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Messier 61

Coordinates:Sky map12h 21m 54.9205s, +04° 28′ 25.631″
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Galaxy in the constellation Virgo
Messier 61[1]
M61 imaged by theHubble Space Telescope on April 28, 2014[2]
Observation data (J2000epoch)
ConstellationVirgo
Right ascension12h 21m 54.9205s[3]
Declination+04° 28′ 25.631″[3]
Redshift0.005224±0.000007[3]
Heliocentric radial velocity1566±2 km/s[3]
Galactocentric velocity1483±4 km/s[3]
Distance52.5 ± 2.3 Mly (16.10 ± 0.71 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)9.7[4]
Characteristics
TypeSAB(rs)bc,[3]HIISy2[3]
Size~92,300 ly (28.30 kpc) (estimated)[3]
Apparent size (V)6.5′ × 5.8′[3]
Other designations
HOLM 379A,IRAS 12194+0444,NGC 4303,UGC 7420,MCG +01-32-022,PGC 40001,CGCG 042-045[3]
References:SIMBAD:Search M61

Messier 61 (also known asM61,NGC 4303, or theSwelling Spiral Galaxy) is anintermediate barred spiral galaxy in theVirgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered byBarnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days beforeCharles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet.[5] Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from theMilky Way Galaxy. It is a member of theM61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of theVirgo II Groups, a series of galaxies andgalaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of theVirgo Supercluster.[6]

Properties

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M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as theS Cloud.[7][8] Themorphological classification of SAB(rs)bc[3] indicates a weakly-barred spiral (SAB) with the suggestion of a ring structure (rs) and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms.[9] It has anactive galactic nucleus[10] and is classified as astarburst galaxy containing amassivenuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of 1 millionsolar masses (M☉) and an age of 4 million years,[11] as well as a central candidatesupermassive black hole weighing around 5 million M☉.[12]It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.[11] Evidence of significant star formation and active brightnebulae appears across M61's disk.[13] Unlike mostlate-type spiral galaxies within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance ofneutral hydrogen (H I).[14]

Supernovae

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Eightsupernovae have been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.[15][16][5] These include:

Gallery

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  • M61 (with NGC 4301 in upper left) imaged by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
    M61 (withNGC 4301 in upper left) imaged by theVera C. Rubin Observatory
  • Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[35]
    Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[35]
  • Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
    Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
  • Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
    Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
  • Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
    Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
  • Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
    Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
  • M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope
    M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope

