were reintegrated to Taguig in 2023.[35][36][37]
Metropolitan Manila, or the National Capital Region, is divided morphologically into three major parts. These are the: Central Plateau, Coastal Lowland, and Marikina Valley
Metro Manila is located in the southwestern portion ofLuzon. The region lies along the flatalluvial lands extending from the mouth of thePasig River in the west to the higher rugged lands of Marikina Valley in the east. The region is geographically divided into 4 zones: the Coastal Margin, Guadalupe Plateau, Marikina Valley, and the Laguna Lowlands.
The Coastal Margin or Lowland is a flat and low plain that facesManila Bay. Located here isManila,Navotas, parts ofMalabon, and the western part and reclaimed areas ofPasay andParañaque, where the ground elevation ranges from zero meters on Manila Bay to five meters (16 ft) at the west side of the cities ofMandaluyong andMakati. The Coastal Lowland possesses resources for offshore fisheries and fishpond development, and variousreclamation projects in the area are meant for mixed-use urban development.
The Central or Guadalupe Plateau is the most adaptable to urban development activities not only because of its solid geographical foundations but also because of its existing infrastructure links with the rest of Luzon. It is mainly residential and includes the densely populated areas of Metro Manila suchSan Juan,Makati andQuezon City, as well as most parts ofCaloocan andMandaluyong. The ground elevation ranges from 20 to 40 meters (66 to 131 ft) and gradually becomes lower towards its western side, while ground elevation ranges from 70 to 100 meters (230 to 330 ft) towards the northwestern side of the plateau. The area becomes narrower along thePasig River.
The Marikina Valley is afloodplain along theMarikina River and a delta alongLaguna de Bay. Its elevation ranges from two meters (6 ft 7 in) on the Laguna de Bay side to 30 meters (98 ft) on its north side towards Montalban. It is surrounded by the Central Plateau and mountains of Rizal. It has fertile land suitable for crop cultivation while theMarikina River provides water for industrial uses and discharge.
The Laguna Lowlands is not only suitable foragriculture andaquaculture but also for industrial activity.[38]
Drainage map of thePasig-Marikina River systemFlooding brought byTyphoon Ketsana (Tropical Storm Ondoy) in 2009 caused 484 deaths in Metro Manila alone.
According to theKöppen climate classification, there are two climates in Metro Manila. Most of the region has atropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) while the northeastern part of the region that lies on the foothills ofSierra Madre has atropical monsoon climate. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to theequator means that temperatures are hot year-round, rarely going below 15 °C or above 39 °C. Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.4 °C on January 11, 1914,[42] to 38.8 °C on April 27, 2024.[43]
Humidity levels are usually very high all year round. Manila has a distinctdry season from December through April, and a relatively lengthywet season that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods.Typhoons usually occur from June to September.[44][unreliable source?]
Climate data for Port Area, Manila (1981–2010, extremes 1885–2023)
Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is considered the largesturban park inAsia with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres).[54] The park along with the historic walled area ofIntramuros are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone according to the Tourism Act of 2009.[55]Paco Park is a recreational garden which was once the city's municipal cemetery built by the Dominicans during the Spanish colonial period.[56] FilipinoLandscape architectIP Santos, the "Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture", was commissioned to do the design of converting the former cemetery into a park.
Manila Zoo is the oldestzoo in Asia, which was founded in 1959. It is the home to more than a thousand animals from 90 different species including the 40-year-old elephant, Mali. The zoo has an average of 4,000 visitors weekly. An estimated 40,000 tourists visit the zoo each month.[57]
TheLas Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) was declared as a critical habitat by theGovernment of the Philippines in 2007[58] and was listed by theRamsar Convention as a Wetland of International Importance in 2013.[59] LPPCHEA is composed of theFreedom Island inParañaque and the Long Island inLas Piñas that covers 175 hectares and features a mangrove forest of eight species,tidal mudflats, secluded ponds with fringing salt-tolerant vegetation, a coastal lagoon, and a beach.[60]
The framework of government and governance in Metro Manila is based onRepublic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the "Local Government Code of 1991". This law outlines the powers and responsibilities of all local government units (LGUS) in the Philippines and thus forms the basis of inter-local governmental relations among the area's constituent local governments. The local government code grants these units significant political and administrative autonomy in accordance with the principles of decentralization and devolution of power. This situation presents a challenge to the coordination of policy and service delivery across the multiple autonomous local government units and is thus the underlying dilemma of metropolitan governance in Metro Manila.
TheMetropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is the agency responsible for the delivery of public services in Metro Manila. Its services are limited to traffic management and garbage collection. Previously Metro Manila was governed by a regional government authority, the Metro Manila Commission and wasled by a governor.
A bill was introduced in 2014 proposing the creation of a new governing body in Metro Manila to be known as the Metropolitan Manila Regional Administration (MMRA). Unlike the MMDA which is limited to being an administrative coordinating body, the proposed MMRA will have police and other typical municipal powers and is more akin to theBangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[61][62]
The political and administrative boundaries of the National Capital Region has not changed since its formation in 1975 as a public corporation under Presidential Decree No. 824. They are composed of sixteenindependent cities, classified ashighly urbanized cities, and one independent municipality:Pateros.
Unlike otheradministrative regions in the Philippines, Metro Manila is not composed ofprovinces. Instead, the region is divided into four geographic areas called "districts".[67] The districts have their district centers at the four original cities in the region: the city-district of Manila (Capital District),Quezon City (Eastern Manila),Caloocan (Northern Manila, also informally known asCamanava), andPasay (Southern Manila).[68] The districts serve mainly to organize the region's local government units for fiscal and statistical purposes.
There is a high demand for the inclusion ofSan Pedro, Laguna in Metro Manila. Support groups from the local government and non-government organizations are striving to incorporate San Pedro into Metro Manila.[72][73] San Pedro was looked at as the 18th member of Metro Manila during former MMDA chairmanFrancis Tolentino's term. Tolentino pushed for the inclusion of San Pedro in the National Capital Region to become its 18th member city.[72][73]
Metro Manila has a population of13,484,462 according to the 2020 national census.[5] Its total urban area, composed of the urban agglomeration which refers to the continuous urban expansion of Metro Manila into the provinces ofBulacan,Cavite,Laguna andBatangas has an estimated population of24,100,000 as of 2015.[6] It is the second most populous (afterCalabarzon) and most densely populated region in the Philippines, the7th most populous metropolitan area in Asia, and the4th most populous urban area in the world.
From the 1980s up to the present, informal settlers (squatters) have accounted for roughly one-third of the Metro Manila population.[85][86] A majority of informal settlers belong to the middle-class.[87] In 2014, there are an estimated four millionslum dwellers living in Metro Manila.Homelessness is also a major problem in Metro Manila.[88] However, these are being addressed by creating in-city relocation housing, and by relocating informal settler families in low-density housing built in the nearby provinces ofBatangas,Bulacan,Cavite,Laguna andRizal.[89]
During the American occupation, housing policies in Manila dealt the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. Among those implemented were business codes and sanitation laws in slum areas in the 1930s. During this period and until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 inQuezon City and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo. The government implemented the Public Housing Policy in 1947 that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). A few years later, it put up the Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Tondo and Quezon City to Sapang Palay inSan Jose del Monte, Bulacan in the 1960s.[90]
During the time of PresidentFerdinand Marcos, theWorld Bank and theAsian Development Bank supported the programs for the "development of relocation" and "on-site development".Carmona andDasmariñas inCavite andSan Pedro inLaguna opened as relocation sites. Along with the establishment of theNational Housing Authority (Philippines), Presidential Decree 772 made squatting a crime, making the Philippines one of only two countries (the other isSouth Africa) where squatting is a crime. The government formulated the National Shelter Program which became the over-all framework for dealing with housing needs of all income classes.[citation needed]
Imelda Marcos held both the position as Governor of Metro Manila and as Minister of Human Settlements and Ecology (MHSE) until the downfall of the dictatorship in 1986. The MHSE, through loans from the World Bank, initiated the Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS) housing projects not only in Metro Manila but also in other provinces.[91][92]
From 1960 to 1992, the government transferred some 328,000 families to resettlement sites 25 to 40 km (16 to 25 mi) from Metro Manila. According to the Asian Coalition on Housing Rights, during President Corazon C. Aquino's time, the government would bring some 100,000 persons to relocation sites yearly. During the said period, Sapang Palay and Carmona had a 60% abandonment rate. Congress enacted Republic Act No. 7279 or the Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA) in 1992. The law gave a new name for thesquatters: informal settlers.[93] Essentially, UDHA gives protection for big private ownership of land in the urban areas, ensuring that these are protected from illegal occupants. The law also widened the scope of private sector participation in the National Shelter Program (NSP).[citation needed]
In the middle of the presidency ofGloria Macapagal Arroyo, infrastructure projects of the government led to the demolition of hundreds of thousands of families (from along railways,C-4 Road,C-5 Road, and fromFort Bonifacio). During the same period, new relocation sites in Bulacan, Valenzuela and Caloocan opened.