See also

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References

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  1. ^Tschöke, D.; Hensler, G.; Junkes, N. (2000). "X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303".Astronomy and Astrophysics.360 (2):447–456.arXiv:astro-ph/0006361.Bibcode:2000A&A...360..447T.
  2. ^"A hungry starburst galaxy".ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved29 April 2014.
  3. ^abcdefghijk"Results for object MESSIER 061".NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.NASA andCaltech. Retrieved2006-11-18.
  4. ^"Messier 61".SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved29 April 2022.
  5. ^ab"Messier 61". Archived fromthe original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved2017-01-11.
  6. ^"The Virgo III Groups".Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved2010-11-27.
  7. ^"Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)". Archived fromthe original on 2012-06-03. Retrieved2012-08-06.
  8. ^"The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved2013-04-06.
  9. ^de Vaucouleurs, Gérard (April 1963). "Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies".Astrophysical Journal Supplement.8: 31.Bibcode:1963ApJS....8...31D.doi:10.1086/190084.
  10. ^Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Mas-Hesse, J. M.; Guainazzi, M.; Colina, L.; Cerviño, M.; González Delgado, Rosa M. (2003). "Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations".The Astrophysical Journal.593 (1):127–141.arXiv:astro-ph/0304465.Bibcode:2003ApJ...593..127J.doi:10.1086/376554.S2CID 12969809.
  11. ^abColina, L.; Gonzalez Delgado, R.; Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel; Leitherer, C.; Jimenez Bailon, E. (2002)."Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303".The Astrophysical Journal.579 (2):545–553.Bibcode:2002ApJ...579..545C.doi:10.1086/342839.hdl:10261/191615.
  12. ^Pastorini, G.; Marconi, A.; Capetti, A.; Axon, D. J.;Alonso-Herrero, A.; Atkinson, J.; Batcheldor, D.;Carollo, C. M.; Collett, J.; Dressel, L.; Hughes, M. A.; Macchetto, D.; Maciejewski, W.; Sparks, W.; van der Marel, R. (2007). "Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258".Astronomy and Astrophysics.469 (2):405–423.arXiv:astro-ph/0703149.Bibcode:2007A&A...469..405P.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784.S2CID 849621.
  13. ^Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies".The Astrophysical Journal.613 (2):866–885.arXiv:astro-ph/0406243.Bibcode:2004ApJ...613..866K.doi:10.1086/423191.S2CID 17519217.
  14. ^Kenney, J. D.; Young, J. S. (1986)."CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies".The Astrophysical Journal Letters.301:L13 –L17.Bibcode:1986ApJ...301L..13K.doi:10.1086/184614.
  15. ^Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies
  16. ^"List of Supernovae".Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved2011-07-03.
  17. ^Stromgren, Elis (15 May 1926)."Circular No. 111".Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatoire De Copenhague. Retrieved26 November 2024.
  18. ^Boffi, F.R.; Sparks, W.B.; Macchetto, F.D. (1999). "A search for candidate light echoes: Photometry of supernova environments".Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series.138 (2):253–266.arXiv:astro-ph/9906206.Bibcode:1999A&AS..138..253B.doi:10.1051/aas:1999274.S2CID 17688690.
  19. ^"SN 1926A".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved26 November 2024.
  20. ^Thernoe, K. A. (8 June 1961)."Circular No. 1761".Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved26 November 2024.
  21. ^Humason, M. L.; Kearns, C. E.; Gomes, Alercio M. (1962). "The 1961 Palomar Supernova Search".Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.74 (438): 215.Bibcode:1962PASP...74..215H.doi:10.1086/127790.
  22. ^"SN 1961I".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved26 November 2024.
  23. ^Petersen, J. Otzen (3 July 1964)."Circular No. 1868".Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved26 November 2024.
  24. ^"SN 1964F".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved27 April 2025.
  25. ^Dimai, Alessandro; Li, W. (1999). "Supernova 1999gn in M61".International Astronomical Union Circular (7335): 1.Bibcode:1999IAUC.7335....1D.
  26. ^"SN 1999gn".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved27 April 2025.
  27. ^Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Kadota, K. (2006)."Supernova 2006ov in M61".Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (756): 1.Bibcode:2006CBET..756....1N.
  28. ^Puckett, T.; Peoples, M.; Itagaki, K.; Nakano, S.; Boles, T.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernovae 2006ou, 2006ov, and 2006ow".International Astronomical Union Circular (8781): 2.Bibcode:2006IAUC.8781....2P.
  29. ^"SN 2006ov".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved27 April 2025.
  30. ^Nakano, S.; Kadota, K.; Wells, W. (2008). "Supernova 2008in in M61".Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (1636): 1.Bibcode:2008CBET.1636....1N.
  31. ^"SN 2008in".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved27 April 2025.
  32. ^Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Guido, E.; Nicolini, M.; Howes, N.; Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Catalano, P.; Vagnozzi, A.; Munari, U. (2014). "Supernova 2014dt in M61 = PSN J12215757+0428185".Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (4011): 1.Bibcode:2014CBET.4011....1N.
  33. ^"SN 2014dt".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved27 April 2025.
  34. ^"SN 2020jfo".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved23 October 2021.
  35. ^"A portrait of a beauty".www.eso.org. Retrieved7 January 2019.

External links

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