The National Capital Region accounts for 31.1% of thegross domestic product of the Philippines in 2023.[12] Furthermore, it has the highest per capita GDP of the country at₱595,768 (US$10,426).[7] The employment rate in the region is at 91.3% as of April 2021[update].[92] According to theBrookings Institution, the 2014 share of output by industry in Metro Manila is as follows: trade and tourism: 31.4%, business/finance: 28.6%, local/non-market: 15.6%, manufacturing: 12.5%, transportation: 4.9%, construction: 4%, utilities: 2.8%, and commodities: 0.3%.[95]
Metro Manila would add 1.85 million square meters (7.1×10−7×10^6 sq mi) of office spaces between 2015 and 2017 in the central business districts inMakati,Taguig, andQuezon City as more global firms such asGoogle andHSBC seek to outsource business processes in the Philippines.[96] The vacancy rate for office spaces remains low, at less 3% in the year-end of 2014.[97] Manila remains as the least expensive capital city in theAsia-Pacific to occupy prime office space at an average rent of $22 per square meter per month.[98]
Metro Manila makes it to the "Global Top 30" cities according to property consultancy firmJones Lang LaSalle, citing its economic scale, vast population, large gross domestic product and BPO specialization as its competitive edge.[99] Furthermore, the region ranks 3rd for the topbusiness process outsourcing global destinations, next toBangalore andMumbai.[100] The region's retail sector remains strong, bolstered by remittances abroad, BPOs, and its tourism sector.[101]
Historically, the main business district of the metropolis wasBinondo, where commercial trading flourished since the 15th century. By the 1960s, economic activities shifted from Binondo toMakati. It transformed Makati into one of the leading financial centers inAsia. Still, Binondo remained as a cultural and financial center because of the vast Chinese population residing and doing business in the area.
The minimum wage of Metro Manila is at₱645.00 ($13.1) per-day for non-agricultural workers and at₱608.00 ($12.35) per-day for those working in the agricultural sector,[103] the highest minimum wage among all the17 regions of the country.[104] However, an increase of ₱25 was made and implemented in November 2018.[105]
Nominal wages are what Metro Manila's current minimum wage rates are known as. The Philippine government has set these wage rates at a fixed amount.
On the other hand, the amount afterinflation is what is considered the real minimum wage. For instance, the non-agricultural employees of NCR typically receive ₱428.23 ($8.7) per day as opposed to ₱537 ($10.9). The minimum salary for agricultural employees in Manila (including plantation and non-plantation workers) is₱398.72 ($8.1) after accounting for inflation.
TheMakati Central Business District is the premier business and commercial center of the Philippines. It is the headquarters to most of the multinational corporations residing in the Philippines as well as the country's biggest commercial firms and BPO companies.[106] The Central Business District has an office stock of 1.1 million square meters of Grade A and premium office space.[107] It is the home to thetallest skyscrapers in the region as well asin the country.
Bonifacio Global City is the newest business district of Manila and is the premier financial and lifestyle center of the metropolis. It is located in the north-western part ofTaguig. It used to be a military base known asFort Bonifacio. The Bases and Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) privatized the property and its income from the sale was intended to be used for the modernization of theArmed Forces of the Philippines. Upon its privatization, the place was transformed into a business hub featuring numerous tourist attractions such asThe Mind Museum, high-end shops, towering office skyscrapers, and luxurious lofts and condominiums. Bonifacio Global City will soon overtake theMakati Central Business District as the premier financial center of the country in the future. One of the reasons for it is that thePhilippine Stock Exchange relocated its headquarters in BGC. Also, it has more spaces and land for future developments. It is also the most active business district, generating over 50 percent of the growth in property market and has more available space for rent or lease and sale than Makati.[107]
Tourism is a vital industry of the region. Metro Manila is the main gateway to the Philippines. Trade and tourism represent 31.4% of share of NCR's output by industry according toBrookings Institution.[95] Metro Manila welcomed 974,379 overnight visitors in 2012, making it the top overnight tourist destination of the country.[110]Manila is visited by the majority of international tourists coming to the country registering a total of 3,139,756 arrivals in 2012.[111]
Okada Manila is one of Metro Manila's integrated casino resort and hotel complex.
Intramuros is the historic walled area within the modern City of Manila. Originally, it was considered to be Manila itself at the time when the Philippines was under theSpanish Empire colonial rule. Owing to its history and cultural value,Intramuros andRizal Park were designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone in the Tourism Act of 2009.[55]Intramuros is managed by theIntramuros Administration.
The architecture of Intramuros reflects the Spanish colonial style and the Americanneoclassical architectural style, since the Philippines was a colony ofSpain and theUnited States before it was granted its independence in 1946.Kalesa is a popular mode of transportation in Intramuros and nearby places[121] such asBinondo,Ermita and theRizal Park.
Metro Manila is widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for mostly Filipino books, movies, and television programs.Flores de Mayo is widely celebrated throughout all the places in Metro Manila. The yearlyMetro Manila Film Festival, inaugurated in 1966, is the forerunner of all Philippine film festivals.
Metro Manila's, and in general the country's main sport isbasketball. Another popular sport in the city are cue sports, and billiard halls are found in many places.Baseball,volleyball,football andswimming are also widely played sports. The region has been the champion of thePalarong Pambansa for 13 straight years.[127]Manila Storm are a rugby league team training out ofRizal Park (Luneta Park) and playing home matches at the Southern Plains Field,Calamba, Laguna. The Metro Manila area is also home to a number ofrugby union teams such as the Alabang Eagles, Makati Mavericks,Manila Nomads Sports Club and the Manila Hapons.
The region has the highest literacy rate among all the regions of the Philippines, with 99.2% in 2008. Literacy rate for males is at 99.0% while literacy rate for females is at 99.4%.[130] For the school year of 2008–2009, Metro Manila has 511 public elementary schools and 220 public secondary schools. There are 309 tertiary (public and private) institutions as of the year-end of 2009. For the said school year, enrollment in public elementary schools is at 1,219,333, public secondary schools at 661,019 and 687,096 for tertiary (public and private) institutions.[131]
Healthcare in Metro Manila is mostly provided by private corporations. 72% of region's hospitals are privately owned. As of 2009[update], the region has 179 hospitals.Quezon City has the most hospitals whilePateros does not have any.[132] In 2008, government health workers in NCR comprises 590 doctors, 498 dentists, 4,576 nurses, and 17,437 midwives. Furthermore, Metro Manila has 27,779 beds with a ratio of 2.47 per 1,000 population as of 2008[update].[133] The region has the lowest malnutrition rate among all the regions in the country.[134]
The headquarters of theWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, and the World Health Organization Country Office for the Philippines are in the region. The main office of theDepartment of Health, the national health department, is also in the region.
ThePhilippine National Police is responsible for law enforcement in the country. Its headquarters is located atCamp Crame alongBonny Serrano Avenue,Quezon City. TheNational Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is the regional branch of PNP that operates in the region. Its headquarters is located at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig. Under the supervision of NCRPO, Metro Manila is divided into five police districts. The five police districts are the Northern Police District, Eastern Police District, Southern Police District and Quezon City Police District.[141]
Metro Manila has the highest rate of crime in the country in 2014, with 59,448 crimes reported (excluding crimes reported in barangay level) with 25,353 of these crimes committed against persons.[142] Following criticisms of high crime rate in Metro Manila, thePhilippine National Police launched a relentless anti-crime drive that resulted in the decrease of crimes in the metropolis.[143][144] As of March 2015 Metro Manila's crime rate is down by 50%. From an average of 919 crimes reported weekly, it has gone down to 412. Recorded robberies and theft also decreased by 63 in just a month.[145] All the 159 police community precincts of Metro Manila will be using the electronic blotter system in recording crimes starting June 2015.[146]
The Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region providesfire protection and technical rescue as well asemergency medical services to the metropolis. It is broadly organized into five firefighting districts: Manila,Quezon City, District II, District III and District IV.
According to theLand Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, public ridership in Metro Manila composes of the following: 46% of the people go around byjeepneys, 32% by private vehicle, 14% by bus, and 8% use the railway system.[149] Transportation development in Metro Manila follows theMetro Manila Dream Plan, which consists of building short-term to long-term infrastructure lasting up to 2030 and addressing its issues on traffic, land use and environment.[150][151]
The roads of Metro Manila are built around theCity of Manila. Roads are classified as local, national or subdivision roads. There are ten radial roads branching out from the city. Also there are five circumferential roads forming a series of concentric semi-circular arcs around Manila. The circumferential and radial roads are systems of interconnected roads, bridges and highways. A problem with the circumferential roads are the missing road links. These are the roads that are not yet constructed to give way for development due to Metro Manila's rapid urbanization. The metropolis is resolving this problem through the completion of missing road links or through the construction of connector roads.
The radial and circumferential road system are being supplanted by a new numbered highway system implemented by theDepartment of Public Works and Highways, and new signage are being placed with its implementation. Expressways are being assigned numbers with the E prefix. National roads are assigned 1 to 3 digit numbers, except for those classified as tertiary national roads.
TheSkyway serves as the region's mainexpressway, directly connecting the North Luzon Expressway and the South Luzon Expressway. It also enables access to Ninoy Aquino International Airport via theNAIA Expressway (NAIAX). The Skyway is the first fully grade-separated highway in thePhilippines and one of the longest elevated highways in the world with a total length of approximately 42.79 kilometers (26.59 mi). Other expressways such as the Manila–Cavite Expressway andMuntinlupa–Cavite Expressway also connect Metro Manila to its surrounding areas.
The development of roads, highways and expressways are based on theMetro Manila Dream Plan. Ongoing projects in the dream plan include the rehabilitation of EDSA,CAVITEX–C-5 Link,NLEX Connector, and the construction of the missing road links for the circumferential roads.
Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area is a major part of thetransportation system in Metro Manila andits surrounding areas. It consists of theManila Light Rail Transit System,Manila Metro Rail Transit System, and thePNR Metro Commuter Line. As of 2021, the three systems and its four operational lines combined has82 stations, covering a total of 113.3 km (70.4 mi). The network makes up the majority of active railways in the country and bear the brunt of providing the metropolis with rail as a faster alternative mode of transport other thanbuses andjeepneys. However, these systems are currently insufficient for the rapidly expanding metropolis; to address this, new lines and line extensions are under construction, which will extend the system far out into neighboring regions.[152]
Several new railway projects are being undertaken by the national government and the private sector. These include theNorth–South Commuter Railway, theMetro Manila Subway, andMRT Line 7, all of which are under construction.[152][153] Line extensions such as the LRT Line 1 Cavite extension and the LRT Line 2 West extension are in the pipeline.[154] The proposedMRT Line 4 was also planned.[155] Other line extensions and railway lines are in the planning stage.[156][154]
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the only airport and the premier gateway in Metro Manila. It is the busiest airport in the Philippines.[157] NAIA has four terminals:Terminal 1, Terminal 2 (which is exclusively used byPhilippine Airlines), Terminal 3 (the newest and largest airport terminal in NAIA) and Terminal 4 (also known as the Manila Domestic passenger Terminal). The other airport that serves Metro Manila isClark International Airport inAngeles City which is located 80 kilometers (50 mi) away.
Bus franchises in the region are regulated by theLand Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. ThePremium Point-to-Point Bus Service is the express bus system that runs from its dispatch terminal in Fairview up to the central business districts alongEDSA. It aims to cut travel time substantially and provide a faster, safer and more convenient bus service to commuters, who are usually caught at the heavy traffic across the metropolis.[158][159] A second express bus link from SM North EDSA,Trinoma and SM Megamall to Makati opened in December 2015, and by January 2016 was the line on which, for the first time in nearly three decades, adouble-decker bus traveled on EDSA, to the delight of motorists, followed by a third link, this time fromRobinsons Galleria to theAyala Center complex in February 2016 and a fourth in March linking the Ayala Center to the Alabang Town Center in Muntinlupa via the Metro Manila Skyway (and later to Ayala Malls South Park). As of the present express buses also link the Market Market mall and Circuit Makati to both the Nuvali residential township and the Pacita Village complex in San Pedro, both in Laguna, in services launched in 2014 and 2017, respectively (plus additional services to the UP Town Mall in Quezon City and SM Masinag in Antipolo, Rizal), while intercity express buses have been in operation since 2015 to alleviate traffic on EDSA. In 2018, additional services from the Makati CBD and from San Lorenzo Place up to Cavite debuted.
Metro Manila has abus rapid transit (BRT) system, particularly theEDSA Carousel. Another BRT system will traverse for 27.7 kilometers (17.2 mi) fromCommonwealth Avenue up to theManila City Hall. The planned BRT system costs ₱4.9 billion ($109.5 million) and will have a fleet of 300 buses and 32 stations.[160][161]
Water zones for Metro Manila and the surrounding areas.Maynilad Water Services operates in the red areas whileManila Water operates in the blue areas.
Meralco is the sole electric distributor of Metro Manila. It generates its power from theNational Power Corporation and other independent power producers inLuzon. TheMetropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) was responsible for the supply and delivery of potable water and the sewerage system in Metro Manila. It wasprivatized in 1997 and the region and its immediate surrounding areas were split into the east and west concession. The winning corporations provide the same function of MWSS.
For garbage hauling, the region spent ₱4.221 billion ($93.855 million) in 2013. Quezon City spent the most at ₱994.59 million ($22.115 million) while Pateros, the region's only municipality, spent the least money on garbage at ₱9.478 million ($210,747).[162]
^Morley, Ian (February 2018). "Manila".Cities.72:17–33.doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.07.022.Although the term Manila is typically used to describe Metro Manila, the City of Manila refers to the historic core of the built-up area that presently extends over 1400 km2.
^Scott, William Henry (1994).Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.ISBN971-550-135-4.
^Baumgartner, Joseph (March 1975). "Manila — Maynilad or Maynila?".Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society.3 (1):52–54.JSTOR29791188.
^de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882).Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78-79. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.
^Map of the City of Manila (Map). 1:40,000. Division of Drafting and Surveys, Office of the City Engineer and Architect, City of Manila. 1942. RetrievedAugust 24, 2022.
^"619,000 in Metro looking for jobs".Manila Standard. Manila Standard News, Inc. September 10, 1988. p. 11.Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2022.Using January as a reference point, NSO notes a deterioration in the city's [sic] employment situation since there were 2.392 million job holders at the start of the year compared with the 2.329 million employed counted at middle of the year.
^Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens."Filippinerne – Manila, Luzon"(PDF).Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on April 27, 2013. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2018.
^Rebong, Nick (January 14, 1996)."Squatters to fill half of metropolis".Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corp. p. 9.Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 26, 2022.In 1980, Metro Manila's squatter population was estimated as 857,000. By 1987, this figure exploded to about 2.5 million or roughly one third of the population of Metro Manila.
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